Assembly 如何为我的引导程序制作内核？

我正在尝试制作自己的定制操作系统，我需要一些代码方面的帮助。 这是我的引导加载程序。asm：

[ORG 0x7c00]

start:
    cli
    xor ax, ax
    mov ds, ax
    mov ss, ax
    mov es, ax
    mov [BOOT_DRIVE], dl
    mov bp, 0x8000
    mov sp, bp
    mov bx, 0x9000
    mov dh, 5
    mov dl, [BOOT_DRIVE]
    call load_kernel
    call enable_A20
    call graphics_mode
    lgdt [gdtr]
    mov eax, cr0
    or al, 1
    mov cr0, eax
    jmp CODE_SEG:init_pm

[bits 32]
init_pm:
    mov ax, DATA_SEG
    mov ds, ax
    mov ss, ax
    mov es, ax
    mov fs, ax
    mov gs, ax

    mov ebp, 0x90000
    mov esp, ebp

    jmp 0x9000

[BITS 16]
graphics_mode:
    mov ax, 0013h
    int 10h
    ret

load_kernel:
                        ; load DH sectors to ES:BX from drive DL
    push dx             ; Store DX on stack so later we can recall
                        ; how many sectors were request to be read ,
                        ; even if it is altered in the meantime
    mov ah , 0x02       ; BIOS read sector function
    mov al , dh         ; Read DH sectors
    mov ch , 0x00       ; Select cylinder 0
    mov dh , 0x00       ; Select head 0
    mov cl , 0x02       ; Start reading from second sector ( i.e.
                        ; after the boot sector )
    int 0x13            ; BIOS interrupt
    jc disk_error       ; Jump if error ( i.e. carry flag set )
    pop dx              ; Restore DX from the stack
    cmp dh , al         ; if AL ( sectors read ) != DH ( sectors expected )
    jne disk_error      ; display error message
    ret
disk_error :
    mov bx , ERROR_MSG
    call print_string
    hlt

[bits 32]
    ; prints a null - terminated string pointed to by EDX
print_string :
    pusha
    mov edx , VIDEO_MEMORY ; Set edx to the start of vid mem.
print_string_loop :
    mov al , [ ebx ] ; Store the char at EBX in AL
    mov ah , WHITE_ON_BLACK ; Store the attributes in AH
    cmp al , 0 ; if (al == 0) , at end of string , so
    je print_string_done ; jump to done
    mov [edx] , ax ; Store char and attributes at current
        ; character cell.
    add ebx , 1 ; Increment EBX to the next char in string.
    add edx , 2 ; Move to next character cell in vid mem.
    jmp print_string_loop ; loop around to print the next char.
print_string_done :
    popa
    ret ; Return from the function

[bits 16]
; Variables 
ERROR_MSG db "Error!" , 0
BOOT_DRIVE: db 0
VIDEO_MEMORY equ 0xb8000
WHITE_ON_BLACK equ 0x0f

%include "a20.inc"
%include "gdt.inc"

times 510-($-$$) db 0
db 0x55
db 0xAA

call_main(){main();}
void main(){}

   enable_A20:
call check_a20
cmp ax, 1
je enabled
call a20_bios
call check_a20
cmp ax, 1
je enabled
call a20_keyboard
call check_a20
cmp ax, 1
je enabled
call a20_fast
call check_a20
cmp ax, 1
je enabled
mov bx, [ERROR]
call print_string
   enabled:
ret


  check_a20:
pushf
push ds
push es
push di
push si

cli

xor ax, ax ; ax = 0
mov es, ax

not ax ; ax = 0xFFFF
mov ds, ax

mov di, 0x0500
mov si, 0x0510

mov al, byte [es:di]
push ax

mov al, byte [ds:si]
push ax

mov byte [es:di], 0x00
mov byte [ds:si], 0xFF

cmp byte [es:di], 0xFF

pop ax
mov byte [ds:si], al

pop ax
mov byte [es:di], al

mov ax, 0
je check_a20__exit

mov ax, 1

 check_a20__exit:
pop si
pop di
pop es
pop ds
popf

ret

    a20_bios:
mov ax, 0x2401
int 0x15
ret

    a20_fast:
in al, 0x92
or al, 2
out 0x92, al
ret

    [bits 32]
    [section .text]

    a20_keyboard:
    cli

    call    a20wait
    mov     al,0xAD
    out     0x64,al

    call    a20wait
    mov     al,0xD0
    out     0x64,al

    call    a20wait2
    in      al,0x60
    push    eax

    call    a20wait
    mov     al,0xD1
    out     0x64,al

    call    a20wait
    pop     eax
    or      al,2
    out     0x60,al

    call    a20wait
    mov     al,0xAE
    out     0x64,al

    call    a20wait
    sti
    ret

    a20wait:
    in      al,0x64
    test    al,2
    jnz     a20wait
    ret


    a20wait2:
    in      al,0x64
    test    al,1
    jz      a20wait2
    ret

 gdt_start:
dd 0                ; null descriptor--just fill 8 bytes    dd 0 

 gdt_code:
dw 0FFFFh           ; limit low
dw 0                ; base low
db 0                ; base middle
db 10011010b            ; access
db 11001111b            ; granularity
db 0                ; base high

 gdt_data:
dw 0FFFFh           ; limit low (Same as code)
dw 0                ; base low
db 0                ; base middle
db 10010010b            ; access
db 11001111b            ; granularity
db 0                ; base high
  end_of_gdt:

  gdtr: 
dw end_of_gdt - gdt_start - 1   ; limit (Size of GDT)
dd gdt_start            ; base of GDT

   CODE_SEG equ gdt_code - gdt_start
   DATA_SEG equ gdt_data - gdt_start

[bits 16]

global _start
_start:
    cli
    xor ax, ax
    mov ds, ax
    mov es, ax
    mov ss, ax
    mov sp, 0x8000      ; Stack pointer at SS:SP = 0x0000:0x8000
    mov [BOOT_DRIVE], dl; Boot drive passed to us by the BIOS
    mov dh, 17          ; Number of sectors (kernel.bin) to read from disk
                        ; 17*512 allows for a kernel.bin up to 8704 bytes
    mov bx, 0x9000      ; Load Kernel to ES:BX = 0x0000:0x9000

    call load_kernel
    call enable_A20

;   call graphics_mode  ; Uncomment if you want to switch to graphics mode 0x13
    lgdt [gdtr]
    mov eax, cr0
    or al, 1
    mov cr0, eax
    jmp CODE_SEG:init_pm

graphics_mode:
    mov ax, 0013h
    int 10h
    ret

load_kernel:
                        ; load DH sectors to ES:BX from drive DL
    push dx             ; Store DX on stack so later we can recall
                        ; how many sectors were request to be read ,
                        ; even if it is altered in the meantime
    mov ah , 0x02       ; BIOS read sector function
    mov al , dh         ; Read DH sectors
    mov ch , 0x00       ; Select cylinder 0
    mov dh , 0x00       ; Select head 0
    mov cl , 0x02       ; Start reading from second sector ( i.e.
                        ; after the boot sector )
    int 0x13            ; BIOS interrupt
    jc disk_error       ; Jump if error ( i.e. carry flag set )
    pop dx              ; Restore DX from the stack
    cmp dh , al         ; if AL ( sectors read ) != DH ( sectors expected )
    jne disk_error      ; display error message
    ret
disk_error :
    mov bx , ERROR_MSG
    call print_string
    hlt

; prints a null - terminated string pointed to by EDX
print_string :
    pusha
    push es                   ;Save ES on stack and restore when we finish

    push VIDEO_MEMORY_SEG     ;Video mem segment 0xb800
    pop es
    xor di, di                ;Video mem offset (start at 0)
print_string_loop :
    mov al , [ bx ] ; Store the char at BX in AL
    mov ah , WHITE_ON_BLACK ; Store the attributes in AH
    cmp al , 0 ; if (al == 0) , at end of string , so
    je print_string_done ; jump to done
    mov word [es:di], ax ; Store char and attributes at current
        ; character cell.
    add bx , 1 ; Increment BX to the next char in string.
    add di , 2 ; Move to next character cell in vid mem.
    jmp print_string_loop ; loop around to print the next char.

print_string_done :
    pop es                    ;Restore ES that was saved on entry
    popa
    ret ; Return from the function

%include "a20.inc"
%include "gdt.inc"

[bits 32]
init_pm:
    mov ax, DATA_SEG
    mov ds, ax
    mov ss, ax
    mov es, ax
    mov fs, ax
    mov gs, ax

    mov ebp, 0x90000
    mov esp, ebp

    call 0x9000
    cli
loopend:                                ;Infinite loop when finished
    hlt
    jmp loopend

[bits 16]
; Variables
ERROR            db "A20 Error!" , 0
ERROR_MSG        db "Error!" , 0
BOOT_DRIVE:      db 0

VIDEO_MEMORY_SEG equ 0xb800
WHITE_ON_BLACK   equ 0x0f

times 510-($-$$) db 0
db 0x55
db 0xAA

gdt_start:
    dd 0                ; null descriptor--just fill 8 bytes
    dd 0

gdt_code:
    dw 0FFFFh           ; limit low
    dw 0                ; base low
    db 0                ; base middle
    db 10011010b        ; access
    db 11001111b        ; granularity
    db 0                ; base high

gdt_data:
    dw 0FFFFh           ; limit low (Same as code)
    dw 0                ; base low
    db 0                ; base middle
    db 10010010b        ; access
    db 11001111b        ; granularity
    db 0                ; base high
end_of_gdt:

gdtr:
    dw end_of_gdt - gdt_start - 1   ; limit (Size of GDT)
    dd gdt_start        ; base of GDT

    CODE_SEG equ gdt_code - gdt_start
    DATA_SEG equ gdt_data - gdt_start

enable_A20:
    call check_a20
    cmp ax, 1
    je enabled
    call a20_bios
    call check_a20
    cmp ax, 1
    je enabled
    call a20_keyboard
    call check_a20
    cmp ax, 1
    je enabled
    call a20_fast
    call check_a20
    cmp ax, 1
    je enabled
    mov bx, [ERROR]
    call print_string
enabled:
    ret

check_a20:
    pushf
    push ds
    push es
    push di
    push si

    cli
    xor ax, ax ; ax = 0
    mov es, ax
    not ax ; ax = 0xFFFF
    mov ds, ax
    mov di, 0x0500
    mov si, 0x0510
    mov al, byte [es:di]
    push ax
    mov al, byte [ds:si]
    push ax
    mov byte [es:di], 0x00
    mov byte [ds:si], 0xFF
    cmp byte [es:di], 0xFF
    pop ax
    mov byte [ds:si], al
    pop ax
    mov byte [es:di], al
    mov ax, 0
    je check_a20__exit
    mov ax, 1

check_a20__exit:
    pop si
    pop di
    pop es
    pop ds
    popf
    ret

a20_bios:
    mov ax, 0x2401
    int 0x15
    ret

a20_fast:
    in al, 0x92
    or al, 2
    out 0x92, al
    ret

    [bits 32]
    [section .text]

a20_keyboard:
    cli

    call    a20wait
    mov     al,0xAD
    out     0x64,al
    call    a20wait
    mov     al,0xD0
    out     0x64,al
    call    a20wait2
    in      al,0x60
    push    eax
    call    a20wait
    mov     al,0xD1
    out     0x64,al
    call    a20wait
    pop     eax
    or      al,2
    out     0x60,al
    call    a20wait
    mov     al,0xAE
    out     0x64,al
    call    a20wait
    sti
    ret

a20wait:
    in      al,0x64
    test    al,2
    jnz     a20wait
    ret

a20wait2:
    in      al,0x64
    test    al,1
    jz      a20wait2
    ret

/* This code will be placed at the beginning of the object by the linker script */    
__asm__ (".pushsection .text.start\r\n" \
         "jmp main\r\n" \
         ".popsection\r\n"
         );

/* Place main as the first function defined in kernel.c so
 * that it will be at the entry point where our bootloader
 * will call. In our case it will be at 0x9000 */

int main(){
    /* Do Stuff Here*/

    return 0; /* return back to bootloader */
}

我用这个来编译它：

nasm -f bin -o boot.bin bootloader.asm

gcc -ffreestanding -o kernel.bin kernel.c

这是kernel.c：

[ORG 0x7c00]

start:
    cli
    xor ax, ax
    mov ds, ax
    mov ss, ax
    mov es, ax
    mov [BOOT_DRIVE], dl
    mov bp, 0x8000
    mov sp, bp
    mov bx, 0x9000
    mov dh, 5
    mov dl, [BOOT_DRIVE]
    call load_kernel
    call enable_A20
    call graphics_mode
    lgdt [gdtr]
    mov eax, cr0
    or al, 1
    mov cr0, eax
    jmp CODE_SEG:init_pm

[bits 32]
init_pm:
    mov ax, DATA_SEG
    mov ds, ax
    mov ss, ax
    mov es, ax
    mov fs, ax
    mov gs, ax

    mov ebp, 0x90000
    mov esp, ebp

    jmp 0x9000

[BITS 16]
graphics_mode:
    mov ax, 0013h
    int 10h
    ret

load_kernel:
                        ; load DH sectors to ES:BX from drive DL
    push dx             ; Store DX on stack so later we can recall
                        ; how many sectors were request to be read ,
                        ; even if it is altered in the meantime
    mov ah , 0x02       ; BIOS read sector function
    mov al , dh         ; Read DH sectors
    mov ch , 0x00       ; Select cylinder 0
    mov dh , 0x00       ; Select head 0
    mov cl , 0x02       ; Start reading from second sector ( i.e.
                        ; after the boot sector )
    int 0x13            ; BIOS interrupt
    jc disk_error       ; Jump if error ( i.e. carry flag set )
    pop dx              ; Restore DX from the stack
    cmp dh , al         ; if AL ( sectors read ) != DH ( sectors expected )
    jne disk_error      ; display error message
    ret
disk_error :
    mov bx , ERROR_MSG
    call print_string
    hlt

[bits 32]
    ; prints a null - terminated string pointed to by EDX
print_string :
    pusha
    mov edx , VIDEO_MEMORY ; Set edx to the start of vid mem.
print_string_loop :
    mov al , [ ebx ] ; Store the char at EBX in AL
    mov ah , WHITE_ON_BLACK ; Store the attributes in AH
    cmp al , 0 ; if (al == 0) , at end of string , so
    je print_string_done ; jump to done
    mov [edx] , ax ; Store char and attributes at current
        ; character cell.
    add ebx , 1 ; Increment EBX to the next char in string.
    add edx , 2 ; Move to next character cell in vid mem.
    jmp print_string_loop ; loop around to print the next char.
print_string_done :
    popa
    ret ; Return from the function

[bits 16]
; Variables 
ERROR_MSG db "Error!" , 0
BOOT_DRIVE: db 0
VIDEO_MEMORY equ 0xb8000
WHITE_ON_BLACK equ 0x0f

%include "a20.inc"
%include "gdt.inc"

times 510-($-$$) db 0
db 0x55
db 0xAA

call_main(){main();}
void main(){}

   enable_A20:
call check_a20
cmp ax, 1
je enabled
call a20_bios
call check_a20
cmp ax, 1
je enabled
call a20_keyboard
call check_a20
cmp ax, 1
je enabled
call a20_fast
call check_a20
cmp ax, 1
je enabled
mov bx, [ERROR]
call print_string
   enabled:
ret


  check_a20:
pushf
push ds
push es
push di
push si

cli

xor ax, ax ; ax = 0
mov es, ax

not ax ; ax = 0xFFFF
mov ds, ax

mov di, 0x0500
mov si, 0x0510

mov al, byte [es:di]
push ax

mov al, byte [ds:si]
push ax

mov byte [es:di], 0x00
mov byte [ds:si], 0xFF

cmp byte [es:di], 0xFF

pop ax
mov byte [ds:si], al

pop ax
mov byte [es:di], al

mov ax, 0
je check_a20__exit

mov ax, 1

 check_a20__exit:
pop si
pop di
pop es
pop ds
popf

ret

    a20_bios:
mov ax, 0x2401
int 0x15
ret

    a20_fast:
in al, 0x92
or al, 2
out 0x92, al
ret

    [bits 32]
    [section .text]

    a20_keyboard:
    cli

    call    a20wait
    mov     al,0xAD
    out     0x64,al

    call    a20wait
    mov     al,0xD0
    out     0x64,al

    call    a20wait2
    in      al,0x60
    push    eax

    call    a20wait
    mov     al,0xD1
    out     0x64,al

    call    a20wait
    pop     eax
    or      al,2
    out     0x60,al

    call    a20wait
    mov     al,0xAE
    out     0x64,al

    call    a20wait
    sti
    ret

    a20wait:
    in      al,0x64
    test    al,2
    jnz     a20wait
    ret


    a20wait2:
    in      al,0x64
    test    al,1
    jz      a20wait2
    ret

 gdt_start:
dd 0                ; null descriptor--just fill 8 bytes    dd 0 

 gdt_code:
dw 0FFFFh           ; limit low
dw 0                ; base low
db 0                ; base middle
db 10011010b            ; access
db 11001111b            ; granularity
db 0                ; base high

 gdt_data:
dw 0FFFFh           ; limit low (Same as code)
dw 0                ; base low
db 0                ; base middle
db 10010010b            ; access
db 11001111b            ; granularity
db 0                ; base high
  end_of_gdt:

  gdtr: 
dw end_of_gdt - gdt_start - 1   ; limit (Size of GDT)
dd gdt_start            ; base of GDT

   CODE_SEG equ gdt_code - gdt_start
   DATA_SEG equ gdt_data - gdt_start

[bits 16]

global _start
_start:
    cli
    xor ax, ax
    mov ds, ax
    mov es, ax
    mov ss, ax
    mov sp, 0x8000      ; Stack pointer at SS:SP = 0x0000:0x8000
    mov [BOOT_DRIVE], dl; Boot drive passed to us by the BIOS
    mov dh, 17          ; Number of sectors (kernel.bin) to read from disk
                        ; 17*512 allows for a kernel.bin up to 8704 bytes
    mov bx, 0x9000      ; Load Kernel to ES:BX = 0x0000:0x9000

    call load_kernel
    call enable_A20

;   call graphics_mode  ; Uncomment if you want to switch to graphics mode 0x13
    lgdt [gdtr]
    mov eax, cr0
    or al, 1
    mov cr0, eax
    jmp CODE_SEG:init_pm

graphics_mode:
    mov ax, 0013h
    int 10h
    ret

load_kernel:
                        ; load DH sectors to ES:BX from drive DL
    push dx             ; Store DX on stack so later we can recall
                        ; how many sectors were request to be read ,
                        ; even if it is altered in the meantime
    mov ah , 0x02       ; BIOS read sector function
    mov al , dh         ; Read DH sectors
    mov ch , 0x00       ; Select cylinder 0
    mov dh , 0x00       ; Select head 0
    mov cl , 0x02       ; Start reading from second sector ( i.e.
                        ; after the boot sector )
    int 0x13            ; BIOS interrupt
    jc disk_error       ; Jump if error ( i.e. carry flag set )
    pop dx              ; Restore DX from the stack
    cmp dh , al         ; if AL ( sectors read ) != DH ( sectors expected )
    jne disk_error      ; display error message
    ret
disk_error :
    mov bx , ERROR_MSG
    call print_string
    hlt

; prints a null - terminated string pointed to by EDX
print_string :
    pusha
    push es                   ;Save ES on stack and restore when we finish

    push VIDEO_MEMORY_SEG     ;Video mem segment 0xb800
    pop es
    xor di, di                ;Video mem offset (start at 0)
print_string_loop :
    mov al , [ bx ] ; Store the char at BX in AL
    mov ah , WHITE_ON_BLACK ; Store the attributes in AH
    cmp al , 0 ; if (al == 0) , at end of string , so
    je print_string_done ; jump to done
    mov word [es:di], ax ; Store char and attributes at current
        ; character cell.
    add bx , 1 ; Increment BX to the next char in string.
    add di , 2 ; Move to next character cell in vid mem.
    jmp print_string_loop ; loop around to print the next char.

print_string_done :
    pop es                    ;Restore ES that was saved on entry
    popa
    ret ; Return from the function

%include "a20.inc"
%include "gdt.inc"

[bits 32]
init_pm:
    mov ax, DATA_SEG
    mov ds, ax
    mov ss, ax
    mov es, ax
    mov fs, ax
    mov gs, ax

    mov ebp, 0x90000
    mov esp, ebp

    call 0x9000
    cli
loopend:                                ;Infinite loop when finished
    hlt
    jmp loopend

[bits 16]
; Variables
ERROR            db "A20 Error!" , 0
ERROR_MSG        db "Error!" , 0
BOOT_DRIVE:      db 0

VIDEO_MEMORY_SEG equ 0xb800
WHITE_ON_BLACK   equ 0x0f

times 510-($-$$) db 0
db 0x55
db 0xAA

gdt_start:
    dd 0                ; null descriptor--just fill 8 bytes
    dd 0

gdt_code:
    dw 0FFFFh           ; limit low
    dw 0                ; base low
    db 0                ; base middle
    db 10011010b        ; access
    db 11001111b        ; granularity
    db 0                ; base high

gdt_data:
    dw 0FFFFh           ; limit low (Same as code)
    dw 0                ; base low
    db 0                ; base middle
    db 10010010b        ; access
    db 11001111b        ; granularity
    db 0                ; base high
end_of_gdt:

gdtr:
    dw end_of_gdt - gdt_start - 1   ; limit (Size of GDT)
    dd gdt_start        ; base of GDT

    CODE_SEG equ gdt_code - gdt_start
    DATA_SEG equ gdt_data - gdt_start

enable_A20:
    call check_a20
    cmp ax, 1
    je enabled
    call a20_bios
    call check_a20
    cmp ax, 1
    je enabled
    call a20_keyboard
    call check_a20
    cmp ax, 1
    je enabled
    call a20_fast
    call check_a20
    cmp ax, 1
    je enabled
    mov bx, [ERROR]
    call print_string
enabled:
    ret

check_a20:
    pushf
    push ds
    push es
    push di
    push si

    cli
    xor ax, ax ; ax = 0
    mov es, ax
    not ax ; ax = 0xFFFF
    mov ds, ax
    mov di, 0x0500
    mov si, 0x0510
    mov al, byte [es:di]
    push ax
    mov al, byte [ds:si]
    push ax
    mov byte [es:di], 0x00
    mov byte [ds:si], 0xFF
    cmp byte [es:di], 0xFF
    pop ax
    mov byte [ds:si], al
    pop ax
    mov byte [es:di], al
    mov ax, 0
    je check_a20__exit
    mov ax, 1

check_a20__exit:
    pop si
    pop di
    pop es
    pop ds
    popf
    ret

a20_bios:
    mov ax, 0x2401
    int 0x15
    ret

a20_fast:
    in al, 0x92
    or al, 2
    out 0x92, al
    ret

    [bits 32]
    [section .text]

a20_keyboard:
    cli

    call    a20wait
    mov     al,0xAD
    out     0x64,al
    call    a20wait
    mov     al,0xD0
    out     0x64,al
    call    a20wait2
    in      al,0x60
    push    eax
    call    a20wait
    mov     al,0xD1
    out     0x64,al
    call    a20wait
    pop     eax
    or      al,2
    out     0x60,al
    call    a20wait
    mov     al,0xAE
    out     0x64,al
    call    a20wait
    sti
    ret

a20wait:
    in      al,0x64
    test    al,2
    jnz     a20wait
    ret

a20wait2:
    in      al,0x64
    test    al,1
    jz      a20wait2
    ret

/* This code will be placed at the beginning of the object by the linker script */    
__asm__ (".pushsection .text.start\r\n" \
         "jmp main\r\n" \
         ".popsection\r\n"
         );

/* Place main as the first function defined in kernel.c so
 * that it will be at the entry point where our bootloader
 * will call. In our case it will be at 0x9000 */

int main(){
    /* Do Stuff Here*/

    return 0; /* return back to bootloader */
}

我用这个来编译它：

nasm -f bin -o boot.bin bootloader.asm

gcc -ffreestanding -o kernel.bin kernel.c

然后：

cat boot.bin kernel.bin > os.bin

我想知道我做错了什么，因为当我用QEMU测试时，它不起作用。有人能给我一些建议来改进

kernel.c

，这样我就不必使用call\u main（）函数了吗

测试时，我使用：

qemu-system-i386 -kernel os.bin

---

我的其他文件 a20.inc：

[ORG 0x7c00]

start:
    cli
    xor ax, ax
    mov ds, ax
    mov ss, ax
    mov es, ax
    mov [BOOT_DRIVE], dl
    mov bp, 0x8000
    mov sp, bp
    mov bx, 0x9000
    mov dh, 5
    mov dl, [BOOT_DRIVE]
    call load_kernel
    call enable_A20
    call graphics_mode
    lgdt [gdtr]
    mov eax, cr0
    or al, 1
    mov cr0, eax
    jmp CODE_SEG:init_pm

[bits 32]
init_pm:
    mov ax, DATA_SEG
    mov ds, ax
    mov ss, ax
    mov es, ax
    mov fs, ax
    mov gs, ax

    mov ebp, 0x90000
    mov esp, ebp

    jmp 0x9000

[BITS 16]
graphics_mode:
    mov ax, 0013h
    int 10h
    ret

load_kernel:
                        ; load DH sectors to ES:BX from drive DL
    push dx             ; Store DX on stack so later we can recall
                        ; how many sectors were request to be read ,
                        ; even if it is altered in the meantime
    mov ah , 0x02       ; BIOS read sector function
    mov al , dh         ; Read DH sectors
    mov ch , 0x00       ; Select cylinder 0
    mov dh , 0x00       ; Select head 0
    mov cl , 0x02       ; Start reading from second sector ( i.e.
                        ; after the boot sector )
    int 0x13            ; BIOS interrupt
    jc disk_error       ; Jump if error ( i.e. carry flag set )
    pop dx              ; Restore DX from the stack
    cmp dh , al         ; if AL ( sectors read ) != DH ( sectors expected )
    jne disk_error      ; display error message
    ret
disk_error :
    mov bx , ERROR_MSG
    call print_string
    hlt

[bits 32]
    ; prints a null - terminated string pointed to by EDX
print_string :
    pusha
    mov edx , VIDEO_MEMORY ; Set edx to the start of vid mem.
print_string_loop :
    mov al , [ ebx ] ; Store the char at EBX in AL
    mov ah , WHITE_ON_BLACK ; Store the attributes in AH
    cmp al , 0 ; if (al == 0) , at end of string , so
    je print_string_done ; jump to done
    mov [edx] , ax ; Store char and attributes at current
        ; character cell.
    add ebx , 1 ; Increment EBX to the next char in string.
    add edx , 2 ; Move to next character cell in vid mem.
    jmp print_string_loop ; loop around to print the next char.
print_string_done :
    popa
    ret ; Return from the function

[bits 16]
; Variables 
ERROR_MSG db "Error!" , 0
BOOT_DRIVE: db 0
VIDEO_MEMORY equ 0xb8000
WHITE_ON_BLACK equ 0x0f

%include "a20.inc"
%include "gdt.inc"

times 510-($-$$) db 0
db 0x55
db 0xAA

call_main(){main();}
void main(){}

   enable_A20:
call check_a20
cmp ax, 1
je enabled
call a20_bios
call check_a20
cmp ax, 1
je enabled
call a20_keyboard
call check_a20
cmp ax, 1
je enabled
call a20_fast
call check_a20
cmp ax, 1
je enabled
mov bx, [ERROR]
call print_string
   enabled:
ret


  check_a20:
pushf
push ds
push es
push di
push si

cli

xor ax, ax ; ax = 0
mov es, ax

not ax ; ax = 0xFFFF
mov ds, ax

mov di, 0x0500
mov si, 0x0510

mov al, byte [es:di]
push ax

mov al, byte [ds:si]
push ax

mov byte [es:di], 0x00
mov byte [ds:si], 0xFF

cmp byte [es:di], 0xFF

pop ax
mov byte [ds:si], al

pop ax
mov byte [es:di], al

mov ax, 0
je check_a20__exit

mov ax, 1

 check_a20__exit:
pop si
pop di
pop es
pop ds
popf

ret

    a20_bios:
mov ax, 0x2401
int 0x15
ret

    a20_fast:
in al, 0x92
or al, 2
out 0x92, al
ret

    [bits 32]
    [section .text]

    a20_keyboard:
    cli

    call    a20wait
    mov     al,0xAD
    out     0x64,al

    call    a20wait
    mov     al,0xD0
    out     0x64,al

    call    a20wait2
    in      al,0x60
    push    eax

    call    a20wait
    mov     al,0xD1
    out     0x64,al

    call    a20wait
    pop     eax
    or      al,2
    out     0x60,al

    call    a20wait
    mov     al,0xAE
    out     0x64,al

    call    a20wait
    sti
    ret

    a20wait:
    in      al,0x64
    test    al,2
    jnz     a20wait
    ret


    a20wait2:
    in      al,0x64
    test    al,1
    jz      a20wait2
    ret

 gdt_start:
dd 0                ; null descriptor--just fill 8 bytes    dd 0 

 gdt_code:
dw 0FFFFh           ; limit low
dw 0                ; base low
db 0                ; base middle
db 10011010b            ; access
db 11001111b            ; granularity
db 0                ; base high

 gdt_data:
dw 0FFFFh           ; limit low (Same as code)
dw 0                ; base low
db 0                ; base middle
db 10010010b            ; access
db 11001111b            ; granularity
db 0                ; base high
  end_of_gdt:

  gdtr: 
dw end_of_gdt - gdt_start - 1   ; limit (Size of GDT)
dd gdt_start            ; base of GDT

   CODE_SEG equ gdt_code - gdt_start
   DATA_SEG equ gdt_data - gdt_start

[bits 16]

global _start
_start:
    cli
    xor ax, ax
    mov ds, ax
    mov es, ax
    mov ss, ax
    mov sp, 0x8000      ; Stack pointer at SS:SP = 0x0000:0x8000
    mov [BOOT_DRIVE], dl; Boot drive passed to us by the BIOS
    mov dh, 17          ; Number of sectors (kernel.bin) to read from disk
                        ; 17*512 allows for a kernel.bin up to 8704 bytes
    mov bx, 0x9000      ; Load Kernel to ES:BX = 0x0000:0x9000

    call load_kernel
    call enable_A20

;   call graphics_mode  ; Uncomment if you want to switch to graphics mode 0x13
    lgdt [gdtr]
    mov eax, cr0
    or al, 1
    mov cr0, eax
    jmp CODE_SEG:init_pm

graphics_mode:
    mov ax, 0013h
    int 10h
    ret

load_kernel:
                        ; load DH sectors to ES:BX from drive DL
    push dx             ; Store DX on stack so later we can recall
                        ; how many sectors were request to be read ,
                        ; even if it is altered in the meantime
    mov ah , 0x02       ; BIOS read sector function
    mov al , dh         ; Read DH sectors
    mov ch , 0x00       ; Select cylinder 0
    mov dh , 0x00       ; Select head 0
    mov cl , 0x02       ; Start reading from second sector ( i.e.
                        ; after the boot sector )
    int 0x13            ; BIOS interrupt
    jc disk_error       ; Jump if error ( i.e. carry flag set )
    pop dx              ; Restore DX from the stack
    cmp dh , al         ; if AL ( sectors read ) != DH ( sectors expected )
    jne disk_error      ; display error message
    ret
disk_error :
    mov bx , ERROR_MSG
    call print_string
    hlt

; prints a null - terminated string pointed to by EDX
print_string :
    pusha
    push es                   ;Save ES on stack and restore when we finish

    push VIDEO_MEMORY_SEG     ;Video mem segment 0xb800
    pop es
    xor di, di                ;Video mem offset (start at 0)
print_string_loop :
    mov al , [ bx ] ; Store the char at BX in AL
    mov ah , WHITE_ON_BLACK ; Store the attributes in AH
    cmp al , 0 ; if (al == 0) , at end of string , so
    je print_string_done ; jump to done
    mov word [es:di], ax ; Store char and attributes at current
        ; character cell.
    add bx , 1 ; Increment BX to the next char in string.
    add di , 2 ; Move to next character cell in vid mem.
    jmp print_string_loop ; loop around to print the next char.

print_string_done :
    pop es                    ;Restore ES that was saved on entry
    popa
    ret ; Return from the function

%include "a20.inc"
%include "gdt.inc"

[bits 32]
init_pm:
    mov ax, DATA_SEG
    mov ds, ax
    mov ss, ax
    mov es, ax
    mov fs, ax
    mov gs, ax

    mov ebp, 0x90000
    mov esp, ebp

    call 0x9000
    cli
loopend:                                ;Infinite loop when finished
    hlt
    jmp loopend

[bits 16]
; Variables
ERROR            db "A20 Error!" , 0
ERROR_MSG        db "Error!" , 0
BOOT_DRIVE:      db 0

VIDEO_MEMORY_SEG equ 0xb800
WHITE_ON_BLACK   equ 0x0f

times 510-($-$$) db 0
db 0x55
db 0xAA

gdt_start:
    dd 0                ; null descriptor--just fill 8 bytes
    dd 0

gdt_code:
    dw 0FFFFh           ; limit low
    dw 0                ; base low
    db 0                ; base middle
    db 10011010b        ; access
    db 11001111b        ; granularity
    db 0                ; base high

gdt_data:
    dw 0FFFFh           ; limit low (Same as code)
    dw 0                ; base low
    db 0                ; base middle
    db 10010010b        ; access
    db 11001111b        ; granularity
    db 0                ; base high
end_of_gdt:

gdtr:
    dw end_of_gdt - gdt_start - 1   ; limit (Size of GDT)
    dd gdt_start        ; base of GDT

    CODE_SEG equ gdt_code - gdt_start
    DATA_SEG equ gdt_data - gdt_start

enable_A20:
    call check_a20
    cmp ax, 1
    je enabled
    call a20_bios
    call check_a20
    cmp ax, 1
    je enabled
    call a20_keyboard
    call check_a20
    cmp ax, 1
    je enabled
    call a20_fast
    call check_a20
    cmp ax, 1
    je enabled
    mov bx, [ERROR]
    call print_string
enabled:
    ret

check_a20:
    pushf
    push ds
    push es
    push di
    push si

    cli
    xor ax, ax ; ax = 0
    mov es, ax
    not ax ; ax = 0xFFFF
    mov ds, ax
    mov di, 0x0500
    mov si, 0x0510
    mov al, byte [es:di]
    push ax
    mov al, byte [ds:si]
    push ax
    mov byte [es:di], 0x00
    mov byte [ds:si], 0xFF
    cmp byte [es:di], 0xFF
    pop ax
    mov byte [ds:si], al
    pop ax
    mov byte [es:di], al
    mov ax, 0
    je check_a20__exit
    mov ax, 1

check_a20__exit:
    pop si
    pop di
    pop es
    pop ds
    popf
    ret

a20_bios:
    mov ax, 0x2401
    int 0x15
    ret

a20_fast:
    in al, 0x92
    or al, 2
    out 0x92, al
    ret

    [bits 32]
    [section .text]

a20_keyboard:
    cli

    call    a20wait
    mov     al,0xAD
    out     0x64,al
    call    a20wait
    mov     al,0xD0
    out     0x64,al
    call    a20wait2
    in      al,0x60
    push    eax
    call    a20wait
    mov     al,0xD1
    out     0x64,al
    call    a20wait
    pop     eax
    or      al,2
    out     0x60,al
    call    a20wait
    mov     al,0xAE
    out     0x64,al
    call    a20wait
    sti
    ret

a20wait:
    in      al,0x64
    test    al,2
    jnz     a20wait
    ret

a20wait2:
    in      al,0x64
    test    al,1
    jz      a20wait2
    ret

/* This code will be placed at the beginning of the object by the linker script */    
__asm__ (".pushsection .text.start\r\n" \
         "jmp main\r\n" \
         ".popsection\r\n"
         );

/* Place main as the first function defined in kernel.c so
 * that it will be at the entry point where our bootloader
 * will call. In our case it will be at 0x9000 */

int main(){
    /* Do Stuff Here*/

    return 0; /* return back to bootloader */
}

gdt.inc：

[ORG 0x7c00]

start:
    cli
    xor ax, ax
    mov ds, ax
    mov ss, ax
    mov es, ax
    mov [BOOT_DRIVE], dl
    mov bp, 0x8000
    mov sp, bp
    mov bx, 0x9000
    mov dh, 5
    mov dl, [BOOT_DRIVE]
    call load_kernel
    call enable_A20
    call graphics_mode
    lgdt [gdtr]
    mov eax, cr0
    or al, 1
    mov cr0, eax
    jmp CODE_SEG:init_pm

[bits 32]
init_pm:
    mov ax, DATA_SEG
    mov ds, ax
    mov ss, ax
    mov es, ax
    mov fs, ax
    mov gs, ax

    mov ebp, 0x90000
    mov esp, ebp

    jmp 0x9000

[BITS 16]
graphics_mode:
    mov ax, 0013h
    int 10h
    ret

load_kernel:
                        ; load DH sectors to ES:BX from drive DL
    push dx             ; Store DX on stack so later we can recall
                        ; how many sectors were request to be read ,
                        ; even if it is altered in the meantime
    mov ah , 0x02       ; BIOS read sector function
    mov al , dh         ; Read DH sectors
    mov ch , 0x00       ; Select cylinder 0
    mov dh , 0x00       ; Select head 0
    mov cl , 0x02       ; Start reading from second sector ( i.e.
                        ; after the boot sector )
    int 0x13            ; BIOS interrupt
    jc disk_error       ; Jump if error ( i.e. carry flag set )
    pop dx              ; Restore DX from the stack
    cmp dh , al         ; if AL ( sectors read ) != DH ( sectors expected )
    jne disk_error      ; display error message
    ret
disk_error :
    mov bx , ERROR_MSG
    call print_string
    hlt

[bits 32]
    ; prints a null - terminated string pointed to by EDX
print_string :
    pusha
    mov edx , VIDEO_MEMORY ; Set edx to the start of vid mem.
print_string_loop :
    mov al , [ ebx ] ; Store the char at EBX in AL
    mov ah , WHITE_ON_BLACK ; Store the attributes in AH
    cmp al , 0 ; if (al == 0) , at end of string , so
    je print_string_done ; jump to done
    mov [edx] , ax ; Store char and attributes at current
        ; character cell.
    add ebx , 1 ; Increment EBX to the next char in string.
    add edx , 2 ; Move to next character cell in vid mem.
    jmp print_string_loop ; loop around to print the next char.
print_string_done :
    popa
    ret ; Return from the function

[bits 16]
; Variables 
ERROR_MSG db "Error!" , 0
BOOT_DRIVE: db 0
VIDEO_MEMORY equ 0xb8000
WHITE_ON_BLACK equ 0x0f

%include "a20.inc"
%include "gdt.inc"

times 510-($-$$) db 0
db 0x55
db 0xAA

call_main(){main();}
void main(){}

   enable_A20:
call check_a20
cmp ax, 1
je enabled
call a20_bios
call check_a20
cmp ax, 1
je enabled
call a20_keyboard
call check_a20
cmp ax, 1
je enabled
call a20_fast
call check_a20
cmp ax, 1
je enabled
mov bx, [ERROR]
call print_string
   enabled:
ret


  check_a20:
pushf
push ds
push es
push di
push si

cli

xor ax, ax ; ax = 0
mov es, ax

not ax ; ax = 0xFFFF
mov ds, ax

mov di, 0x0500
mov si, 0x0510

mov al, byte [es:di]
push ax

mov al, byte [ds:si]
push ax

mov byte [es:di], 0x00
mov byte [ds:si], 0xFF

cmp byte [es:di], 0xFF

pop ax
mov byte [ds:si], al

pop ax
mov byte [es:di], al

mov ax, 0
je check_a20__exit

mov ax, 1

 check_a20__exit:
pop si
pop di
pop es
pop ds
popf

ret

    a20_bios:
mov ax, 0x2401
int 0x15
ret

    a20_fast:
in al, 0x92
or al, 2
out 0x92, al
ret

    [bits 32]
    [section .text]

    a20_keyboard:
    cli

    call    a20wait
    mov     al,0xAD
    out     0x64,al

    call    a20wait
    mov     al,0xD0
    out     0x64,al

    call    a20wait2
    in      al,0x60
    push    eax

    call    a20wait
    mov     al,0xD1
    out     0x64,al

    call    a20wait
    pop     eax
    or      al,2
    out     0x60,al

    call    a20wait
    mov     al,0xAE
    out     0x64,al

    call    a20wait
    sti
    ret

    a20wait:
    in      al,0x64
    test    al,2
    jnz     a20wait
    ret


    a20wait2:
    in      al,0x64
    test    al,1
    jz      a20wait2
    ret

 gdt_start:
dd 0                ; null descriptor--just fill 8 bytes    dd 0 

 gdt_code:
dw 0FFFFh           ; limit low
dw 0                ; base low
db 0                ; base middle
db 10011010b            ; access
db 11001111b            ; granularity
db 0                ; base high

 gdt_data:
dw 0FFFFh           ; limit low (Same as code)
dw 0                ; base low
db 0                ; base middle
db 10010010b            ; access
db 11001111b            ; granularity
db 0                ; base high
  end_of_gdt:

  gdtr: 
dw end_of_gdt - gdt_start - 1   ; limit (Size of GDT)
dd gdt_start            ; base of GDT

   CODE_SEG equ gdt_code - gdt_start
   DATA_SEG equ gdt_data - gdt_start

[bits 16]

global _start
_start:
    cli
    xor ax, ax
    mov ds, ax
    mov es, ax
    mov ss, ax
    mov sp, 0x8000      ; Stack pointer at SS:SP = 0x0000:0x8000
    mov [BOOT_DRIVE], dl; Boot drive passed to us by the BIOS
    mov dh, 17          ; Number of sectors (kernel.bin) to read from disk
                        ; 17*512 allows for a kernel.bin up to 8704 bytes
    mov bx, 0x9000      ; Load Kernel to ES:BX = 0x0000:0x9000

    call load_kernel
    call enable_A20

;   call graphics_mode  ; Uncomment if you want to switch to graphics mode 0x13
    lgdt [gdtr]
    mov eax, cr0
    or al, 1
    mov cr0, eax
    jmp CODE_SEG:init_pm

graphics_mode:
    mov ax, 0013h
    int 10h
    ret

load_kernel:
                        ; load DH sectors to ES:BX from drive DL
    push dx             ; Store DX on stack so later we can recall
                        ; how many sectors were request to be read ,
                        ; even if it is altered in the meantime
    mov ah , 0x02       ; BIOS read sector function
    mov al , dh         ; Read DH sectors
    mov ch , 0x00       ; Select cylinder 0
    mov dh , 0x00       ; Select head 0
    mov cl , 0x02       ; Start reading from second sector ( i.e.
                        ; after the boot sector )
    int 0x13            ; BIOS interrupt
    jc disk_error       ; Jump if error ( i.e. carry flag set )
    pop dx              ; Restore DX from the stack
    cmp dh , al         ; if AL ( sectors read ) != DH ( sectors expected )
    jne disk_error      ; display error message
    ret
disk_error :
    mov bx , ERROR_MSG
    call print_string
    hlt

; prints a null - terminated string pointed to by EDX
print_string :
    pusha
    push es                   ;Save ES on stack and restore when we finish

    push VIDEO_MEMORY_SEG     ;Video mem segment 0xb800
    pop es
    xor di, di                ;Video mem offset (start at 0)
print_string_loop :
    mov al , [ bx ] ; Store the char at BX in AL
    mov ah , WHITE_ON_BLACK ; Store the attributes in AH
    cmp al , 0 ; if (al == 0) , at end of string , so
    je print_string_done ; jump to done
    mov word [es:di], ax ; Store char and attributes at current
        ; character cell.
    add bx , 1 ; Increment BX to the next char in string.
    add di , 2 ; Move to next character cell in vid mem.
    jmp print_string_loop ; loop around to print the next char.

print_string_done :
    pop es                    ;Restore ES that was saved on entry
    popa
    ret ; Return from the function

%include "a20.inc"
%include "gdt.inc"

[bits 32]
init_pm:
    mov ax, DATA_SEG
    mov ds, ax
    mov ss, ax
    mov es, ax
    mov fs, ax
    mov gs, ax

    mov ebp, 0x90000
    mov esp, ebp

    call 0x9000
    cli
loopend:                                ;Infinite loop when finished
    hlt
    jmp loopend

[bits 16]
; Variables
ERROR            db "A20 Error!" , 0
ERROR_MSG        db "Error!" , 0
BOOT_DRIVE:      db 0

VIDEO_MEMORY_SEG equ 0xb800
WHITE_ON_BLACK   equ 0x0f

times 510-($-$$) db 0
db 0x55
db 0xAA

gdt_start:
    dd 0                ; null descriptor--just fill 8 bytes
    dd 0

gdt_code:
    dw 0FFFFh           ; limit low
    dw 0                ; base low
    db 0                ; base middle
    db 10011010b        ; access
    db 11001111b        ; granularity
    db 0                ; base high

gdt_data:
    dw 0FFFFh           ; limit low (Same as code)
    dw 0                ; base low
    db 0                ; base middle
    db 10010010b        ; access
    db 11001111b        ; granularity
    db 0                ; base high
end_of_gdt:

gdtr:
    dw end_of_gdt - gdt_start - 1   ; limit (Size of GDT)
    dd gdt_start        ; base of GDT

    CODE_SEG equ gdt_code - gdt_start
    DATA_SEG equ gdt_data - gdt_start

enable_A20:
    call check_a20
    cmp ax, 1
    je enabled
    call a20_bios
    call check_a20
    cmp ax, 1
    je enabled
    call a20_keyboard
    call check_a20
    cmp ax, 1
    je enabled
    call a20_fast
    call check_a20
    cmp ax, 1
    je enabled
    mov bx, [ERROR]
    call print_string
enabled:
    ret

check_a20:
    pushf
    push ds
    push es
    push di
    push si

    cli
    xor ax, ax ; ax = 0
    mov es, ax
    not ax ; ax = 0xFFFF
    mov ds, ax
    mov di, 0x0500
    mov si, 0x0510
    mov al, byte [es:di]
    push ax
    mov al, byte [ds:si]
    push ax
    mov byte [es:di], 0x00
    mov byte [ds:si], 0xFF
    cmp byte [es:di], 0xFF
    pop ax
    mov byte [ds:si], al
    pop ax
    mov byte [es:di], al
    mov ax, 0
    je check_a20__exit
    mov ax, 1

check_a20__exit:
    pop si
    pop di
    pop es
    pop ds
    popf
    ret

a20_bios:
    mov ax, 0x2401
    int 0x15
    ret

a20_fast:
    in al, 0x92
    or al, 2
    out 0x92, al
    ret

    [bits 32]
    [section .text]

a20_keyboard:
    cli

    call    a20wait
    mov     al,0xAD
    out     0x64,al
    call    a20wait
    mov     al,0xD0
    out     0x64,al
    call    a20wait2
    in      al,0x60
    push    eax
    call    a20wait
    mov     al,0xD1
    out     0x64,al
    call    a20wait
    pop     eax
    or      al,2
    out     0x60,al
    call    a20wait
    mov     al,0xAE
    out     0x64,al
    call    a20wait
    sti
    ret

a20wait:
    in      al,0x64
    test    al,2
    jnz     a20wait
    ret

a20wait2:
    in      al,0x64
    test    al,1
    jz      a20wait2
    ret

/* This code will be placed at the beginning of the object by the linker script */    
__asm__ (".pushsection .text.start\r\n" \
         "jmp main\r\n" \
         ".popsection\r\n"
         );

/* Place main as the first function defined in kernel.c so
 * that it will be at the entry point where our bootloader
 * will call. In our case it will be at 0x9000 */

int main(){
    /* Do Stuff Here*/

    return 0; /* return back to bootloader */
}

---

有许多问题，但总的来说，您的汇编代码确实有效。我已经写了一个答案，其中有一些建议

不要假设段寄存器设置正确 您问题中的原始代码没有设置SS堆栈段寄存器。提示#1我给出的是：

当BIOS跳转到您的代码时，您不能依赖CS、DS、ES、SS、SP 具有有效值或期望值的寄存器。它们应该建立起来 当引导加载程序启动时，请选择适当的方式

如果您需要ES，它也应该设置。尽管在您的代码中似乎不是这样（print_string函数除外，我将在后面讨论）

正确定义GDT 阻止您进入保护模式的一个最大错误是，您在GDT.inc中设置了全局描述符表（GDT），首先是：

gdt_start:
    dd 0                ; null descriptor--just fill 8 bytes    dd 0

每个全局描述符需要8个字节，但是

dd0

只定义了4个字节（双字）。应该是：

gdt_start:
    dd 0                ; null descriptor--just fill 8 bytes    
    dd 0

实际上，第二个

dd 0

似乎是意外添加到上一行的注释末尾的

在16位实数模式下，不要使用32位代码 您已经编写了一些

print_string

代码，但它是32位代码：

[bits 32]
    ; prints a null - terminated string pointed to by EBX
print_string :
    pusha
    mov edx , VIDEO_MEMORY ; Set edx to the start of vid mem.
print_string_loop :
    mov al , [ ebx ] ; Store the char at EBX in AL
    mov ah , WHITE_ON_BLACK ; Store the attributes in AH
    cmp al , 0 ; if (al == 0) , at end of string , so
    je print_string_done ; jump to done
    mov [edx] , ax ; Store char and attributes at current
        ; character cell.
    add ebx , 1 ; Increment EBX to the next char in string.
    add edx , 2 ; Move to next character cell in vid mem.
    jmp print_string_loop ; loop around to print the next char.
print_string_done :
    popa
    ret ; Return from the function

您在16位代码中将print_string称为错误处理程序，因此您在此处所做的操作可能会强制重新启动计算机。不能使用32位寄存器和寻址。通过一些调整，可将代码设置为16位：

    ; prints a null - terminated string pointed to by EBX
print_string :
    pusha
    push es                   ;Save ES on stack and restore when we finish

    push VIDEO_MEMORY_SEG     ;Video mem segment 0xb800
    pop es
    xor di, di                ;Video mem offset (start at 0)
print_string_loop :
    mov al , [ bx ] ; Store the char at BX in AL
    mov ah , WHITE_ON_BLACK ; Store the attributes in AH
    cmp al , 0 ; if (al == 0) , at end of string , so
    je print_string_done ; jump to done
    mov word [es:di], ax ; Store char and attributes at current
        ; character cell.
    add bx , 1 ; Increment BX to the next char in string.
    add di , 2 ; Move to next character cell in vid mem.
    jmp print_string_loop ; loop around to print the next char.

print_string_done :
    pop es                    ;Restore ES that was saved on entry
    popa
    ret ; Return from the function

---

主要区别（在16位代码中）是我们不再使用EAX和EDX 32位寄存器。为了访问0xb8000的视频ram，我们需要使用表示相同内容的段：偏移对。0xb8000可以表示为段：偏移量0xb800:0x0（计算为（0xb800）。您应该提供一个完整的示例。例如，您的问题中没有文件

a20.inc

和

gdt.inc

。您没有设置SS（堆栈段）。在16位代码中（在cli之后）您可能希望看到我给出的关于项目1的答案。您应该将DS设置为0（类似于

xor ax，ax

mov DS，ax

）。您需要至少确保DS设置为0，因为您已将ORG设置为0x7c00。BIOS不会保证在加载时设置SS/DS/ES。

DL

将引导驱动器号，并且物理地址0x00007c00将是代码执行的开始位置。不要假设任何其他内容都是有效的，或者您可以证明什么ide实际编译的bootloader.asm、gdt.inc和a20.inc？例如

ox90000

是一个错误，应该是“

0x90000

（它甚至不应该编译）.include指令周围应该有引号等。关键是您需要提供给我们的代码至少可以被nasm使用。a20.inc中也缺少函数。

gcc-ffreestanding-o kernel.bin kernel.c

是错误的。这不会创建一个简单的二进制文件。它会输出一个elf对象。y有很多问题在我们的代码中，我认为您需要找到一个关于创建引导加载程序和内核的好教程。感谢您的精彩回复。我将查看代码并希望它能够工作。：）