Python Pygame冲突，属性错误

我是一名学生，正在从事一项学校项目。我的碰撞不起作用，我开始感到沮丧。每当我尝试运行游戏时，就会弹出一条错误消息

AttributeError:类型对象“Ball”没有属性“rect”

在我的代码中，您将看到我有

self.rect=pygame.rect（self.x，self.y，100100）

。我尝试过使用get_rect函数，但仍然不起作用。如果您对代码有任何提示，请随时添加注释

import pygame
import random
import os
from pygame import mixer

# accessed: 4/6/18  code:https://github.com/codingandcaring/PYgame/blob/bacaab1bd6ec0c97412a136773dfd634455c3e2f/basketball_game.py
#Music
#Tutorial from computingmrh - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lUMSK6LmXCQ used on 5th may 2018
snd_file = 'Game.ogg'

mixer.init()
mixer.music.load(snd_file)
mixer.music.play()

#spirtes
class Ball(pygame.sprite.Sprite):
    def __init__(self, x, y):
        pygame.sprite.Sprite.__init__(self)
        self.image = pygame.image.load('basketball.png').convert_alpha()
        self.image = pygame.transform.scale(self.image, (100, 100))
        self.x = x
        self.y = y
        self.rect = pygame.Rect(self.x, self.y, 100, 100)
        self.speed_x = 5
        self.speed_y = 5
        self.radiusx = 0
        self.radiusy = 100
        self.mask = pygame.mask.from_surface(self.image)

    def update(self, width, height):
        self.x += self.speed_x
        self.y += self.speed_y
        self.rect = pygame.Rect(self.x, self.y, 100, 100)
        if self.x + self.radiusx > width:
            self.speed_x = 0
        if self.y + self.radiusx > height:
            self.speed_y = 0        
        if self.x + self.radiusy > width:
            self.speed_x = 0
        if self.y + self.radiusy > height:
            self.speed_y = 0
        if self.x - self.radiusx <= 0:
            self.speed_x = 0
        if self.y - self.radiusx <= 0:
            self.speed_y = 0


    def render(self, screen):
        screen.blit(self.image, (self.x, self.y))


class Goal(pygame.sprite.Sprite):
    def __init__(self, x, y):
        pygame.sprite.Sprite.__init__(self)
        self.image = pygame.image.load('goal.png').convert_alpha()
        self.image = pygame.transform.scale(self.image, (220, 220))
        self.x = x
        self.y = y
        self.rect = pygame.Rect(self.x, self.y, 220, 220)

    def render(self, screen):
        screen.blit(self.image, (self.x, self.y))

class Ring(pygame.sprite.Sprite):
    def __init__(self, x, y):
        pygame.sprite.Sprite.__init__(self)
        self.image = pygame.image.load('ring.png').convert_alpha()
        self.image = pygame.transform.scale(self.image, (400, 400))
        self.x = x
        self.y = y
        self.rect = pygame.Rect(self.x, self.y, 400, 400)
        self.mask = pygame.mask.from_surface(self.image)

    def render(self, screen):
        screen.blit(self.image, (self.x, self.y))

class Baddie(pygame.sprite.Sprite):
    def __init__(self, x, y, z):
        self.image = pygame.image.load().convert_alpha()
        self.image = pygame.transform.scale(self.image, (220, 220))
        self.rect = self.image.get_rect()
        self.x = x
        self.y = y

    def render(self, screen):
        screen.blit(self.image, (self.x, self.y))

def main():
    # basics
    width = 1200
    height = 722

    pygame.init()
    screen = pygame.display.set_mode((width, height))
    pygame.display.set_caption('Basketball Shootout')
    font = pygame.font.Font(None, 25)

    #code for the badguys
    badtimer=100
    badtimer1=0
    badguys=[[640,100]]

    # Add Variables
    court = pygame.image.load('halfcourt.jpg')
    court = pygame.transform.scale(court, (1200, 722))
    basketball = Ball(50, 50)
    goal = Goal(487, 0)
    ring = Ring(400,400)
    player = Ball
    badguyimg1 = pygame.image.load("wpierdol.png")
    badguyimg1 = pygame.transform.scale(badguyimg1, (100, 100))
    badguyimg2 = pygame.image.load("bad_guy2.gif")
    badguyimg2 = pygame.transform.scale(badguyimg2, (100, 100))
    badguyimg3 = pygame.image.load("bad_guy3.gif")
    badguyimg3 = pygame.transform.scale(badguyimg3, (100, 100))
    badlist = [badguyimg1, badguyimg2, badguyimg3]



    stop_game = False



    #main game logic
    while not stop_game:
        badtimer -= 1
        point = pygame.sprite.collide_mask(player, ring)
        if point:
            score = score + 1


        #Draw the bad guys
        if badtimer==0:
            badguys.append([1040, random.randint(50,430)])
            badtimer=100-(badtimer1*2)
        if badtimer1>=35:
            badtimer1=35
        else:
            badtimer1+=5
        index=0
        for badguy in badguys:
            if badguy[0]<-64:
                badguys.pop(index)
            badguy[0]-=7
            index+=1

        for event in pygame.event.get():
            pressed = pygame.key.get_pressed()
            if pressed[pygame.K_UP]:
                basketball.y -= 5
                basketball.speed_y = -5
            elif pressed[pygame.K_DOWN]:
                basketball.y += 5
                basketball.speed_y = 5
            elif pressed[pygame.K_LEFT]:
                basketball.x -= 5
                basketball.speed_x = -5
            elif pressed[pygame.K_RIGHT]:
                basketball.x += 5
                basketball.speed_x = 5
            if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
                stop_game = True

    # Updating
        basketball.update(width, height)
        screen.blit(court, (0,0))

        text = font.render('Dodge the other team to get to the goal!', True, (0, 0, 0))
        screen.blit(text, (430, 630))
        goal.render(screen)
        basketball.render(screen)
        for badguy in badguys:
            screen.blit(badguyimg1)



        pygame.display.update()

    pygame.quit()

if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

导入pygame
随机输入
导入操作系统
从pygame导入混合器
#访问日期：2018年4月6日代码：https://github.com/codingandcaring/PYgame/blob/bacaab1bd6ec0c97412a136773dfd634455c3e2f/basketball_game.py
#音乐
#来自computingmrh的教程-https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lUMSK6LmXCQ 2018年5月5日使用
snd_文件='Game.ogg'
mixer.init（）
mixer.music.load（snd_文件）
混音器。音乐。播放（）
#尖塔
班级舞会（pygame.sprite.sprite）：
定义初始化（self，x，y）：
pygame.sprite.sprite.\uuuuu init\uuuuuuu（自我）
self.image=pygame.image.load（'basketball.png'）。convert_alpha（）
self.image=pygame.transform.scale（self.image，（100100））
self.x=x
self.y=y
self.rect=pygame.rect（self.x，self.y，100100）
自速度_x=5
自速度_y=5
self.radiusx=0
自半径Y=100
self.mask=pygame.mask.from_surface（self.image）
def更新（自身、宽度、高度）：
self.x+=self.speed\u x
self.y+=self.speed\u y
self.rect=pygame.rect（self.x，self.y，100100）
如果self.x+self.radiusx>宽度：
自速度_x=0
如果self.y+self.radiusx>高度：
自速度_y=0
如果self.x+self.radiusy>宽度：
自速度_x=0
如果self.y+self.radiusy>高度：
自速度_y=0
如果self.x-self.radiusx会引发异常，因为变量
player
是对类
Ball
的引用，而不是它的实例

请看这一行：

player = Ball

这不会创建新实例，因为您不会使用
（…）
调用该类


除此之外，如果您使用
Sprite
类，最好像预期的那样使用它。当类中已有
rect
属性时，将坐标存储在
x
和
y
属性中没有意义

另外，如果已经有
组
类为您执行此操作，则不需要
渲染
方法

下面是一个示例，我更改了您的代码以使用预期的pygame功能（为简洁起见简称）：

引发异常是因为变量
player
是对类
Ball
的引用，而不是它的实例

请看这一行：

player = Ball

这不会创建新实例，因为您不会使用
（…）
调用该类


除此之外，如果您使用
Sprite
类，最好像预期的那样使用它。当类中已有
rect
属性时，将坐标存储在
x
和
y
属性中没有意义

另外，如果已经有
组
类为您执行此操作，则不需要
渲染
方法

下面是一个示例，我更改了您的代码以使用预期的pygame功能（为简洁起见简称）：

有几个问题，但正如Sloth已经解释的那样，
AttributeError
被提出，因为
player
是对
Ball
类的引用，而不是实例。
player
变量实际上毫无意义，因为
basketball
是实际的可玩实例，而不是
player
，您应该将
basketball
传递给
collide\u mask
函数。只需卸下
播放器

point = pygame.sprite.collide_mask(basketball, ring)


事件处理有点混乱。不要调用事件循环内的
pygame.key.get\u pressed
（
用于pygame.get\u event（）：
），因为队列中的每个事件都将执行该行和以下代码一次

您还混合了两种移动精灵的方法：使用
键执行
basketball.y-=5
。按下
或在事件循环中设置速度：
basketball.speed\u y=-5

for event in pygame.event.get():
    if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
        stop_game = True
    # Either set the speed here.
    elif event.type == pygame.KEYDOWN:
        if event.key == pygame.K_UP:
            basketball.speed_y = -5

# Or increment the `basketball.y` in the while loop with `pygame.key.get_pressed`.
pressed = pygame.key.get_pressed()
if pressed[pygame.K_UP]:
    basketball.y -= 5
elif pressed[pygame.K_DOWN]:
    basketball.y += 5
if pressed[pygame.K_LEFT]:  # if not elif, to separate vertical and horizontal movement.
    basketball.x -= 5
elif pressed[pygame.K_RIGHT]:
    basketball.x += 5

如果使用
键.get_pressed
解决方案，可以删除
self.speed_x
和
speed_y
属性

您还可以将屏幕大小的矩形传递给
update
方法，并使用它夹住球的矩形

def update(self, screen_rect):  # Pass a rect with the size of the screen.
    self.x += self.speed_x
    self.y += self.speed_y
    self.rect.topleft = (self.x, self.y)
    if not screen_rect.contains(self.rect):
        # Clamp the rect if it's outside of the screen.
        self.rect.clamp_ip(screen_rect)
        self.x, self.y = self.rect.topleft


您应该添加一个
pygame.time.Clock
实例，并在每一帧调用
Clock.tick
以限制帧速率，否则游戏将运行得太快，速度将取决于电脑


在对列表（和其他可变容器）进行迭代时，不应修改它们，或者可以跳过项目。只需迭代切片副本（或使用列表）：

有几个问题，但正如Sloth已经解释的那样，
AttributeError
被提出，因为
player
是对
Ball
类的引用，而不是实例。
player
变量实际上毫无意义，因为
basketball
是实际的可玩实例，而不是
player
，您应该将
basketball
传递给
collide\u mask
函数。只需卸下
播放器

point = pygame.sprite.collide_mask(basketball, ring)


事件处理有点混乱。不要调用事件循环内的
pygame.key.get\u pressed
（
用于pygame.get\u event（）：
），因为队列中的每个事件都将执行该行和以下代码一次

您还混合了两种不同的方式来移动精灵：使用basketball.y-=5

import random
import pygame


class Ball(pygame.sprite.Sprite):
    def __init__(self, x, y):
        pygame.sprite.Sprite.__init__(self)
        # self.image = pygame.image.load('basketball.png').convert_alpha()
        # self.image = pygame.transform.scale(self.image, (100, 100))
        self.image = pygame.Surface((100, 100)).convert_alpha()
        self.image.fill((160, 70, 0))
        self.x = x
        self.y = y
        self.rect = pygame.Rect(self.x, self.y, 100, 100)
        self.speed_x = 0
        self.speed_y = 0
        self.radiusx = 0
        self.radiusy = 100
        self.mask = pygame.mask.from_surface(self.image)

    def update(self, screen_rect):  # Pass a rect with the size of the screen.
        self.x += self.speed_x
        self.y += self.speed_y
        self.rect.topleft = (self.x, self.y)
        if not screen_rect.contains(self.rect):
            # Clamp the rect if it's outside of the screen.
            self.rect.clamp_ip(screen_rect)
            self.x, self.y = self.rect.topleft

    def render(self, screen):
        screen.blit(self.image, self.rect)


class Goal(pygame.sprite.Sprite):
    def __init__(self, x, y):
        pygame.sprite.Sprite.__init__(self)
        # self.image = pygame.image.load('goal.png').convert_alpha()
        # self.image = pygame.transform.scale(self.image, (220, 220))
        self.image = pygame.Surface((220, 220)).convert_alpha()
        self.image.fill((60, 80, 110))
        self.x = x
        self.y = y
        self.rect = pygame.Rect(self.x, self.y, 220, 220)

    def render(self, screen):
        screen.blit(self.image, self.rect)


class Ring(pygame.sprite.Sprite):
    def __init__(self, x, y):
        pygame.sprite.Sprite.__init__(self)
        # self.image = pygame.image.load('ring.png').convert_alpha()
        # self.image = pygame.transform.scale(self.image, (400, 400))
        self.image = pygame.Surface((400, 400)).convert_alpha()
        self.image.fill((60, 180, 110))
        self.x = x
        self.y = y
        self.rect = pygame.Rect(self.x, self.y, 400, 400)
        self.mask = pygame.mask.from_surface(self.image)

    def render(self, screen):
        screen.blit(self.image, self.rect)


class Baddie(pygame.sprite.Sprite):
    def __init__(self, x, y, z):
        # self.image = pygame.image.load().convert_alpha()
        # self.image = pygame.transform.scale(self.image, (220, 220))
        self.image = pygame.Surface((90, 90)).convert_alpha()
        self.image.fill((250, 50, 0))
        self.rect = self.image.get_rect()
        self.x = x
        self.y = y

    def render(self, screen):
        screen.blit(self.image, (self.x, self.y))


def main():
    width = 1200
    height = 722

    pygame.init()
    screen = pygame.display.set_mode((width, height))
    screen_rect = screen.get_rect()
    clock = pygame.time.Clock()  # Add a clock to limit the frame rate.
    pygame.display.set_caption('Basketball Shootout')
    font = pygame.font.Font(None, 25)

    badtimer = 100
    badtimer1 = 0
    badguys = [[640, 100]]

    # court = pygame.image.load('halfcourt.jpg')
    # court = pygame.transform.scale(court, (1200, 722))
    court = pygame.Surface((1200, 722))
    court.fill((30, 30, 30))
    basketball = Ball(50, 50)
    goal = Goal(487, 0)
    ring = Ring(400, 400)
    # The player is not needed since the `basketball` is already
    # the playable ball instance.
    # player = Ball  # Just remove this line.

    # badguyimg1 = pygame.image.load("wpierdol.png")
    # badguyimg1 = pygame.transform.scale(badguyimg1, (100, 100))
    # badguyimg2 = pygame.image.load("bad_guy2.gif")
    # badguyimg2 = pygame.transform.scale(badguyimg2, (100, 100))
    # badguyimg3 = pygame.image.load("bad_guy3.gif")
    # badguyimg3 = pygame.transform.scale(badguyimg3, (100, 100))
    badguyimg1 = pygame.Surface((90, 90))
    badguyimg1.fill((60, 50, 210))
    badguyimg2 = pygame.Surface((90, 90))
    badguyimg2.fill((250, 50, 210))
    badguyimg3 = pygame.Surface((90, 90))
    badguyimg3.fill((250, 50, 130))
    badlist = [badguyimg1, badguyimg2, badguyimg3]

    score = 0  # The score variable was missing.

    stop_game = False

    while not stop_game:
        # Event handling.
        for event in pygame.event.get():
            if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
                stop_game = True
            # Either set the speed here or increment the `basketball.y`
            # in the while loop with `pygame.key.get_pressed`.
            elif event.type == pygame.KEYDOWN:
                if event.key == pygame.K_UP:
                    basketball.speed_y = -5
                elif event.key == pygame.K_DOWN:
                    basketball.speed_y = 5
                elif event.key == pygame.K_LEFT:
                    basketball.speed_x = -5
                elif event.key == pygame.K_RIGHT:
                    basketball.speed_x = 5
            elif event.type == pygame.KEYUP:
                # Stop the ball.
                if event.key == pygame.K_UP:
                    basketball.speed_y = 0
                elif event.key == pygame.K_DOWN:
                    basketball.speed_y = 0
                elif event.key == pygame.K_LEFT and basketball.speed_x < 0:
                    basketball.speed_x = 0
                elif event.key == pygame.K_RIGHT and basketball.speed_x > 0:
                    basketball.speed_x = 0

        # Don't call get_pressed in the event loop (for every event).
        # pressed = pygame.key.get_pressed()
        # if pressed[pygame.K_UP]:
        #     basketball.y -= 5
        # elif pressed[pygame.K_DOWN]:
        #     basketball.y += 5
        # if pressed[pygame.K_LEFT]:  # if not elif, to separate vertical and horizontal movement.
        #     basketball.x -= 5
        # elif pressed[pygame.K_RIGHT]:
        #     basketball.x += 5

        # Updating.
        basketball.update(screen_rect)
        badtimer -= 1

        point = pygame.sprite.collide_mask(basketball, ring)  # Use basketball not player.
        if point:
            # The score will be incremented continually.
            score = score + 1
            print(score)

        # Update the bad guys.
        if badtimer == 0:
            badguys.append([1040, random.randint(50,430)])
            badtimer = 100-(badtimer1*2)
        if badtimer1 >= 35:
            badtimer1 = 35
        else:
            badtimer1 += 5

        # You can `enumerate` the badguys list to get the index
        # and the item at the same time.
        for index, badguy in enumerate(badguys[:]):
            if badguy[0] < -64:
                # Don't modify a list while you're iterating over it.
                # Iterate over a slice copy: badguys[:]
                badguys.pop(index)
            badguy[0] -= 7

        # Drawing.
        screen.blit(court, (0,0))

        text = font.render(
            'Dodge the other team to get to the goal!',
            True, (0, 0, 0))
        screen.blit(text, (430, 630))
        goal.render(screen)
        # You forgot to render the ring.
        ring.render(screen)

        for badguy in badguys:
            screen.blit(badguyimg1, badguy)  # The `dest`ination arg was missing.

        basketball.render(screen)

        pygame.display.update()
        clock.tick(60)  # Limit the frame rate to 60 FPS.

    pygame.quit()

if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()