Sql server SQL Server历史记录表-通过SP或触发器填充？

在我的应用程序SQL Server后端中，我想为一组关键表创建历史记录表，这些表将跟踪行的更改历史

我的整个应用程序使用存储过程，没有嵌入式SQL。 只有通过应用程序和SP接口才能连接到数据库以修改这些表。 传统上，我工作过的商店都使用触发器来执行这项任务

如果我可以在存储过程和触发器之间进行选择，哪一个更好？

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哪个更快？

为此使用触发器。这意味着任何更改，无论其来源如何，都将反映在历史记录表中。它有利于安全性，能够适应失败模式，比如人们忘记添加代码来更新历史记录表等等

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由于执行时间将由I/O触发器控制，因此对于这种类型的操作，两者都不可能有任何特定的速度差异。

触发器。现在，您可以说，数据更新的唯一方式是通过您的SPs，但情况可能会发生变化，或者您可能需要执行大量插入/更新，而使用SPs将过于繁琐。使用触发器。

在SQL server 2008中，一个名为CDC（更改数据捕获）的新功能可以提供帮助。 CDC能够将对表数据的更改记录到另一个表中，而无需写入触发器或其他机制。更改数据捕获可以在SQL server中记录对表的插入、更新和删除等更改，从而以关系格式提供更改的详细信息

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正如其他人所说，触发器。它们更容易进行单元测试，而且对于具有直接访问随机查询表的意外访问权限的超级用户来说，它们的弹性更大

至于更快？确定数据库中什么是快速的是一个有大量变量的困难问题。除了“尝试两种方法并进行比较”之外，对于哪种方法更快，您将无法得到有用的答案。变量包括所涉及的表的大小、正常的更新模式、服务器中磁盘的速度、内存量、用于缓存的内存量等。此列表是无限的，每个变量都会影响触发器是否比SP中的自定义SQL更快

好。快速的便宜的。挑两个。触发器在完整性方面很好，在维护方面可能很便宜。可以说，他们也很快，一旦他们工作，你就完成了。SPs是一个维护问题，将东西推到维护中可能很快，但从来都不是好的或便宜的

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祝你好运。

推荐的方法取决于你的要求。如果历史记录表用于审核跟踪，则需要捕获每个操作。若历史记录表只是出于性能原因，那个么安排一个SQL代理数据传输作业就足够了

要捕获每个操作，请使用AFTER触发器或Change Data Capture

After触发器为您提供两个在触发器内部操作的临时表：

• 插入插入或更新后
• 删除删除后

您可以从这些临时表中插入历史记录表，并且历史记录表将始终是最新的。您可能希望在历史记录表中添加版本编号、时间戳或两者，以分隔对单个源行的更改

更改数据捕获（CDC）旨在创建一个增量表，您可以将其用作将数据加载到数据仓库（或历史记录表）中的源。与触发器不同，CDC是异步的，您可以使用任何方法和调度来填充目标（存储过程、SSI）

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您可以使用CDC访问原始数据和更改。（CT）仅检测更改的行。有可能与CDC建立一个完整的审计跟踪，但不可能与CT建立一个完整的审计跟踪。都仅在MSSQL 2008企业版和开发版中可用。

需要非常小心的一个问题是确定此表的预期用例，并确保它为此目的正确构造

具体来说，如果是针对涉众的操作审计跟踪，这与表中记录更改的快照之前和之后有很大不同。（事实上，除了调试之外，我很难想象记录更改的良好用途。）

审计跟踪通常至少需要一个用户id、一个时间戳和一个操作代码，可能还需要一些关于操作的细节。示例-更改采购订单行项目的订购数量

对于这种类型的审计跟踪，您不想使用触发器。BR层中嵌入这些事件的生成越高，效果越好

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OTOH，对于记录级别的更改，触发器是正确的匹配。但是，从dbms日志文件中获取这些信息通常更容易。

这取决于应用程序的性质和表结构、索引数量、数据大小等、外键等。如果这些表相对简单（没有或很少索引，如datetime/整数列上的索引），且数据集有限（<100万行），您可能可以使用触发器

请记住，触发器可能是锁定问题的根源。我假设，如果您使用历史记录表作为审计跟踪的一种类型，您将为它们编制索引以供将来参考。如果触发器更新历史记录表，由于索引的原因插入/更新/删除速度较慢，则过程调用将一直阻塞，直到触发器完成。此外，如果触发器中有任何外键约束将被更新，这也可能会影响性能

在这种情况下，这完全取决于表索引。我们使用Sql Server 2000作为全天候应用程序，每天处理超过10万笔金融交易。最大/主表有超过1亿行和15个索引（如果正常运行时间较长，则不可能进行大规模删除）

CREATE TABLE [AuditLog] (
    [AuditLogID] [int] IDENTITY (1, 1) NOT NULL ,
    [ChangeDate] [datetime] NOT NULL CONSTRAINT [DF_AuditLog_ChangeDate] DEFAULT (getdate()),
    [RowGUID] [uniqueidentifier] NOT NULL ,
    [ChangeType] [varchar] (50) COLLATE SQL_Latin1_General_CP1_CI_AS NOT NULL ,
    [TableName] [varchar] (128) COLLATE SQL_Latin1_General_CP1_CI_AS NOT NULL ,
    [FieldName] [varchar] (128) COLLATE SQL_Latin1_General_CP1_CI_AS NOT NULL ,
    [OldValue] [varchar] (8000) COLLATE SQL_Latin1_General_CP1_CI_AS NULL ,
    [NewValue] [varchar] (8000) COLLATE SQL_Latin1_General_CP1_CI_AS NULL ,
    [Username] [varchar] (128) COLLATE SQL_Latin1_General_CP1_CI_AS NOT NULL ,
    [Hostname] [varchar] (50) COLLATE SQL_Latin1_General_CP1_CI_AS NOT NULL ,
    [AppName] [varchar] (128) COLLATE SQL_Latin1_General_CP1_CI_AS NULL ,
    [UserGUID] [uniqueidentifier] NULL ,
    [TagGUID] [uniqueidentifier] NULL ,
    [Tag] [varchar] (8000) COLLATE SQL_Latin1_General_CP1_CI_AS NULL 
)

CREATE TRIGGER LogInsert_Nodes ON dbo.Nodes
FOR INSERT
AS

/* Load the saved context info UserGUID */
DECLARE @SavedUserGUID uniqueidentifier

SELECT @SavedUserGUID = CAST(context_info as uniqueidentifier)
FROM master.dbo.sysprocesses
WHERE spid = @@SPID

DECLARE @NullGUID uniqueidentifier
SELECT @NullGUID = '{00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000}'

IF @SavedUserGUID = @NullGUID
BEGIN
    SET @SavedUserGUID = NULL
END

    /*We dont' log individual field changes Old/New because the row is new.
    So we only have one record - INSERTED*/

    INSERT INTO AuditLog(
            ChangeDate, RowGUID, ChangeType, 
            Username, HostName, AppName,
            UserGUID, 
            TableName, FieldName, 
            TagGUID, Tag, 
            OldValue, NewValue)

    SELECT
        getdate(), --ChangeDate
        i.NodeGUID, --RowGUID
        'INSERTED', --ChangeType
        USER_NAME(), HOST_NAME(), APP_NAME(), 
        @SavedUserGUID, --UserGUID
        'Nodes', --TableName
        '', --FieldName
        i.ParentNodeGUID, --TagGUID
        i.Caption, --Tag
        null, --OldValue
        null --NewValue
    FROM Inserted i

CREATE TRIGGER LogUpdate_Nodes ON dbo.Nodes
FOR UPDATE AS

/* Load the saved context info UserGUID */
DECLARE @SavedUserGUID uniqueidentifier

SELECT @SavedUserGUID = CAST(context_info as uniqueidentifier)
FROM master.dbo.sysprocesses
WHERE spid = @@SPID

DECLARE @NullGUID uniqueidentifier
SELECT @NullGUID = '{00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000}'

IF @SavedUserGUID = @NullGUID
BEGIN
    SET @SavedUserGUID = NULL
END

    /* ParentNodeGUID uniqueidentifier */
    IF UPDATE (ParentNodeGUID)
    BEGIN
        INSERT INTO AuditLog(
            ChangeDate, RowGUID, ChangeType, 
            Username, HostName, AppName,
            UserGUID, 
            TableName, FieldName, 
            TagGUID, Tag, 
            OldValue, NewValue)
        SELECT 
            getdate(), --ChangeDate
            i.NodeGUID, --RowGUID
            'UPDATED', --ChangeType
            USER_NAME(), HOST_NAME(), APP_NAME(), 
            @SavedUserGUID, --UserGUID
            'Nodes', --TableName
            'ParentNodeGUID', --FieldName
            i.ParentNodeGUID, --TagGUID
            i.Caption, --Tag
            d.ParentNodeGUID, --OldValue
            i.ParentNodeGUID --NewValue
        FROM Inserted i
            INNER JOIN Deleted d
            ON i.NodeGUID = d.NodeGUID
        WHERE (d.ParentNodeGUID IS NULL AND i.ParentNodeGUID IS NOT NULL)
        OR (d.ParentNodeGUID IS NOT NULL AND i.ParentNodeGUID IS NULL)
        OR (d.ParentNodeGUID <> i.ParentNodeGUID)
    END

    /* Caption varchar(255) */
    IF UPDATE (Caption)
    BEGIN
        INSERT INTO AuditLog(
            ChangeDate, RowGUID, ChangeType, 
            Username, HostName, AppName,
            UserGUID, 
            TableName, FieldName, 
            TagGUID, Tag, 
            OldValue, NewValue)
        SELECT 
            getdate(), --ChangeDate
            i.NodeGUID, --RowGUID
            'UPDATED', --ChangeType
            USER_NAME(), HOST_NAME(), APP_NAME(), 
            @SavedUserGUID, --UserGUID
            'Nodes', --TableName
            'Caption', --FieldName
            i.ParentNodeGUID, --TagGUID
            i.Caption, --Tag
            d.Caption, --OldValue
            i.Caption --NewValue
        FROM Inserted i
            INNER JOIN Deleted d
            ON i.NodeGUID = d.NodeGUID
        WHERE (d.Caption IS NULL AND i.Caption IS NOT NULL)
        OR (d.Caption IS NOT NULL AND i.Caption IS NULL)
        OR (d.Caption <> i.Caption)
    END

...

/* ImageGUID uniqueidentifier */
IF UPDATE (ImageGUID)
BEGIN
    INSERT INTO AuditLog(
        ChangeDate, RowGUID, ChangeType, 
        Username, HostName, AppName,
        UserGUID, 
        TableName, FieldName, 
        TagGUID, Tag, 
        OldValue, NewValue)
    SELECT 
        getdate(), --ChangeDate
        i.NodeGUID, --RowGUID
        'UPDATED', --ChangeType
        USER_NAME(), HOST_NAME(), APP_NAME(), 
        @SavedUserGUID, --UserGUID
        'Nodes', --TableName
        'ImageGUID', --FieldName
        i.ParentNodeGUID, --TagGUID
        i.Caption, --Tag
        (SELECT Caption FROM Nodes WHERE NodeGUID = d.ImageGUID), --OldValue
        (SELECT Caption FROM Nodes WHERE NodeGUID = i.ImageGUID) --New Value
    FROM Inserted i
        INNER JOIN Deleted d
        ON i.NodeGUID = d.NodeGUID
    WHERE (d.ImageGUID IS NULL AND i.ImageGUID IS NOT NULL)
    OR (d.ImageGUID IS NOT NULL AND i.ImageGUID IS NULL)
    OR (d.ImageGUID <> i.ImageGUID)
END

CREATE TRIGGER LogDelete_Nodes ON dbo.Nodes
FOR DELETE
AS

/* Load the saved context info UserGUID */
DECLARE @SavedUserGUID uniqueidentifier

SELECT @SavedUserGUID = CAST(context_info as uniqueidentifier)
FROM master.dbo.sysprocesses
WHERE spid = @@SPID

DECLARE @NullGUID uniqueidentifier
SELECT @NullGUID = '{00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000}'

IF @SavedUserGUID = @NullGUID
BEGIN
    SET @SavedUserGUID = NULL
END

    /*We dont' log individual field changes Old/New because the row is new.
    So we only have one record - DELETED*/

    INSERT INTO AuditLog(
            ChangeDate, RowGUID, ChangeType, 
            Username, HostName, AppName,
            UserGUID, 
            TableName, FieldName, 
            TagGUID, Tag, 
            OldValue,NewValue)

    SELECT
        getdate(), --ChangeDate
        d.NodeGUID, --RowGUID
        'DELETED', --ChangeType
        USER_NAME(), HOST_NAME(), APP_NAME(), 
        @SavedUserGUID, --UserGUID
        'Nodes', --TableName
        '', --FieldName
        d.ParentNodeGUID, --TagGUID
        d.Caption, --Tag
        null, --OldValue
        null --NewValue
    FROM Deleted d

CREATE PROCEDURE dbo.SaveContextUserGUID @UserGUID uniqueidentifier AS

/* Saves the given UserGUID as the session's "Context Information" */
IF @UserGUID IS NULL
BEGIN
    PRINT 'Emptying CONTEXT_INFO because of null @UserGUID'
    DECLARE @BinVar varbinary(128)
    SET @BinVar = CAST( REPLICATE( 0x00, 128 ) AS varbinary(128) )
    SET CONTEXT_INFO @BinVar
    RETURN 0
END

DECLARE @UserGUIDBinary binary(16) --a guid is 16 bytes
SELECT @UserGUIDBinary = CAST(@UserGUID as binary(16))
SET CONTEXT_INFO @UserGUIDBinary


/* To load the guid back 
DECLARE @SavedUserGUID uniqueidentifier

SELECT @SavedUserGUID = CAST(context_info as uniqueidentifier)
FROM master.dbo.sysprocesses
WHERE spid = @@SPID

select @SavedUserGUID AS UserGUID
*/

OldValue: Daimler Chrysler
NewValue: Cerberus Capital Management

CREATE TABLE [dbo].[AUDIT_LOG_TRANSACTIONS](
    [AUDIT_LOG_TRANSACTION_ID] [int] IDENTITY(1,1) NOT NULL,
    [DATABASE] [nvarchar](128) NOT NULL,
    [TABLE_NAME] [nvarchar](261) NOT NULL,
    [TABLE_SCHEMA] [nvarchar](261) NOT NULL,
    [AUDIT_ACTION_ID] [tinyint] NOT NULL,
    [HOST_NAME] [varchar](128) NOT NULL,
    [APP_NAME] [varchar](128) NOT NULL,
    [MODIFIED_BY] [varchar](128) NOT NULL,
    [MODIFIED_DATE] [datetime] NOT NULL,
    [AFFECTED_ROWS] [int] NOT NULL,
    [SYSOBJ_ID]  AS (object_id([TABLE_NAME])),
  PRIMARY KEY CLUSTERED 
  (
       [AUDIT_LOG_TRANSACTION_ID] ASC
  )
)

CREATE TABLE [dbo].[AUDIT_LOG_DATA](
   [AUDIT_LOG_DATA_ID] [int] IDENTITY(1,1) NOT NULL,
   [AUDIT_LOG_TRANSACTION_ID] [int] NOT NULL,
   [PRIMARY_KEY_DATA] [nvarchar](1500) NOT NULL,
   [COL_NAME] [nvarchar](128) NOT NULL,
   [OLD_VALUE_LONG] [ntext] NULL,
   [NEW_VALUE_LONG] [ntext] NULL,
   [NEW_VALUE_BLOB] [image] NULL,
   [NEW_VALUE]  AS (isnull(CONVERT([varchar](8000),      [NEW_VALUE_LONG],0),CONVERT([varchar](8000),CONVERT([varbinary](8000),substring([NEW_VALUE_BLOB],(1),(8000)),0),0))),
   [OLD_VALUE]  AS (CONVERT([varchar](8000),[OLD_VALUE_LONG],0)),
   [PRIMARY_KEY]  AS ([PRIMARY_KEY_DATA]),
   [DATA_TYPE] [char](1) NOT NULL,
   [KEY1] [nvarchar](500) NULL,
   [KEY2] [nvarchar](500) NULL,
   [KEY3] [nvarchar](500) NULL,
   [KEY4] [nvarchar](500) NULL,
PRIMARY KEY CLUSTERED 
 (
    [AUDIT_LOG_DATA_ID] ASC
)
)

CREATE TRIGGER [dbo].[tr_i_AUDIT_Audited_Table]
ON [dbo].[Audited_Table]
FOR INSERT
NOT FOR REPLICATION
As
BEGIN
DECLARE 
    @IDENTITY_SAVE              varchar(50),
    @AUDIT_LOG_TRANSACTION_ID       Int,
    @PRIM_KEY               nvarchar(4000),
    @ROWS_COUNT             int

SET NOCOUNT ON
Select @ROWS_COUNT=count(*) from inserted
Set @IDENTITY_SAVE = CAST(IsNull(@@IDENTITY,1) AS varchar(50))

INSERT
INTO dbo.AUDIT_LOG_TRANSACTIONS
(
    TABLE_NAME,
    TABLE_SCHEMA,
    AUDIT_ACTION_ID,
    HOST_NAME,
    APP_NAME,
    MODIFIED_BY,
    MODIFIED_DATE,
    AFFECTED_ROWS,
    [DATABASE]
)
values(
    'Audited_Table',
    'dbo',
    2,  --  ACTION ID For INSERT
    CASE 
      WHEN LEN(HOST_NAME()) < 1 THEN ' '
      ELSE HOST_NAME()
    END,
    CASE 
      WHEN LEN(APP_NAME()) < 1 THEN ' '
      ELSE APP_NAME()
    END,
    SUSER_SNAME(),
    GETDATE(),
    @ROWS_COUNT,
    'Database_Name'
)

Set @AUDIT_LOG_TRANSACTION_ID = SCOPE_IDENTITY()    

--This INSERT INTO code is repeated for each columns that is audited. 
--Below are examples for only two columns
INSERT INTO dbo.AUDIT_LOG_DATA
(
    AUDIT_LOG_TRANSACTION_ID,
    PRIMARY_KEY_DATA,
    COL_NAME,
    NEW_VALUE_LONG,
    DATA_TYPE
    , KEY1
)
SELECT
    @AUDIT_LOG_TRANSACTION_ID,
    convert(nvarchar(1500), IsNull('[PK_Column]='+CONVERT(nvarchar(4000), NEW.[PK_Column], 0), '[PK_Column] Is Null')),
    'Column1',
    CONVERT(nvarchar(4000), NEW.[Column1], 0),
    'A'
    , CONVERT(nvarchar(500), CONVERT(nvarchar(4000), NEW.[PK_Column], 0))
FROM inserted NEW
WHERE NEW.[Column1] Is Not Null

 --value is inserted for each column that is selected for auditin
INSERT INTO dbo.AUDIT_LOG_DATA
(
    AUDIT_LOG_TRANSACTION_ID,
    PRIMARY_KEY_DATA,
    COL_NAME,
    NEW_VALUE_LONG,
    DATA_TYPE
    , KEY1
)
SELECT
    @AUDIT_LOG_TRANSACTION_ID,
    convert(nvarchar(1500), IsNull('[PK_Column]='+CONVERT(nvarchar(4000), NEW.[PK_Column], 0), '[PK_Column] Is Null')),
    'Column2',
    CONVERT(nvarchar(4000), NEW.[Column2], 0),
    'A'
    , CONVERT(nvarchar(500), CONVERT(nvarchar(4000), NEW.[PK_Column], 0))
    FROM inserted NEW
    WHERE NEW.[Column2] Is Not Null
End

CREATE TRIGGER [dbo].[tr_Employee_rev]
ON [dbo].[Employee]
AFTER UPDATE, INSERT, DELETE
AS
BEGIN
    IF EXISTS(SELECT * FROM INSERTED) AND EXISTS (SELECT * FROM DELETED)
    BEGIN
        INSERT INTO [EmployeeRev](EmployeeID,Firstname,Initial,Surname,Birthdate,operation, updated, updatedby) SELECT inserted.ID, inserted.Firstname,inserted.Initial,inserted.Surname,inserted.Birthdate,'u', GetDate(), SYSTEM_USER FROM INSERTED
    END 

    IF EXISTS (SELECT * FROM INSERTED) AND NOT EXISTS(SELECT * FROM DELETED)
    BEGIN
        INSERT INTO [EmployeeRev](EmployeeID,Firstname,Initial,Surname,Birthdate,operation, updated, updatedby) SELECT inserted.ID, inserted.Firstname,inserted.Initial,inserted.Surname,inserted.Birthdate,'i', GetDate(), SYSTEM_USER FROM INSERTED
    END

    IF EXISTS(SELECT * FROM DELETED) AND NOT EXISTS(SELECT * FROM INSERTED)
    BEGIN
        INSERT INTO [EmployeeRev](EmployeeID,Firstname,Initial,Surname,Birthdate,operation, updated, updatedby) SELECT deleted.ID, deleted.Firstname,deleted.Initial,deleted.Surname,deleted.Birthdate,'d', GetDate(), SYSTEM_USER FROM DELETED 
    END
END