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C++ 函数级静态变量何时分配/初始化？

c++ variables

C++ 函数级静态变量何时分配/初始化？,c++,variables,C++,Variables,我非常确信全局声明的变量在程序开始时被分配（并初始化，如果适用的话） int globalgarbage; unsigned int anumber = 42; #include < string> using namespace std; class test { public: test(const char *name) : _name(name) { cout << _name <<

我非常确信全局声明的变量在程序开始时被分配（并初始化，如果适用的话）

int globalgarbage;
unsigned int anumber = 42;

#include < string>

using namespace std;

class test
{
public:
   test(const char *name)
            : _name(name)
    {
            cout << _name << " created" << endl;
    }

    ~test()
    {
            cout << _name << " destroyed" << endl;
    }

    string _name;
    static test t; // static member
 };
test test::t("static in class");

test t("global variable");

void f()
{
    static  test t("static variable");
    static int num = 10 ; // POD type, init before enter main function

    test t2("Local variable");
    cout << "Function executed" << endl;
}

int main()
{
    test t("local to main");
    cout << "Program start" << endl;
    f();
    cout << "Program end" << endl;
    return 0;
 }
但是在函数中定义的静态函数呢

void doSomething()
{
  static bool globalish = true;
  // ...
}

#include < string>

using namespace std;

class test
{
public:
   test(const char *name)
            : _name(name)
    {
            cout << _name << " created" << endl;
    }

    ~test()
    {
            cout << _name << " destroyed" << endl;
    }

    string _name;
    static test t; // static member
 };
test test::t("static in class");

test t("global variable");

void f()
{
    static  test t("static variable");
    static int num = 10 ; // POD type, init before enter main function

    test t2("Local variable");
    cout << "Function executed" << endl;
}

int main()
{
    test t("local to main");
    cout << "Program start" << endl;
    f();
    cout << "Program end" << endl;
    return 0;
 }
什么时候分配
globalish
的空间？我在猜节目什么时候开始。但是它也被初始化了吗？还是在第一次调用
doSomething（）
时对其进行初始化？

静态变量在代码段内分配——它们是可执行映像的一部分，因此映射到已初始化的映像中

#include < string>

using namespace std;

class test
{
public:
   test(const char *name)
            : _name(name)
    {
            cout << _name << " created" << endl;
    }

    ~test()
    {
            cout << _name << " destroyed" << endl;
    }

    string _name;
    static test t; // static member
 };
test test::t("static in class");

test t("global variable");

void f()
{
    static  test t("static variable");
    static int num = 10 ; // POD type, init before enter main function

    test t2("Local variable");
    cout << "Function executed" << endl;
}

int main()
{
    test t("local to main");
    cout << "Program start" << endl;
    f();
    cout << "Program end" << endl;
    return 0;
 }
函数范围内的静态变量被视为相同的，作用域纯粹是一个语言级构造

#include < string>

using namespace std;

class test
{
public:
   test(const char *name)
            : _name(name)
    {
            cout << _name << " created" << endl;
    }

    ~test()
    {
            cout << _name << " destroyed" << endl;
    }

    string _name;
    static test t; // static member
 };
test test::t("static in class");

test t("global variable");

void f()
{
    static  test t("static variable");
    static int num = 10 ; // POD type, init before enter main function

    test t2("Local variable");
    cout << "Function executed" << endl;
}

int main()
{
    test t("local to main");
    cout << "Program start" << endl;
    f();
    cout << "Program end" << endl;
    return 0;
 }
因此，可以保证静态变量将被初始化为0（除非您指定其他内容），而不是未定义的值

#include < string>

using namespace std;

class test
{
public:
   test(const char *name)
            : _name(name)
    {
            cout << _name << " created" << endl;
    }

    ~test()
    {
            cout << _name << " destroyed" << endl;
    }

    string _name;
    static test t; // static member
 };
test test::t("static in class");

test t("global variable");

void f()
{
    static  test t("static variable");
    static int num = 10 ; // POD type, init before enter main function

    test t2("Local variable");
    cout << "Function executed" << endl;
}

int main()
{
    test t("local to main");
    cout << "Program start" << endl;
    f();
    cout << "Program end" << endl;
    return 0;
 }
您还可以利用初始化的一些其他方面——例如，共享段允许同时运行的可执行文件的不同实例访问相同的静态变量

#include < string>

using namespace std;

class test
{
public:
   test(const char *name)
            : _name(name)
    {
            cout << _name << " created" << endl;
    }

    ~test()
    {
            cout << _name << " destroyed" << endl;
    }

    string _name;
    static test t; // static member
 };
test test::t("static in class");

test t("global variable");

void f()
{
    static  test t("static variable");
    static int num = 10 ; // POD type, init before enter main function

    test t2("Local variable");
    cout << "Function executed" << endl;
}

int main()
{
    test t("local to main");
    cout << "Program start" << endl;
    f();
    cout << "Program end" << endl;
    return 0;
 }
<>在C++（全局范围）中，静态对象在C运行库的控制下，将它们的构造函数称为程序启动的一部分。在Visual C++中，至少可以用Prima.<／P> < P>控制对象初始化的顺序，我对此感到好奇，于是编写了以下测试程序，并用G+4.4.1.2P/< 
include <iostream>
#include <string>

using namespace std;

class test
{
public:
        test(const char *name)
                : _name(name)
        {
                cout << _name << " created" << endl;
        }

        ~test()
        {
                cout << _name << " destroyed" << endl;
        }

        string _name;
};

test t("global variable");

void f()
{
        static test t("static variable");

        test t2("Local variable");

        cout << "Function executed" << endl;
}


int main()
{
        test t("local to main");

        cout << "Program start" << endl;

        f();

        cout << "Program end" << endl;
        return 0;
}

#include < string>

using namespace std;

class test
{
public:
   test(const char *name)
            : _name(name)
    {
            cout << _name << " created" << endl;
    }

    ~test()
    {
            cout << _name << " destroyed" << endl;
    }

    string _name;
    static test t; // static member
 };
test test::t("static in class");

test t("global variable");

void f()
{
    static  test t("static variable");
    static int num = 10 ; // POD type, init before enter main function

    test t2("Local variable");
    cout << "Function executed" << endl;
}

int main()
{
    test t("local to main");
    cout << "Program start" << endl;
    f();
    cout << "Program end" << endl;
    return 0;
 }
所有静态变量的内存在程序加载时分配。但是本地静态变量是在第一次使用时创建和初始化的，而不是在程序启动时。关于这方面有一些很好的读物，一般来说，还有静力学。一般来说，我认为其中一些问题取决于实现，特别是如果您想知道这些东西在内存中的位置。

编译器将在程序加载时分配函数
foo
中定义的静态变量，但编译器也会添加一些附加指令（机器代码）对于函数
foo
，第一次调用该函数时，该附加代码将初始化静态变量（例如，如果适用，调用构造函数）

#include < string>

using namespace std;

class test
{
public:
   test(const char *name)
            : _name(name)
    {
            cout << _name << " created" << endl;
    }

    ~test()
    {
            cout << _name << " destroyed" << endl;
    }

    string _name;
    static test t; // static member
 };
test test::t("static in class");

test t("global variable");

void f()
{
    static  test t("static variable");
    static int num = 10 ; // POD type, init before enter main function

    test t2("Local variable");
    cout << "Function executed" << endl;
}

int main()
{
    test t("local to main");
    cout << "Program start" << endl;
    f();
    cout << "Program end" << endl;
    return 0;
 }
@亚当：编译器的这种幕后代码注入就是你看到结果的原因

#include < string>

using namespace std;

class test
{
public:
   test(const char *name)
            : _name(name)
    {
            cout << _name << " created" << endl;
    }

    ~test()
    {
            cout << _name << " destroyed" << endl;
    }

    string _name;
    static test t; // static member
 };
test test::t("static in class");

test t("global variable");

void f()
{
    static  test t("static variable");
    static int num = 10 ; // POD type, init before enter main function

    test t2("Local variable");
    cout << "Function executed" << endl;
}

int main()
{
    test t("local to main");
    cout << "Program start" << endl;
    f();
    cout << "Program end" << endl;
    return 0;
 }
还是在首次调用doSomething（）时初始化

#include < string>

using namespace std;

class test
{
public:
   test(const char *name)
            : _name(name)
    {
            cout << _name << " created" << endl;
    }

    ~test()
    {
            cout << _name << " destroyed" << endl;
    }

    string _name;
    static test t; // static member
 };
test test::t("static in class");

test t("global variable");

void f()
{
    static  test t("static variable");
    static int num = 10 ; // POD type, init before enter main function

    test t2("Local variable");
    cout << "Function executed" << endl;
}

int main()
{
    test t("local to main");
    cout << "Program start" << endl;
    f();
    cout << "Program end" << endl;
    return 0;
 }
是的。除其他外，这允许您在适当的时候初始化全局访问的数据结构，例如在try/catch块内。例如，代替

int foo = init(); // bad if init() throws something

int main() {
  try {
    ...
  }
  catch(...){
    ...
  }
}

#include < string>

using namespace std;

class test
{
public:
   test(const char *name)
            : _name(name)
    {
            cout << _name << " created" << endl;
    }

    ~test()
    {
            cout << _name << " destroyed" << endl;
    }

    string _name;
    static test t; // static member
 };
test test::t("static in class");

test t("global variable");

void f()
{
    static  test t("static variable");
    static int num = 10 ; // POD type, init before enter main function

    test t2("Local variable");
    cout << "Function executed" << endl;
}

int main()
{
    test t("local to main");
    cout << "Program start" << endl;
    f();
    cout << "Program end" << endl;
    return 0;
 }
你可以写

int& foo() {
  static int myfoo = init();
  return myfoo;
}

#include < string>

using namespace std;

class test
{
public:
   test(const char *name)
            : _name(name)
    {
            cout << _name << " created" << endl;
    }

    ~test()
    {
            cout << _name << " destroyed" << endl;
    }

    string _name;
    static test t; // static member
 };
test test::t("static in class");

test t("global variable");

void f()
{
    static  test t("static variable");
    static int num = 10 ; // POD type, init before enter main function

    test t2("Local variable");
    cout << "Function executed" << endl;
}

int main()
{
    test t("local to main");
    cout << "Program start" << endl;
    f();
    cout << "Program end" << endl;
    return 0;
 }
并在try/catch块中使用它。在第一次调用时，变量将被初始化。然后，在第一个和下一个调用中，它的值将返回（以引用）。

< P>一些有关C++标准的相关内容：

#include < string>

using namespace std;

class test
{
public:
   test(const char *name)
            : _name(name)
    {
            cout << _name << " created" << endl;
    }

    ~test()
    {
            cout << _name << " destroyed" << endl;
    }

    string _name;
    static test t; // static member
 };
test test::t("static in class");

test t("global variable");

void f()
{
    static  test t("static variable");
    static int num = 10 ; // POD type, init before enter main function

    test t2("Local variable");
    cout << "Function executed" << endl;
}

int main()
{
    test t("local to main");
    cout << "Program start" << endl;
    f();
    cout << "Program end" << endl;
    return 0;
 }
3.6.2非本地对象的初始化[basic.start.init] 1. 具有静态存储的对象的存储 持续时间（basic.stc.static）应为零初始化（dcl.init） 在进行任何其他初始化之前。对象 具有静态存储持续时间的吊舱类型（基本类型） 应使用常量表达式（expr.const）初始化 在进行任何动态初始化之前初始化。 中定义了静态存储持续时间的命名空间范围的对象 应使用相同的翻译单元并动态初始化 按其定义在中的显示顺序初始化 翻译股。[注：dcl.init.aggr描述了 聚合成员初始化的顺序 stmt.dcl中描述了本地静态对象的初始化。]

#include < string>

using namespace std;

class test
{
public:
   test(const char *name)
            : _name(name)
    {
            cout << _name << " created" << endl;
    }

    ~test()
    {
            cout << _name << " destroyed" << endl;
    }

    string _name;
    static test t; // static member
 };
test test::t("static in class");

test t("global variable");

void f()
{
    static  test t("static variable");
    static int num = 10 ; // POD type, init before enter main function

    test t2("Local variable");
    cout << "Function executed" << endl;
}

int main()
{
    test t("local to main");
    cout << "Program start" << endl;
    f();
    cout << "Program end" << endl;
    return 0;
 }
[下面的更多文本为编译器编写者添加更多自由]

#include < string>

using namespace std;

class test
{
public:
   test(const char *name)
            : _name(name)
    {
            cout << _name << " created" << endl;
    }

    ~test()
    {
            cout << _name << " destroyed" << endl;
    }

    string _name;
    static test t; // static member
 };
test test::t("static in class");

test t("global variable");

void f()
{
    static  test t("static variable");
    static int num = 10 ; // POD type, init before enter main function

    test t2("Local variable");
    cout << "Function executed" << endl;
}

int main()
{
    test t("local to main");
    cout << "Program start" << endl;
    f();
    cout << "Program end" << endl;
    return 0;
 }
6.7声明声明[stmt.dcl] 

#include < string>

using namespace std;

class test
{
public:
   test(const char *name)
            : _name(name)
    {
            cout << _name << " created" << endl;
    }

    ~test()
    {
            cout << _name << " destroyed" << endl;
    }

    string _name;
    static test t; // static member
 };
test test::t("static in class");

test t("global variable");

void f()
{
    static  test t("static variable");
    static int num = 10 ; // POD type, init before enter main function

    test t2("Local variable");
    cout << "Function executed" << endl;
}

int main()
{
    test t("local to main");
    cout << "Program start" << endl;
    f();
    cout << "Program end" << endl;
    return 0;
 }
4. 具有的所有本地对象的零初始化（dcl.init） 静态存储持续时间（basic.stc.static）在 任何其他初始化都会发生。局部对象 带静态存储持续时间的吊舱类型（基本类型） 使用常量表达式初始化在其 块是首先输入的。允许执行一个实现 使用静态存储对其他本地对象进行早期初始化 与实现相同条件下的持续时间 允许使用静态存储静态初始化对象 命名空间范围中的持续时间（basic.start.init）。否则 控件第一次通过对象时初始化对象 宣言；这样的对象被认为是在 完成其初始化。如果初始化通过退出 引发异常时，初始化未完成，因此将 下次控件进入声明时重试。如果控件在对象运行时重新输入声明（递归） 初始化后，行为未定义。[示例：

#include < string>

using namespace std;

class test
{
public:
   test(const char *name)
            : _name(name)
    {
            cout << _name << " created" << endl;
    }

    ~test()
    {
            cout << _name << " destroyed" << endl;
    }

    string _name;
    static test t; // static member
 };
test test::t("static in class");

test t("global variable");

void f()
{
    static  test t("static variable");
    static int num = 10 ; // POD type, init before enter main function

    test t2("Local variable");
    cout << "Function executed" << endl;
}

int main()
{
    test t("local to main");
    cout << "Program start" << endl;
    f();
    cout << "Program end" << endl;
    return 0;
 }
--[结束示例]

#include < string>

using namespace std;

class test
{
public:
   test(const char *name)
            : _name(name)
    {
            cout << _name << " created" << endl;
    }

    ~test()
    {
            cout << _name << " destroyed" << endl;
    }

    string _name;
    static test t; // static member
 };
test test::t("static in class");

test t("global variable");

void f()
{
    static  test t("static variable");
    static int num = 10 ; // POD type, init before enter main function

    test t2("Local variable");
    cout << "Function executed" << endl;
}

int main()
{
    test t("local to main");
    cout << "Program start" << endl;
    f();
    cout << "Program end" << endl;
    return 0;
 }
5. 具有静态存储持续时间的本地对象的析构函数将 当且仅当构造变量时才执行。 [注意：basic.start.term描述本地 具有静态存储持续时间的对象将被销毁。]

#include < string>

using namespace std;

class test
{
public:
   test(const char *name)
            : _name(name)
    {
            cout << _name << " created" << endl;
    }

    ~test()
    {
            cout << _name << " destroyed" << endl;
    }

    string _name;
    static test t; // static member
 };
test test::t("static in class");

test t("global variable");

void f()
{
    static  test t("static variable");
    static int num = 10 ; // POD type, init before enter main function

    test t2("Local variable");
    cout << "Function executed" << endl;
}

int main()
{
    test t("local to main");
    cout << "Program start" << endl;
    f();
    cout << "Program end" << endl;
    return 0;
 }
我尝试再次测试来自Adam Pierce的代码，并添加了另外两种情况：类中的静态变量和POD类型。我的编译器是Windows操作系统（MinGW-32）中的g++4.8.1。 结果是类中的静态变量和全局变量一样处理。它的构造函数将在进入main函数之前被调用

#include < string>

using namespace std;

class test
{
public:
   test(const char *name)
            : _name(name)
    {
            cout << _name << " created" << endl;
    }

    ~test()
    {
            cout << _name << " destroyed" << endl;
    }

    string _name;
    static test t; // static member
 };
test test::t("static in class");

test t("global variable");

void f()
{
    static  test t("static variable");
    static int num = 10 ; // POD type, init before enter main function

    test t2("Local variable");
    cout << "Function executed" << endl;
}

int main()
{
    test t("local to main");
    cout << "Program start" << endl;
    f();
    cout << "Program end" << endl;
    return 0;
 }
  • 结论（对于g++，Windows环境）：

    #include < string>

using namespace std;

class test
{
public:
   test(const char *name)
            : _name(name)
    {
            cout << _name << " created" << endl;
    }

    ~test()
    {
            cout << _name << " destroyed" << endl;
    }

    string _name;
    static test t; // static member
 };
test test::t("static in class");

test t("global variable");

void f()
{
    static  test t("static variable");
    static int num = 10 ; // POD type, init before enter main function

    test t2("Local variable");
    cout << "Function executed" << endl;
}

int main()
{
    test t("local to main");
    cout << "Program start" << endl;
    f();
    cout << "Program end" << endl;
    return 0;
 }
  • 全局变量和类中的静态成员：在进入main函数之前调用构造函数（1）
  • 局部静态变量：仅当执行第一次到达其声明时才调用构造函数
  • 如果<强