Python 使用请求模块的web抓取

我想从一个网站上提取评论，用这段代码我成功地提取评论

import requests
from urllib.parse import unquote

url = 'https://apicomment.detik.com/graphql'
payload = {"query":"query search($type: String!, $size: Int!,$anchor: Int!, $sort: String!, $adsLabelKanal: String, $adsEnv: String, $query: [ElasticSearchAggregation]) {\nsearch(type: $type, size: $size,page: $anchor, sort: $sort,adsLabelKanal: $adsLabelKanal, adsEnv: $adsEnv, query: $query){\npaging sorting counter counterparent profile hits {\nposisi hasAds results {\n id author content like prokontra  status news create_date pilihanredaksi refer liker { id } reporter { id status_report } child { id child parent author content like prokontra status create_date pilihanredaksi refer liker { id } reporter { id status_report } authorRefer } } } }}","variables":{"type":"comment","sort":"newest","size":10,"anchor":1,"query":[{"name":"news.artikel","terms":5307853},{"name":"news.site","terms":"dtk"}],"adsLabelKanal":"detik_finance","adsEnv":"desktop"}}

while True:
    r = requests.post(url,json=payload)
    container = r.json()['data']['search']['hits']['results']
    if not container:
        break
    else:
        for item in container:
            if not len(item['author']):continue
            print(item['author']['name'],unquote(item['content']))

    payload['variables']['anchor']+=1

但是，事实上，我并不真正了解这段代码，尤其是这一行

url = 'https://apicomment.detik.com/graphql'
payload = {"query":"query search($type: String!, $size: Int!,$anchor: Int!, $sort: String!, $adsLabelKanal: String, $adsEnv: String, $query: [ElasticSearchAggregation]) {\nsearch(type: $type, size: $size,page: $anchor, sort: $sort,adsLabelKanal: $adsLabelKanal, adsEnv: $adsEnv, query: $query){\npaging sorting counter counterparent profile hits {\nposisi hasAds results {\n id author content like prokontra  status news create_date pilihanredaksi refer liker { id } reporter { id status_report } child { id child parent author content like prokontra status create_date pilihanredaksi refer liker { id } reporter { id status_report } authorRefer } } } }}","variables":{"type":"comment","sort":"newest","size":10,"anchor":1,"query":[{"name":"news.artikel","terms":5307853},{"name":"news.site","terms":"dtk"}],"adsLabelKanal":"detik_finance","adsEnv":"desktop"}}

url是不同的。但是，输出正是我真正想要的。

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有人能给我解释一下并给我一些参考吗？

URL是不同的，因为您提取评论的不是网站本身，而是一个评论api。api提供了一种搜索评论的简单方法，无需对网站进行反向工程

paylod是如何告诉api您在寻找什么。 可能有一些文档说明了您的有效负载必须如何针对这个确切的api进行格式化