C++ 链接到预编译库时链接器错误

我正在尝试以一种非常基本的方式（不使用任何Makefile或CMakeLists.txt）使用以下clang++命令链接到许多库：

FILAMENT_LIBS="-lassimp -lbackend -lbluegl -lbluevk -lcamutils -lfilabridge -lfilaflat -lfilagui -lfilamat -lfilamat_combined -lfilamat_lite -lfilament -lfilameshio -lgeometry -lgltfio -lgltfio_core -lgltfio_pipeline -lgltfio_resources -libl -limage -limageio -limgui -lmatdbg -lmatdbg_resources -lmath -lmeshoptimizer -lrays -lshaders -lsmol-v -lutils"
clang++-7 -L../lib/x86_64/ ${FILAMENT_LIBS} -lpthread -lc++ -ldl -lSDL2 -I./ -I../include/ -I../app/ -I${RESOURCE_DIR} -Wno-extern-c-compat -std=c++14 -pthread ../suzanne.cpp ../app/Cube.cpp ../app/FilamentApp.cpp ../app/IBL.cpp ../app/IcoSphere.cpp ../app/Image.cpp ../app/NativeWindowHelperLinux.cpp ../app/Sphere.cpp -o suzanne

但是，这会导致错误

app.cpp:（.text+0x4d2）：未定义对

的引用。。。然后是对上述库中的函数的每一个调用都必须执行的操作

为了提供一些上下文，我正在尝试编译渲染引擎提供的一个示例应用程序。当使用源代码编译时，一切正常，但是当我尝试链接库的预编译版本时，我得到了上面的错误

此外，当我尝试使用tester main.cpp文件和附带的Makefile（如中所述）链接相同的库时，所有内容都链接并编译得非常好

我有一种感觉，我在这里做了一些明显的错误，特别是我正在使用的叮当声命令，但我不能为我的生活看到它是什么。任何帮助都将不胜感激

编辑-前几行错误：

../lib/x86_64//libfilament.a(Engine.cpp.o): In function `filament::details::FEngine::loop()':
Engine.cpp:(.text._ZN8filament7details7FEngine4loopEv+0x22): undefined reference to `filament::backend::DefaultPlatform::create(filament::backend::Backend*)'
../lib/x86_64//libfilament.a(Engine.cpp.o): In function `filament::details::FEngine::init()':
Engine.cpp:(.text._ZN8filament7details7FEngine4initEv+0x1f): undefined reference to `filament::backend::CommandStream::CommandStream(filament::backend::Driver&, filament::backend::CircularBuffer&)'
../lib/x86_64//libfilament.a(Engine.cpp.o): In function `filament::details::FEngine::FEngine(filament::backend::Backend, filament::backend::Platform*, void*)':
Engine.cpp:(.text._ZN8filament7details7FEngineC2ENS_7backend7BackendEPNS2_8PlatformEPv+0x267): undefined reference to `filament::backend::CommandBufferQueue::CommandBufferQueue(unsigned long, unsigned long)'
Engine.cpp:(.text._ZN8filament7details7FEngineC2ENS_7backend7BackendEPNS2_8PlatformEPv+0x332): undefined reference to `filaflat::ShaderBuilder::ShaderBuilder()'
Engine.cpp:(.text._ZN8filament7details7FEngineC2ENS_7backend7BackendEPNS2_8PlatformEPv+0x342): undefined reference to `filaflat::ShaderBuilder::ShaderBuilder()'
Engine.cpp:(.text._ZN8filament7details7FEngineC2ENS_7backend7BackendEPNS2_8PlatformEPv+0x462): undefined reference to `filaflat::ShaderBuilder::~ShaderBuilder()'
Engine.cpp:(.text._ZN8filament7details7FEngineC2ENS_7backend7BackendEPNS2_8PlatformEPv+0x471): undefined reference to `filaflat::ShaderBuilder::~ShaderBuilder()'
Engine.cpp:(.text._ZN8filament7details7FEngineC2ENS_7backend7BackendEPNS2_8PlatformEPv+0x4a2): undefined reference to `filament::backend::CommandBufferQueue::~CommandBufferQueue()'
../lib/x86_64//libfilament.a(Engine.cpp.o): In function `filament::details::FEngine::~FEngine()':
Engine.cpp:(.text._ZN8filament7details7FEngineD2Ev+0x3e): undefined reference to `filament::backend::DefaultPlatform::destroy(filament::backend::DefaultPlatform**)'
Engine.cpp:(.text._ZN8filament7details7FEngineD2Ev+0x10c): undefined reference to `filaflat::ShaderBuilder::~ShaderBuilder()'
Engine.cpp:(.text._ZN8filament7details7FEngineD2Ev+0x118): undefined reference to `filaflat::ShaderBuilder::~ShaderBuilder()'
Engine.cpp:(.text._ZN8filament7details7FEngineD2Ev+0x148): undefined reference to `filament::backend::CommandBufferQueue::~CommandBufferQueue()'
../lib/x86_64//libfilament.a(Engine.cpp.o): In function `filament::details::FEngine::shutdown()':
Engine.cpp:(.text._ZN8filament7details7FEngine8shutdownEv+0x207): undefined reference to `filament::backend::CommandBufferQueue::flush()'
Engine.cpp:(.text._ZN8filament7details7FEngine8shutdownEv+0x20f): undefined reference to `filament::backend::CommandBufferQueue::requestExit()'
../lib/x86_64//libfilament.a(Engine.cpp.o): In function `filament::details::FEngine::flushCommandBuffer(filament::backend::CommandBufferQueue&)':
Engine.cpp:(.text._ZN8filament7details7FEngine18flushCommandBufferERNS_7backend18CommandBufferQueueE+0x12): undefined reference to `filament::backend::CommandBufferQueue::flush()'
../lib/x86_64//libfilament.a(Engine.cpp.o): In function `filament::details::FEngine::flush()':
Engine.cpp:(.text._ZN8filament7details7FEngine5flushEv+0x19): undefined reference to `filament::backend::CommandBufferQueue::flush()'
../lib/x86_64//libfilament.a(Engine.cpp.o): In function `filament::details::FEngine::execute()':
Engine.cpp:(.text._ZN8filament7details7FEngine7executeEv+0x1b): undefined reference to `filament::backend::CommandBufferQueue::waitForCommands() const'
Engine.cpp:(.text._ZN8filament7details7FEngine7executeEv+0x4c): undefined reference to `filament::backend::CommandStream::execute(void*)'
Engine.cpp:(.text._ZN8filament7details7FEngine7executeEv+0x57): undefined reference to `filament::backend::CommandBufferQueue::releaseBuffer(filament::backend::CommandBufferQueue::Slice const&)'
/tmp/suzanne-ef5171.o: In function `main::$_0::operator()(filament::Engine*, filament::View*, filament::Scene*) const':
suzanne.cpp:(.text+0x1dc0): undefined reference to `TEXTURES_ALBEDO_S3TC_OFFSET'
suzanne.cpp:(.text+0x1dc7): undefined reference to `TEXTURES_PACKAGE'
suzanne.cpp:(.text+0x1dce): undefined reference to `TEXTURES_ALBEDO_S3TC_SIZE'
suzanne.cpp:(.text+0x1e10): undefined reference to `TEXTURES_AO_OFFSET'
suzanne.cpp:(.text+0x1e17): undefined reference to `TEXTURES_PACKAGE'
suzanne.cpp:(.text+0x1e1d): undefined reference to `TEXTURES_AO_SIZE'
suzanne.cpp:(.text+0x1e5e): undefined reference to `TEXTURES_METALLIC_OFFSET'
suzanne.cpp:(.text+0x1e65): undefined reference to `TEXTURES_PACKAGE'
suzanne.cpp:(.text+0x1e6b): undefined reference to `TEXTURES_METALLIC_SIZE'
suzanne.cpp:(.text+0x1eac): undefined reference to `TEXTURES_ROUGHNESS_OFFSET'
suzanne.cpp:(.text+0x1eb3): undefined reference to `TEXTURES_PACKAGE'
suzanne.cpp:(.text+0x1eb9): undefined reference to `TEXTURES_ROUGHNESS_SIZE'
suzanne.cpp:(.text+0x1f85): undefined reference to `TEXTURES_NORMAL_OFFSET'
suzanne.cpp:(.text+0x1f8c): undefined reference to `TEXTURES_PACKAGE'
suzanne.cpp:(.text+0x1f93): undefined reference to `TEXTURES_NORMAL_SIZE'
suzanne.cpp:(.text+0x1fdb): undefined reference to `RESOURCES_TEXTUREDLIT_OFFSET'
suzanne.cpp:(.text+0x1fe2): undefined reference to `RESOURCES_PACKAGE'
suzanne.cpp:(.text+0x1fe9): undefined reference to `RESOURCES_TEXTUREDLIT_SIZE'
suzanne.cpp:(.text+0x21ea): undefined reference to `RESOURCES_SUZANNE_OFFSET'
suzanne.cpp:(.text+0x21f0): undefined reference to `RESOURCES_PACKAGE'
/tmp/FilamentApp-94694a.o: In function `FilamentApp::run(Config const&, std::__1::function<void (filament::Engine*, filament::View*, filament::Scene*)>, std::__1::function<void (filament::Engine*, filament::View*, filament::Scene*)>, std::__1::function<void (filament::Engine*, filament::View*)>, std::__1::function<void (filament::Engine*, filament::View*, filament::Scene*, filament::Renderer*)>, std::__1::function<void (filament::Engine*, filament::View*, filament::Scene*, filament::Renderer*)>, unsigned long, unsigned long)':
FilamentApp.cpp:(.text+0xd8e): undefined reference to `RESOURCES_DEPTHVISUALIZER_OFFSET'
FilamentApp.cpp:(.text+0xd95): undefined reference to `RESOURCES_PACKAGE'
FilamentApp.cpp:(.text+0xd9c): undefined reference to `RESOURCES_DEPTHVISUALIZER_SIZE'
FilamentApp.cpp:(.text+0xe2c): undefined reference to `RESOURCES_AIDEFAULTMAT_OFFSET'
FilamentApp.cpp:(.text+0xe33): undefined reference to `RESOURCES_PACKAGE'
FilamentApp.cpp:(.text+0xe3a): undefined reference to `RESOURCES_AIDEFAULTMAT_SIZE'
FilamentApp.cpp:(.text+0xeaf): undefined reference to `RESOURCES_TRANSPARENTCOLOR_OFFSET'
FilamentApp.cpp:(.text+0xeb6): undefined reference to `RESOURCES_PACKAGE'
FilamentApp.cpp:(.text+0xebd): undefined reference to `RESOURCES_TRANSPARENTCOLOR_SIZE'
/tmp/FilamentApp-94694a.o: In function `FilamentApp::Window::configureCamerasForWindow()':
FilamentApp.cpp:(.text+0x6902): undefined reference to `filament::Camera::setLensProjection(double, double, double, double)'
FilamentApp.cpp:(.text+0x6a34): undefined reference to `filament::Camera::lookAt(filament::math::details::TVec3<float> const&, filament::math::details::TVec3<float> const&)'
../lib/x86_64//libfilament.a(VertexBuffer.cpp.o): In function `filament::VertexBuffer::Builder::attribute(filament::VertexAttribute, unsigned char, filament::backend::ElementType, unsigned int, unsigned char)':

/tmp/suzanne-e10eca.o: In function `main::$_0::operator()(filament::Engine*, filament::View*, filament::Scene*) const':
suzanne.cpp:(.text+0x1dc0): undefined reference to `TEXTURES_ALBEDO_S3TC_OFFSET'
suzanne.cpp:(.text+0x1dc7): undefined reference to `TEXTURES_PACKAGE'
suzanne.cpp:(.text+0x1dce): undefined reference to `TEXTURES_ALBEDO_S3TC_SIZE'
suzanne.cpp:(.text+0x1e10): undefined reference to `TEXTURES_AO_OFFSET'
suzanne.cpp:(.text+0x1e17): undefined reference to `TEXTURES_PACKAGE'
suzanne.cpp:(.text+0x1e1d): undefined reference to `TEXTURES_AO_SIZE'
suzanne.cpp:(.text+0x1e5e): undefined reference to `TEXTURES_METALLIC_OFFSET'
suzanne.cpp:(.text+0x1e65): undefined reference to `TEXTURES_PACKAGE'
suzanne.cpp:(.text+0x1e6b): undefined reference to `TEXTURES_METALLIC_SIZE'
suzanne.cpp:(.text+0x1eac): undefined reference to `TEXTURES_ROUGHNESS_OFFSET'
suzanne.cpp:(.text+0x1eb3): undefined reference to `TEXTURES_PACKAGE'
suzanne.cpp:(.text+0x1eb9): undefined reference to `TEXTURES_ROUGHNESS_SIZE'
suzanne.cpp:(.text+0x1f85): undefined reference to `TEXTURES_NORMAL_OFFSET'
suzanne.cpp:(.text+0x1f8c): undefined reference to `TEXTURES_PACKAGE'
suzanne.cpp:(.text+0x1f93): undefined reference to `TEXTURES_NORMAL_SIZE'
suzanne.cpp:(.text+0x1fdb): undefined reference to `RESOURCES_TEXTUREDLIT_OFFSET'
suzanne.cpp:(.text+0x1fe2): undefined reference to `RESOURCES_PACKAGE'
suzanne.cpp:(.text+0x1fe9): undefined reference to `RESOURCES_TEXTUREDLIT_SIZE'
suzanne.cpp:(.text+0x21ea): undefined reference to `RESOURCES_SUZANNE_OFFSET'
suzanne.cpp:(.text+0x21f0): undefined reference to `RESOURCES_PACKAGE'
/tmp/FilamentApp-0b5ad4.o: In function `FilamentApp::run(Config const&, std::__1::function<void (filament::Engine*, filament::View*, filament::Scene*)>, std::__1::function<void (filament::Engine*, filament::View*, filament::Scene*)>, std::__1::function<void (filament::Engine*, filament::View*)>, std::__1::function<void (filament::Engine*, filament::View*, filament::Scene*, filament::Renderer*)>, std::__1::function<void (filament::Engine*, filament::View*, filament::Scene*, filament::Renderer*)>, unsigned long, unsigned long)':
FilamentApp.cpp:(.text+0xd8e): undefined reference to `RESOURCES_DEPTHVISUALIZER_OFFSET'
FilamentApp.cpp:(.text+0xd95): undefined reference to `RESOURCES_PACKAGE'
FilamentApp.cpp:(.text+0xd9c): undefined reference to `RESOURCES_DEPTHVISUALIZER_SIZE'
FilamentApp.cpp:(.text+0xe2c): undefined reference to `RESOURCES_AIDEFAULTMAT_OFFSET'
FilamentApp.cpp:(.text+0xe33): undefined reference to `RESOURCES_PACKAGE'
FilamentApp.cpp:(.text+0xe3a): undefined reference to `RESOURCES_AIDEFAULTMAT_SIZE'
FilamentApp.cpp:(.text+0xeaf): undefined reference to `RESOURCES_TRANSPARENTCOLOR_OFFSET'
FilamentApp.cpp:(.text+0xeb6): undefined reference to `RESOURCES_PACKAGE'
FilamentApp.cpp:(.text+0xebd): undefined reference to `RESOURCES_TRANSPARENTCOLOR_SIZE'
/tmp/FilamentApp-0b5ad4.o: In function `FilamentApp::Window::configureCamerasForWindow()':
FilamentApp.cpp:(.text+0x6902): undefined reference to `filament::Camera::setLensProjection(double, double, double, double)'
FilamentApp.cpp:(.text+0x6a34): undefined reference to `filament::Camera::lookAt(filament::math::details::TVec3<float> const&, filament::math::details::TVec3<float> const&)'
clang: error: linker command failed with exit code 1 (use -v to see invocation)

我已经在clang命令中包含了

-I./

，那么clang肯定能够看到这些文件吗

这是

纹理。h

：

#ifndef TEXTURES_H_
#define TEXTURES_H_

#include <stdint.h>

extern "C" {
    extern const uint8_t TEXTURES_PACKAGE[];
    extern int TEXTURES_ALBEDO_S3TC_OFFSET;
    extern int TEXTURES_ALBEDO_S3TC_SIZE;
    extern int TEXTURES_ROUGHNESS_OFFSET;
    extern int TEXTURES_ROUGHNESS_SIZE;
    extern int TEXTURES_METALLIC_OFFSET;
    extern int TEXTURES_METALLIC_SIZE;
    extern int TEXTURES_AO_OFFSET;
    extern int TEXTURES_AO_SIZE;
    extern int TEXTURES_NORMAL_OFFSET;
    extern int TEXTURES_NORMAL_SIZE;
}
#define TEXTURES_ALBEDO_S3TC_DATA (TEXTURES_PACKAGE + TEXTURES_ALBEDO_S3TC_OFFSET)
#define TEXTURES_ROUGHNESS_DATA (TEXTURES_PACKAGE + TEXTURES_ROUGHNESS_OFFSET)
#define TEXTURES_METALLIC_DATA (TEXTURES_PACKAGE + TEXTURES_METALLIC_OFFSET)
#define TEXTURES_AO_DATA (TEXTURES_PACKAGE + TEXTURES_AO_OFFSET)
#define TEXTURES_NORMAL_DATA (TEXTURES_PACKAGE + TEXTURES_NORMAL_OFFSET)

#endif

---

编译时将所有库放在最后一行：

clang++-7 -stdlib=libc++ -L../lib/x86_64/ -I./ -I../include/ -I../app/ -I${RESOURCE_DIR} -Wno-extern-c-compat -std=c++14 ../suzanne.cpp ../app/Cube.cpp ../app/FilamentApp.cpp ../app/IBL.cpp ../app/IcoSphere.cpp ../app/Image.cpp ../app/NativeWindowHelperLinux.cpp ../app/Sphere.cpp -o suzanne ${FILAMENT_LIBS} -lSDL2 -ldl -pthread

另外，仅使用

-pthread

（删除

-lphread

）。两者都不需要

您可能还需要删除

-lc++

，并将其替换为

-stdlib=libc++

（不需要在行尾）

链接程序时发生的情况是，当链接器遇到以前从未遇到过的符号（函数）时，它会将其放在未解析符号列表中。对于此后检查的每个库，将检查未解析的符号。如果遇到已检查的库中存在的符号，链接将失败

灯丝库的顺序也很重要，因此请尝试：

FILAMENT_LIBS=-lfilament -lbackend -lbluegl -lbluevk -lfilabridge -lfilaflat -lutils -lgeometry -lsmol-v -libl

如文件中所述。请注意，我已从

灯丝库

中删除了非灯丝库。将这些库放在单独的变量中，并在编译时将其放在

LIBS

变量之前

如果

SDL2

使用

灯丝

，则应将

-lSDL2

放在灯丝库之前，否则，将其保留在原来的位置

如果仍然失败，作为最后一种手段，您可以将灯丝库包装在库组中，使其解决内部灯丝相关性：

-Wl,--start-group $(FILAMENT_LIBS) -Wl,--end-group

然而，这不是你想要的，因为它很慢，但是，它是一种选择

---

更绝望的选择是将所有库包装在

-Wl，--start组中

-Wl，--end group

配对以验证它是否编译，以及您是否拥有所需的所有库和目标文件。

非常感谢您的回答！将命令更改为您给出的命令将引发的“未定义引用”错误数量减半，但仍有大约200个错误仍在发生。还有其他明显的原因吗？@JoelMcAllister不客气。将前10-20行错误复制到问题中，我会看看是否能解决。@JoelMcAllister更新。太好了，错误数量现在已经减少到35行了！使用

clang++-7[…]-o suzanne-Wl、-start-group${dependencies}${filame\u LIBS}-Wl、-end-group-lSDL2[…]

对灯丝依赖项进行分组会得到相同的结果。将我的

libfilame.a

文件替换为调试生成类型上的文件会产生有关

对DebugServer的未定义引用的错误，因此，我将尝试使用版本构建类型从源代码处编译。
clang++-7 -stdlib=libc++ -L../lib/x86_64/ -I./ -I../include/ -I../app/ -I${RESOURCE_DIR} -Wno-extern-c-compat -std=c++14 ../suzanne.cpp ../app/Cube.cpp ../app/FilamentApp.cpp ../app/IBL.cpp ../app/IcoSphere.cpp ../app/Image.cpp ../app/NativeWindowHelperLinux.cpp ../app/Sphere.cpp -o suzanne ${FILAMENT_LIBS} -lSDL2 -ldl -pthread

FILAMENT_LIBS=-lfilament -lbackend -lbluegl -lbluevk -lfilabridge -lfilaflat -lutils -lgeometry -lsmol-v -libl

-Wl,--start-group $(FILAMENT_LIBS) -Wl,--end-group