Python 拆分ndarray会产生意外的结果（TensorFlow RNN教程）

我正在关注TensorFlow中的rnn，但我有一个关于输入格式的问题

他们获取原始向量（一个热向量），基本上首先将其切割成长度为200（批量大小）的片段，形成数据向量。那很好

然后，他们进一步将数据_x切割为长度为5（num_步长或图形宽度）的片段，并使用：

但是，如果我查看数据，x的切片与data_x不匹配。第一个是这样的，但随后它们就分开了

我是否误解了上述代码？我想了解x是如何被创建的，或者它应该是什么样子

我原以为第二项是0 1 0 1 0

另外，我认为一个纪元是指当你完全浏览数据时，他们似乎将数据分成1000个部分（纪元大小）

如果有帮助，这是我的完整代码。我想弄清楚x里发生了什么。在第48行：

import numpy as np
import tensorflow as tf
# %matplotlib inline
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# Global config variables
num_steps = 5 # number of truncated backprop steps ('n' in the discussion above)
batch_size = 200
num_classes = 2
state_size = 4
learning_rate = 0.1

def gen_data(size=1000000):
    print('generating data');
    X = np.array(np.random.choice(2, size=(size,)))
    Y = []
    for i in range(size):
        threshold = 0.5
        if X[i-3] == 1:
            threshold += 0.5
        if X[i-8] == 1:
            threshold -= 0.25
        if np.random.rand() > threshold:
            Y.append(0)
        else:
            Y.append(1)
    return X, np.array(Y)

# adapted from https://github.com/tensorflow/tensorflow/blob/master/tensorflow/models/rnn/ptb/reader.py
def gen_batch(raw_data, batch_size, num_steps):
    print('generating batches');
    raw_x, raw_y = raw_data
    data_length = len(raw_x)

    # partition raw data into batches and stack them vertically in a data matrix
    batch_partition_length = data_length // batch_size
    data_x = np.zeros([batch_size, batch_partition_length], dtype=np.int32)
    data_y = np.zeros([batch_size, batch_partition_length], dtype=np.int32)
    for i in range(batch_size):
        data_x[i] = raw_x[batch_partition_length * i:batch_partition_length * (i + 1)]
        data_y[i] = raw_y[batch_partition_length * i:batch_partition_length * (i + 1)]
    # further divide batch partitions into num_steps for truncated backprop
    epoch_size = batch_partition_length // num_steps

    for i in range(epoch_size):
        x = data_x[:, i * num_steps:(i + 1) * num_steps]
        y = data_y[:, i * num_steps:(i + 1) * num_steps]
        yield (x, y)

def gen_epochs(n, num_steps):
    for i in range(n):
        yield gen_batch(gen_data(), batch_size, num_steps)


"""
Placeholders
"""

x = tf.placeholder(tf.int32, [batch_size, num_steps], name='input_placeholder')
y = tf.placeholder(tf.int32, [batch_size, num_steps], name='labels_placeholder')
init_state = tf.zeros([batch_size, state_size])

"""
RNN Inputs
"""

# Turn our x placeholder into a list of one-hot tensors:
# rnn_inputs is a list of num_steps tensors with shape [batch_size, num_classes]
x_one_hot = tf.one_hot(x, num_classes)
rnn_inputs = tf.unstack(x_one_hot, axis=1)
"""
Definition of rnn_cell

This is very similar to the __call__ method on Tensorflow's BasicRNNCell. See:
https://github.com/tensorflow/tensorflow/blob/master/tensorflow/python/ops/rnn_cell.py
"""
with tf.variable_scope('rnn_cell'):
    W = tf.get_variable('W', [num_classes + state_size, state_size])
    b = tf.get_variable('b', [state_size], initializer=tf.constant_initializer(0.0))

def rnn_cell(rnn_input, state):
    with tf.variable_scope('rnn_cell', reuse=True):
        W = tf.get_variable('W', [num_classes + state_size, state_size])
        b = tf.get_variable('b', [state_size], initializer=tf.constant_initializer(0.0))
    return tf.tanh(tf.matmul(tf.concat(axis=1, values=[rnn_input, state]), W) + b)
"""
Adding rnn_cells to graph

This is a simplified version of the "rnn" function from Tensorflow's api. See:
https://github.com/tensorflow/tensorflow/blob/master/tensorflow/python/ops/rnn.py
"""
state = init_state
rnn_outputs = []
for rnn_input in rnn_inputs:
    state = rnn_cell(rnn_input, state)
    rnn_outputs.append(state)
final_state = rnn_outputs[-1]
"""
Predictions, loss, training step

Losses and total_loss are simlar to the "sequence_loss_by_example" and "sequence_loss"
functions, respectively, from Tensorflow's api. See:
https://github.com/tensorflow/tensorflow/blob/master/tensorflow/python/ops/seq2seq.py
"""

#logits and predictions
with tf.variable_scope('softmax'):
    W = tf.get_variable('W', [state_size, num_classes])
    b = tf.get_variable('b', [num_classes], initializer=tf.constant_initializer(0.0))
logits = [tf.matmul(rnn_output, W) + b for rnn_output in rnn_outputs]
predictions = [tf.nn.softmax(logit) for logit in logits]

# Turn our y placeholder into a list labels
y_as_list = [tf.squeeze(i, axis=[1]) for i in tf.split(axis=1, num_or_size_splits=num_steps, value=y)]

#losses and train_step
losses = [tf.nn.sparse_softmax_cross_entropy_with_logits(logits=logit,labels=label) for \
          logit, label in zip(logits, y_as_list)]
total_loss = tf.reduce_mean(losses)
train_step = tf.train.AdagradOptimizer(learning_rate).minimize(total_loss)
"""
Function to train the network
"""

def train_network(num_epochs, num_steps, state_size=4, verbose=True):
    with tf.Session() as sess:
        sess.run(tf.global_variables_initializer())
        training_losses = []
        for idx, epoch in enumerate(gen_epochs(num_epochs, num_steps)):
            training_loss = 0
            training_state = np.zeros((batch_size, state_size))
            if verbose:
                print("\nEPOCH", idx)
            for step, (X, Y) in enumerate(epoch):
                tr_losses, training_loss_, training_state, _ = \
                    sess.run([losses,
                              total_loss,
                              final_state,
                              train_step],
                                  feed_dict={x:X, y:Y, init_state:training_state})
                training_loss += training_loss_
                if step % 100 == 0 and step > 0:
                    if verbose:
                        print("Average loss at step", step,
                              "for last 250 steps:", training_loss/100)
                    training_losses.append(training_loss/100)
                    training_loss = 0

    return training_losses

training_losses = train_network(1,num_steps)
plt.plot(training_losses)

---

看起来这些批次实际上是转置的

因此，x矩阵的前5个元素（200x5）将与x_raw的前5个元素相匹配

然后，只有在下一次迭代中，x_raw的下5-10个元素将位于x的第一个元素（再次）中

import numpy as np
import tensorflow as tf
# %matplotlib inline
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# Global config variables
num_steps = 5 # number of truncated backprop steps ('n' in the discussion above)
batch_size = 200
num_classes = 2
state_size = 4
learning_rate = 0.1

def gen_data(size=1000000):
    print('generating data');
    X = np.array(np.random.choice(2, size=(size,)))
    Y = []
    for i in range(size):
        threshold = 0.5
        if X[i-3] == 1:
            threshold += 0.5
        if X[i-8] == 1:
            threshold -= 0.25
        if np.random.rand() > threshold:
            Y.append(0)
        else:
            Y.append(1)
    return X, np.array(Y)

# adapted from https://github.com/tensorflow/tensorflow/blob/master/tensorflow/models/rnn/ptb/reader.py
def gen_batch(raw_data, batch_size, num_steps):
    print('generating batches');
    raw_x, raw_y = raw_data
    data_length = len(raw_x)

    # partition raw data into batches and stack them vertically in a data matrix
    batch_partition_length = data_length // batch_size
    data_x = np.zeros([batch_size, batch_partition_length], dtype=np.int32)
    data_y = np.zeros([batch_size, batch_partition_length], dtype=np.int32)
    for i in range(batch_size):
        data_x[i] = raw_x[batch_partition_length * i:batch_partition_length * (i + 1)]
        data_y[i] = raw_y[batch_partition_length * i:batch_partition_length * (i + 1)]
    # further divide batch partitions into num_steps for truncated backprop
    epoch_size = batch_partition_length // num_steps

    for i in range(epoch_size):
        x = data_x[:, i * num_steps:(i + 1) * num_steps]
        y = data_y[:, i * num_steps:(i + 1) * num_steps]
        yield (x, y)

def gen_epochs(n, num_steps):
    for i in range(n):
        yield gen_batch(gen_data(), batch_size, num_steps)


"""
Placeholders
"""

x = tf.placeholder(tf.int32, [batch_size, num_steps], name='input_placeholder')
y = tf.placeholder(tf.int32, [batch_size, num_steps], name='labels_placeholder')
init_state = tf.zeros([batch_size, state_size])

"""
RNN Inputs
"""

# Turn our x placeholder into a list of one-hot tensors:
# rnn_inputs is a list of num_steps tensors with shape [batch_size, num_classes]
x_one_hot = tf.one_hot(x, num_classes)
rnn_inputs = tf.unstack(x_one_hot, axis=1)
"""
Definition of rnn_cell

This is very similar to the __call__ method on Tensorflow's BasicRNNCell. See:
https://github.com/tensorflow/tensorflow/blob/master/tensorflow/python/ops/rnn_cell.py
"""
with tf.variable_scope('rnn_cell'):
    W = tf.get_variable('W', [num_classes + state_size, state_size])
    b = tf.get_variable('b', [state_size], initializer=tf.constant_initializer(0.0))

def rnn_cell(rnn_input, state):
    with tf.variable_scope('rnn_cell', reuse=True):
        W = tf.get_variable('W', [num_classes + state_size, state_size])
        b = tf.get_variable('b', [state_size], initializer=tf.constant_initializer(0.0))
    return tf.tanh(tf.matmul(tf.concat(axis=1, values=[rnn_input, state]), W) + b)
"""
Adding rnn_cells to graph

This is a simplified version of the "rnn" function from Tensorflow's api. See:
https://github.com/tensorflow/tensorflow/blob/master/tensorflow/python/ops/rnn.py
"""
state = init_state
rnn_outputs = []
for rnn_input in rnn_inputs:
    state = rnn_cell(rnn_input, state)
    rnn_outputs.append(state)
final_state = rnn_outputs[-1]
"""
Predictions, loss, training step

Losses and total_loss are simlar to the "sequence_loss_by_example" and "sequence_loss"
functions, respectively, from Tensorflow's api. See:
https://github.com/tensorflow/tensorflow/blob/master/tensorflow/python/ops/seq2seq.py
"""

#logits and predictions
with tf.variable_scope('softmax'):
    W = tf.get_variable('W', [state_size, num_classes])
    b = tf.get_variable('b', [num_classes], initializer=tf.constant_initializer(0.0))
logits = [tf.matmul(rnn_output, W) + b for rnn_output in rnn_outputs]
predictions = [tf.nn.softmax(logit) for logit in logits]

# Turn our y placeholder into a list labels
y_as_list = [tf.squeeze(i, axis=[1]) for i in tf.split(axis=1, num_or_size_splits=num_steps, value=y)]

#losses and train_step
losses = [tf.nn.sparse_softmax_cross_entropy_with_logits(logits=logit,labels=label) for \
          logit, label in zip(logits, y_as_list)]
total_loss = tf.reduce_mean(losses)
train_step = tf.train.AdagradOptimizer(learning_rate).minimize(total_loss)
"""
Function to train the network
"""

def train_network(num_epochs, num_steps, state_size=4, verbose=True):
    with tf.Session() as sess:
        sess.run(tf.global_variables_initializer())
        training_losses = []
        for idx, epoch in enumerate(gen_epochs(num_epochs, num_steps)):
            training_loss = 0
            training_state = np.zeros((batch_size, state_size))
            if verbose:
                print("\nEPOCH", idx)
            for step, (X, Y) in enumerate(epoch):
                tr_losses, training_loss_, training_state, _ = \
                    sess.run([losses,
                              total_loss,
                              final_state,
                              train_step],
                                  feed_dict={x:X, y:Y, init_state:training_state})
                training_loss += training_loss_
                if step % 100 == 0 and step > 0:
                    if verbose:
                        print("Average loss at step", step,
                              "for last 250 steps:", training_loss/100)
                    training_losses.append(training_loss/100)
                    training_loss = 0

    return training_losses

training_losses = train_network(1,num_steps)
plt.plot(training_losses)