Python观察者模式：示例、提示？

有没有用Python实现GoF观察器的示例？我有一个位代码，它当前在key类中插入了一些调试代码（如果设置了magic env，则当前会生成到stderr的消息）。此外，该类还有一个接口，用于以增量方式返回结果，并将其存储（在内存中）以供后期处理。（类本身是一个作业管理器，用于通过ssh在远程机器上并发执行命令）

当前，该类的用法如下所示：

job = SSHJobMan(hostlist, cmd)
job.start()
while not job.done():
    for each in job.poll():
        incrementally_process(job.results[each])
        time.sleep(0.2) # or other more useful work
post_process(job.results)

主动使用模型是：

job = SSHJobMan(hostlist, cmd)
job.wait()  # implicitly performs a start()
process(job.results)

对于当前的实用程序，这一切都可以正常工作。然而，它确实缺乏灵活性。例如，我目前支持一个简短的输出格式或一个进度条作为增量结果，我还支持

post\u process（）

函数的简短、完整和“合并消息”输出

但是，我希望支持多个结果/输出流（到终端的进度条、到日志文件的调试和警告、从成功作业到一个文件/目录的输出、从非成功作业到另一个文件/目录的错误消息和其他结果，等等）

这听起来像是一个需要观察的情况。。。让我的类的实例接受来自其他对象的注册，并在它们发生时使用特定类型的事件回调它们

我正在看，因为我在如此相关的问题中看到了一些关于这一点的参考资料。我不确定我是否已经准备好将外部依赖添加到我的实用程序中，但是我可以看到使用它们的接口作为我的模型的价值，如果这将使其他人更容易使用的话。（该项目既是一个独立的命令行实用程序，也是一个用于编写其他脚本/实用程序的类）

简言之，我知道如何做我想做的。。。但实现这一目标的方法有很多。我想知道从长远来看，什么最有可能对代码的其他用户起作用

代码本身位于：。

来源：

可观察的是这样使用的

myObservable = Observable ()

# subscribe some inlined functions.
# myObservable[lambda x, y: x * y] would also work here.
myObservable.subscribe(lambda x, y: x * y)
myObservable.subscribe(lambda x, y: float(x) / y)
myObservable.subscribe(lambda x, y: x + y)
myObservable.subscribe(lambda x, y: x - y)

# emit parameters to each observer
myObservable.emit(6, 2)

# get updated values
myObservable.stat()         # returns: (8, 3.0, 4, 12)

例子： 要注册一个观察者

yourCallable（）

（一个接受字典的可调用对象）以接收所有日志事件（以及任何其他观察者），请执行以下操作：

例子： 从Twisted Python邮件列表：

#!/usr/bin/env python
"""Serve as a sample implementation of a twisted producer/consumer
system, with a simple TCP server which asks the user how many random
integers they want, and it sends the result set back to the user, one
result per line."""

import random

from zope.interface import implements
from twisted.internet import interfaces, reactor
from twisted.internet.protocol import Factory
from twisted.protocols.basic import LineReceiver

class Producer:
    """Send back the requested number of random integers to the client."""
    implements(interfaces.IPushProducer)
    def __init__(self, proto, cnt):
        self._proto = proto
        self._goal = cnt
        self._produced = 0
        self._paused = False
    def pauseProducing(self):
        """When we've produced data too fast, pauseProducing() will be
called (reentrantly from within resumeProducing's transport.write
method, most likely), so set a flag that causes production to pause
temporarily."""
        self._paused = True
        print('pausing connection from %s' % (self._proto.transport.getPeer()))
    def resumeProducing(self):
        self._paused = False
        while not self._paused and self._produced < self._goal:
            next_int = random.randint(0, 10000)
            self._proto.transport.write('%d\r\n' % (next_int))
            self._produced += 1
        if self._produced == self._goal:
            self._proto.transport.unregisterProducer()
            self._proto.transport.loseConnection()
    def stopProducing(self):
        pass

class ServeRandom(LineReceiver):
    """Serve up random data."""
    def connectionMade(self):
        print('connection made from %s' % (self.transport.getPeer()))
        self.transport.write('how many random integers do you want?\r\n')
    def lineReceived(self, line):
        cnt = int(line.strip())
        producer = Producer(self, cnt)
        self.transport.registerProducer(producer, True)
        producer.resumeProducing()
    def connectionLost(self, reason):
        print('connection lost from %s' % (self.transport.getPeer()))
factory = Factory()
factory.protocol = ServeRandom
reactor.listenTCP(1234, factory)
print('listening on 1234...')
reactor.run()

#/usr/bin/env python
“”“用作twisted生产者/消费者的示例实现
系统，带有一个简单的TCP服务器，询问用户随机
他们想要的整数，它将结果集发送回用户，一个
每行的结果。”“”
随机输入
从zope.interface导入实现
从twisted.internet导入接口，反应器
来自twisted.internet.protocol导入工厂
从twisted.protocols.basic导入LineReceiver
类制作人：
“”“将请求的随机整数数发送回客户端。”“”
实现（interfaces.IPushProducer）
定义初始化（自、原型、cnt）：
自我。_proto=proto
自我。_目标=cnt
自生产=0
self.\u暂停=False
def暂停生产（自）：
“”“当我们生成数据太快时，pauseProducing（）将
调用（从的transport.write中可重入调用）
方法），所以设置一个导致生产暂停的标志
暂时
self.\u暂停=真
打印（'暂停从%s%%（self.\u proto.transport.getPeer（））的连接）
def恢复生产（自）：
self.\u暂停=False
而不是自我。你停下来，自我。产生了

然而，它确实缺乏灵活性

嗯。。。事实上，如果异步API是您想要的，那么对我来说这看起来是一个很好的设计。通常是这样。也许您只需要从stderr切换到Python的模块，它有自己的发布/订阅模型，使用

Logger.addHandler（）

等等

如果你真的想支持观察家，我的建议是保持简单。您实际上只需要几行代码

class Event(object):
    pass

class Observable(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self.callbacks = []
    def subscribe(self, callback):
        self.callbacks.append(callback)
    def fire(self, **attrs):
        e = Event()
        e.source = self
        for k, v in attrs.iteritems():
            setattr(e, k, v)
        for fn in self.callbacks:
            fn(e)

---

您的作业类可以子类化

可观察的

。当感兴趣的事情发生时，调用self.fire（type=“progress”，percent=50）或类似的方法。

还有一些方法

示例：日志模块 也许您只需要从stderr切换到Python的模块，该模块具有强大的发布/订阅模型

开始生成日志记录很容易

# producer
import logging

log = logging.getLogger("myjobs")  # that's all the setup you need

class MyJob(object):
    def run(self):
        log.info("starting job")
        n = 10
        for i in range(n):
            log.info("%.1f%% done" % (100.0 * i / n))
        log.info("work complete")

在消费者方面，还有一些工作要做。不幸的是，配置记录器输出需要7整行代码

另一方面，日志包中有大量的东西。如果您需要将日志数据发送到一组旋转的文件、电子邮件地址和Windows事件日志，我们将为您提供帮助

示例：最简单的观察者 但你根本不需要使用任何图书馆。支持观察者的一个非常简单的方法是调用一个不做任何事情的方法

# producer
class MyJob(object):
    def on_progress(self, pct):
        """Called when progress is made. pct is the percent complete.
        By default this does nothing. The user may override this method
        or even just assign to it."""
        pass

    def run(self):
        n = 10
        for i in range(n):
            self.on_progress(100.0 * i / n)
        self.on_progress(100.0)

# consumer
import sys, myjobs
job = myjobs.MyJob()
job.on_progress = lambda pct: sys.stdout.write("%.1f%% done\n" % pct)
job.run()

有时，您可以说

job.on\u progress=progressBar.update

，而不是编写lambda，这很好

这是一个简单的问题

# producer
import logging

log = logging.getLogger("myjobs")  # that's all the setup you need

class MyJob(object):
    def run(self):
        log.info("starting job")
        n = 10
        for i in range(n):
            log.info("%.1f%% done" % (100.0 * i / n))
        log.info("work complete")

# consumer
import myjobs, sys, logging

if user_wants_log_output:
    ch = logging.StreamHandler(sys.stderr)
    ch.setLevel(logging.INFO)
    formatter = logging.Formatter(
        "%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s")
    ch.setFormatter(formatter)
    myjobs.log.addHandler(ch)
    myjobs.log.setLevel(logging.INFO)

myjobs.MyJob().run()

# producer
class MyJob(object):
    def on_progress(self, pct):
        """Called when progress is made. pct is the percent complete.
        By default this does nothing. The user may override this method
        or even just assign to it."""
        pass

    def run(self):
        n = 10
        for i in range(n):
            self.on_progress(100.0 * i / n)
        self.on_progress(100.0)

# consumer
import sys, myjobs
job = myjobs.MyJob()
job.on_progress = lambda pct: sys.stdout.write("%.1f%% done\n" % pct)
job.run()

# glue code
class event(object):
    def __init__(self, func):
        self.__doc__ = func.__doc__
        self._key = ' ' + func.__name__
    def __get__(self, obj, cls):
        try:
            return obj.__dict__[self._key]
        except KeyError, exc:
            be = obj.__dict__[self._key] = boundevent()
            return be

class boundevent(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self._fns = []
    def __iadd__(self, fn):
        self._fns.append(fn)
        return self
    def __isub__(self, fn):
        self._fns.remove(fn)
        return self
    def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        for f in self._fns[:]:
            f(*args, **kwargs)

# producer
class MyJob(object):
    @event
    def progress(pct):
        """Called when progress is made. pct is the percent complete."""

    def run(self):
        n = 10
        for i in range(n+1):
            self.progress(100.0 * i / n)

#consumer
import sys, myjobs
job = myjobs.MyJob()
job.progress += lambda pct: sys.stdout.write("%.1f%% done\n" % pct)
job.run()

def add_listener(obj, method_name, listener):

    # Get any existing listeners
    listener_attr = method_name + '_listeners'
    listeners = getattr(obj, listener_attr, None)

    # If this is the first listener, then set up the method wrapper
    if not listeners:

        listeners = [listener]
        setattr(obj, listener_attr, listeners)

        # Get the object's method
        method = getattr(obj, method_name)

        @wraps(method)
        def method_wrapper(*args, **kwags):
            method(*args, **kwags)
            for l in listeners:
                l(obj, *args, **kwags) # Listener also has object argument

        # Replace the original method with the wrapper
        setattr(obj, method_name, method_wrapper)

    else:
        # Event is already set up, so just add another listener
        listeners.append(listener)


def remove_listener(obj, method_name, listener):

    # Get any existing listeners
    listener_attr = method_name + '_listeners'
    listeners = getattr(obj, listener_attr, None)

    if listeners:
        # Remove the listener
        next((listeners.pop(i)
              for i, l in enumerate(listeners)
              if l == listener),
             None)

        # If this was the last listener, then remove the method wrapper
        if not listeners:
            method = getattr(obj, method_name)
            delattr(obj, listener_attr)
            setattr(obj, method_name, method.__wrapped__)

class MyClass(object):

    def __init__(self, prop):
        self.prop = prop

    def some_method(self, num, string):
        print('method:', num, string)

def listener_method(obj, num, string):
    print('listener:', num, string, obj.prop)

my = MyClass('my_prop')

add_listener(my, 'some_method', listener_method)
my.some_method(42, 'with listener')

remove_listener(my, 'some_method', listener_method)
my.some_method(42, 'without listener')

method: 42 with listener
listener: 42 with listener my_prop
method: 42 without listener

import weakref
import functools

class ObservableMethod(object):
    """
    A proxy for a bound method which can be observed.

    I behave like a bound method, but other bound methods can subscribe to be
    called whenever I am called.
    """

    def __init__(self, obj, func):
        self.func = func
        functools.update_wrapper(self, func)
        self.objectWeakRef = weakref.ref(obj)
        self.callbacks = {}  #observing object ID -> weak ref, methodNames

    def addObserver(self, boundMethod):
        """
        Register a bound method to observe this ObservableMethod.

        The observing method will be called whenever this ObservableMethod is
        called, and with the same arguments and keyword arguments. If a
        boundMethod has already been registered to as a callback, trying to add
        it again does nothing. In other words, there is no way to sign up an
        observer to be called back multiple times.
        """
        obj = boundMethod.__self__
        ID = id(obj)
        if ID in self.callbacks:
            s = self.callbacks[ID][1]
        else:
            wr = weakref.ref(obj, Cleanup(ID, self.callbacks))
            s = set()
            self.callbacks[ID] = (wr, s)
        s.add(boundMethod.__name__)

    def discardObserver(self, boundMethod):
        """
        Un-register a bound method.
        """
        obj = boundMethod.__self__
        if id(obj) in self.callbacks:
            self.callbacks[id(obj)][1].discard(boundMethod.__name__)

    def __call__(self, *arg, **kw):
        """
        Invoke the method which I proxy, and all of it's callbacks.

        The callbacks are called with the same *args and **kw as the main
        method.
        """
        result = self.func(self.objectWeakRef(), *arg, **kw)
        for ID in self.callbacks:
            wr, methodNames = self.callbacks[ID]
            obj = wr()
            for methodName in methodNames:
                getattr(obj, methodName)(*arg, **kw)
        return result

    @property
    def __self__(self):
        """
        Get a strong reference to the object owning this ObservableMethod

        This is needed so that ObservableMethod instances can observe other
        ObservableMethod instances.
        """
        return self.objectWeakRef()


class ObservableMethodDescriptor(object):

    def __init__(self, func):
        """
        To each instance of the class using this descriptor, I associate an
        ObservableMethod.
        """
        self.instances = {}  # Instance id -> (weak ref, Observablemethod)
        self._func = func

    def __get__(self, inst, cls):
        if inst is None:
            return self
        ID = id(inst)
        if ID in self.instances:
            wr, om = self.instances[ID]
            if not wr():
                msg = "Object id %d should have been cleaned up"%(ID,)
                raise RuntimeError(msg)
        else:
            wr = weakref.ref(inst, Cleanup(ID, self.instances))
            om = ObservableMethod(inst, self._func)
            self.instances[ID] = (wr, om)
        return om

    def __set__(self, inst, val):
        raise RuntimeError("Assigning to ObservableMethod not supported")


def event(func):
    return ObservableMethodDescriptor(func)


class Cleanup(object):
    """
    I manage remove elements from a dict whenever I'm called.

    Use me as a weakref.ref callback to remove an object's id from a dict
    when that object is garbage collected.
    """
    def __init__(self, key, d):
        self.key = key
        self.d = d

    def __call__(self, wr):
        del self.d[self.key]

class Foo(object):
    def __init__(self, name):
        self.name = name

    @event
    def bar(self):
        print("%s called bar"%(self.name,))

    def baz(self):
        print("%s called baz"%(self.name,))

a = Foo('a')
b = Foo('b')
a.bar.addObserver(b.bar)
a.bar()

class Observer():
    _observers = []
    def __init__(self):
        self._observers.append(self)
        self._observables = {}
    def observe(self, event_name, callback):
        self._observables[event_name] = callback


class Event():
    def __init__(self, name, data, autofire = True):
        self.name = name
        self.data = data
        if autofire:
            self.fire()
    def fire(self):
        for observer in Observer._observers:
            if self.name in observer._observables:
                observer._observables[self.name](self.data)

class Room(Observer):

    def __init__(self):
        print("Room is ready.")
        Observer.__init__(self) # Observer's init needs to be called
    def someone_arrived(self, who):
        print(who + " has arrived!")

room = Room()
room.observe('someone arrived',  room.someone_arrived)

Event('someone arrived', 'Lenard')

Room is ready.
Lenard has arrived!

from functools import partial
from dataclasses import dataclass, field
import sys
from typing import List, Callable


@dataclass
class Observable:
    observers: List[Callable] = field(default_factory=list)

    def register(self, observer: Callable):
        self.observers.append(observer)

    def deregister(self, observer: Callable):
        self.observers.remove(observer)

    def notify(self, *args, **kwargs):
        for observer in self.observers:
            observer(*args, **kwargs)


def usage_demo():
    observable = Observable()

    # Register two anonymous observers using lambda.
    observable.register(
        lambda *args, **kwargs: print(f'Observer 1 called with args={args}, kwargs={kwargs}'))
    observable.register(
        lambda *args, **kwargs: print(f'Observer 2 called with args={args}, kwargs={kwargs}'))

    # Create an observer function, register it, then deregister it.
    def callable_3():
        print('Observer 3 NOT called.')

    observable.register(callable_3)
    observable.deregister(callable_3)

    # Create a general purpose observer function and register four observers.
    def callable_x(*args, **kwargs):
        print(f'{args[0]} observer called with args={args}, kwargs={kwargs}')

    for gui_field in ['Form field 4', 'Form field 5', 'Form field 6', 'Form field 7']:
        observable.register(partial(callable_x, gui_field))

    observable.notify('test')


if __name__ == '__main__':
    sys.exit(usage_demo())