Python Django Django.test客户端post请求

在hellowebapp.com上工作

请使用Django测试客户端post请求帮助测试有效的表单post

response = self.client.post('/accounts/create_thing/', { 'name': dummy_thing.name, 'description': dummy_thing.description, })

下面是TestCase代码片段：

from django.test import TestCase, RequestFactory   
from django.contrib.auth.models import AnonymousUser, User
from collection.models import Thing
from .views import *
from collection.forms import ThingForm

class SampleTest(TestCase):
    def setUp(self):
        # Every test needs access to the request factory.
        self.factory = RequestFactory()
        self.dummy_user = User.objects.create_user(username='dummy', password='nothings')
        self.dummy_thing = Thing.objects.create(name="Dummy Book",
                                          description="Book For Dummies.",
                                          slug="dummy-book",
                                          user=self.dummy_user)
    def test_form(self):
        dummy_thing = Thing.objects.get(name="Dummy Book")
        form = ThingForm(instance=dummy_thing)
        self.assertFalse(form.is_valid()) # No data has been supplied yet.
        form = ThingForm({ 'name': dummy_thing.name, 'description': dummy_thing.description, }, instance=dummy_thing)
        self.assertTrue(form.is_valid())

    def test_form_post(self):
        dummy_thing = Thing.objects.get(name="Dummy Book")
        self.client.login(username=dummy_thing.user.username, password='nothings')

        # Test POST invalid data
        response = self.client.post('/accounts/create_thing/', { })
        self.assertFormError(response, 'form', 'name', 'This field is required.')
        self.assertFormError(response, 'form', 'description', 'This field is required.')
        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, 'things/create_thing.html')
        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)

        # Test POST valid data? 
        # response = self.client.post('/accounts/create_thing/', { 'name': dummy_thing.name, 'description': dummy_thing.description, })
        # self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)

这是模型

注意：user=models.OneToOneField（user，blank=True，null=True）

“Thing.user”必须是“user”实例

列用户id必须是唯一的

以下是错误：

$ python manage.py test

.ECreating test database for alias 'default'...
Destroying test database for alias 'default'...

======================================================================
ERROR: test_form_post (collection.tests.SampleTest)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "E:\Working\Python\Django\Python2.7\Hello-Web-App\GitHub\Test\hellowebapp-code-master\collection\tests.py", line 36, in test_form_post
    response = self.client.post('/accounts/create_thing/', { 'name': dummy_thing.name, 'description': dummy_thing.description, })
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\test\client.py", line 541, in post
    secure=secure, **extra)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\test\client.py", line 343, in post
    secure=secure, **extra)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\test\client.py", line 409, in generic
    return self.request(**r)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\test\client.py", line 494, in request
    six.reraise(*exc_info)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\core\handlers\exception.py", line 39, in inner
    response = get_response(request)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\core\handlers\base.py", line 249, in _legacy_get_response
    response = self._get_response(request)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\core\handlers\base.py", line 187, in _get_response
    response = self.process_exception_by_middleware(e, request)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\core\handlers\base.py", line 185, in _get_response
    response = wrapped_callback(request, *callback_args, **callback_kwargs)
  File "E:\Working\Python\Django\Python2.7\Hello-Web-App\GitHub\Test\hellowebapp-code-master\collection\views.py", line 77, in create_thing
    thing.save()
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\models\base.py", line 796, in save
    force_update=force_update, update_fields=update_fields)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\models\base.py", line 824, in save_base
    updated = self._save_table(raw, cls, force_insert, force_update, using, update_fields)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\models\base.py", line 908, in _save_table
    result = self._do_insert(cls._base_manager, using, fields, update_pk, raw)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\models\base.py", line 947, in _do_insert
    using=using, raw=raw)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\models\manager.py", line 85, in manager_method
    return getattr(self.get_queryset(), name)(*args, **kwargs)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\models\query.py", line 1043, in _insert
    return query.get_compiler(using=using).execute_sql(return_id)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\models\sql\compiler.py", line 1054, in execute_sql
    cursor.execute(sql, params)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\backends\utils.py", line 64, in execute
    return self.cursor.execute(sql, params)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\utils.py", line 94, in __exit__
    six.reraise(dj_exc_type, dj_exc_value, traceback)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\backends\utils.py", line 64, in execute
    return self.cursor.execute(sql, params)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\backends\sqlite3\base.py", line 337, in execute
    return Database.Cursor.execute(self, query, params)
IntegrityError: column user_id is not unique

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Ran 2 tests in 0.687s

FAILED (errors=1)

此外，还徒劳地尝试了Django shell：

$ winpty python manage.py shell
Python 2.7.11 (v2.7.11:6d1b6a68f775, Dec  5 2015, 20:40:30) [MSC v.1500 64 bit (AMD64)] on win32
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
(InteractiveConsole)
>>> from django.test import Client
>>> csrf_client = Client(enforce_csrf_checks=True)
>>> c.login(username="dummy", password='nothings')
>>> c = Client()
>>> c.login(username="dummy", password='nothings')
True
>>> response = c.post('http://127.0.0.1:8000/accounts/create_thing/', { 'name': 'dummy book', 'description': 'book for dummies' })
Internal Server Error: /accounts/create_thing/
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\core\handlers\exception.py", line 39, in inner
    response = get_response(request)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\core\handlers\base.py", line 249, in _legacy_get_response
    response = self._get_response(request)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\core\handlers\base.py", line 187, in _get_response
    response = self.process_exception_by_middleware(e, request)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\core\handlers\base.py", line 185, in _get_response
    response = wrapped_callback(request, *callback_args, **callback_kwargs)
  File "E:\Working\Python\Django\Python2.7\Hello-Web-App\GitHub\Test\hellowebapp-code-master\collection\views.py", line 77, in create_thing
    thing.save()
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\models\base.py", line 796, in save
    force_update=force_update, update_fields=update_fields)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\models\base.py", line 824, in save_base
    updated = self._save_table(raw, cls, force_insert, force_update, using, update_fields)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\models\base.py", line 908, in _save_table
    result = self._do_insert(cls._base_manager, using, fields, update_pk, raw)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\models\base.py", line 947, in _do_insert
    using=using, raw=raw)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\models\manager.py", line 85, in manager_method
    return getattr(self.get_queryset(), name)(*args, **kwargs)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\models\query.py", line 1043, in _insert
    return query.get_compiler(using=using).execute_sql(return_id)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\models\sql\compiler.py", line 1054, in execute_sql
    cursor.execute(sql, params)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\backends\utils.py", line 79, in execute
    return super(CursorDebugWrapper, self).execute(sql, params)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\backends\utils.py", line 64, in execute
    return self.cursor.execute(sql, params)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\utils.py", line 94, in __exit__
    six.reraise(dj_exc_type, dj_exc_value, traceback)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\backends\utils.py", line 64, in execute
    return self.cursor.execute(sql, params)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\backends\sqlite3\base.py", line 337, in execute
    return Database.Cursor.execute(self, query, params)
IntegrityError: column user_id is not unique
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<console>", line 1, in <module>
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\test\client.py", line 541, in post
    secure=secure, **extra)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\test\client.py", line 343, in post
    secure=secure, **extra)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\test\client.py", line 409, in generic
    return self.request(**r)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\test\client.py", line 494, in request
    six.reraise(*exc_info)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\core\handlers\exception.py", line 39, in inner
    response = get_response(request)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\core\handlers\base.py", line 249, in _legacy_get_response
    response = self._get_response(request)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\core\handlers\base.py", line 187, in _get_response
    response = self.process_exception_by_middleware(e, request)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\core\handlers\base.py", line 185, in _get_response
    response = wrapped_callback(request, *callback_args, **callback_kwargs)
  File "E:\Working\Python\Django\Python2.7\Hello-Web-App\GitHub\Test\hellowebapp-code-master\collection\views.py", line 77, in create_thing
    thing.save()
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\models\base.py", line 796, in save
    force_update=force_update, update_fields=update_fields)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\models\base.py", line 824, in save_base
    updated = self._save_table(raw, cls, force_insert, force_update, using, update_fields)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\models\base.py", line 908, in _save_table
    result = self._do_insert(cls._base_manager, using, fields, update_pk, raw)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\models\base.py", line 947, in _do_insert
    using=using, raw=raw)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\models\manager.py", line 85, in manager_method
    return getattr(self.get_queryset(), name)(*args, **kwargs)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\models\query.py", line 1043, in _insert
    return query.get_compiler(using=using).execute_sql(return_id)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\models\sql\compiler.py", line 1054, in execute_sql
    cursor.execute(sql, params)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\backends\utils.py", line 79, in execute
    return super(CursorDebugWrapper, self).execute(sql, params)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\backends\utils.py", line 64, in execute
    return self.cursor.execute(sql, params)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\utils.py", line 94, in __exit__
    six.reraise(dj_exc_type, dj_exc_value, traceback)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\backends\utils.py", line 64, in execute
    return self.cursor.execute(sql, params)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\backends\sqlite3\base.py", line 337, in execute
    return Database.Cursor.execute(self, query, params)
IntegrityError: column user_id is not unique

>>> from django.contrib.auth.models import User
>>> users = User.objects.all()
>>> users[1]
<User: dummy>
>>> response = c.post('http://127.0.0.1:8000/accounts/create_thing/', { 'name': 'dummy book', 'description': 'book for dummies', 'user_id': users[1].id })
Internal Server Error: /accounts/create_thing/
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\core\handlers\exception.py", line 39, in inner
    response = get_response(request)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\core\handlers\base.py", line 249, in _legacy_get_response
    response = self._get_response(request)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\core\handlers\base.py", line 187, in _get_response
    response = self.process_exception_by_middleware(e, request)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\core\handlers\base.py", line 185, in _get_response
    response = wrapped_callback(request, *callback_args, **callback_kwargs)
  File "E:\Working\Python\Django\Python2.7\Hello-Web-App\GitHub\Test\hellowebapp-code-master\collection\views.py", line 77, in create_thing
    thing.save()
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\models\base.py", line 796, in save
    force_update=force_update, update_fields=update_fields)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\models\base.py", line 824, in save_base
    updated = self._save_table(raw, cls, force_insert, force_update, using, update_fields)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\models\base.py", line 908, in _save_table
    result = self._do_insert(cls._base_manager, using, fields, update_pk, raw)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\models\base.py", line 947, in _do_insert
    using=using, raw=raw)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\models\manager.py", line 85, in manager_method
    return getattr(self.get_queryset(), name)(*args, **kwargs)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\models\query.py", line 1043, in _insert
    return query.get_compiler(using=using).execute_sql(return_id)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\models\sql\compiler.py", line 1054, in execute_sql
    cursor.execute(sql, params)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\backends\utils.py", line 79, in execute
    return super(CursorDebugWrapper, self).execute(sql, params)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\backends\utils.py", line 64, in execute
    return self.cursor.execute(sql, params)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\utils.py", line 94, in __exit__
    six.reraise(dj_exc_type, dj_exc_value, traceback)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\backends\utils.py", line 64, in execute
    return self.cursor.execute(sql, params)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\backends\sqlite3\base.py", line 337, in execute
    return Database.Cursor.execute(self, query, params)
IntegrityError: column user_id is not unique
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<console>", line 1, in <module>
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\test\client.py", line 541, in post
    secure=secure, **extra)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\test\client.py", line 343, in post
    secure=secure, **extra)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\test\client.py", line 409, in generic
    return self.request(**r)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\test\client.py", line 494, in request
    six.reraise(*exc_info)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\core\handlers\exception.py", line 39, in inner
    response = get_response(request)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\core\handlers\base.py", line 249, in _legacy_get_response
    response = self._get_response(request)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\core\handlers\base.py", line 187, in _get_response
    response = self.process_exception_by_middleware(e, request)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\core\handlers\base.py", line 185, in _get_response
    response = wrapped_callback(request, *callback_args, **callback_kwargs)
  File "E:\Working\Python\Django\Python2.7\Hello-Web-App\GitHub\Test\hellowebapp-code-master\collection\views.py", line 77, in create_thing
    thing.save()
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\models\base.py", line 796, in save
    force_update=force_update, update_fields=update_fields)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\models\base.py", line 824, in save_base
    updated = self._save_table(raw, cls, force_insert, force_update, using, update_fields)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\models\base.py", line 908, in _save_table
    result = self._do_insert(cls._base_manager, using, fields, update_pk, raw)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\models\base.py", line 947, in _do_insert
    using=using, raw=raw)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\models\manager.py", line 85, in manager_method
    return getattr(self.get_queryset(), name)(*args, **kwargs)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\models\query.py", line 1043, in _insert
    return query.get_compiler(using=using).execute_sql(return_id)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\models\sql\compiler.py", line 1054, in execute_sql
    cursor.execute(sql, params)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\backends\utils.py", line 79, in execute
    return super(CursorDebugWrapper, self).execute(sql, params)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\backends\utils.py", line 64, in execute
    return self.cursor.execute(sql, params)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\utils.py", line 94, in __exit__
    six.reraise(dj_exc_type, dj_exc_value, traceback)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\backends\utils.py", line 64, in execute
    return self.cursor.execute(sql, params)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\backends\sqlite3\base.py", line 337, in execute
    return Database.Cursor.execute(self, query, params)
IntegrityError: column user_id is not unique
>>>exit()

$winpty python manage.py shell
win32上的Python 2.7.11（v2.7.11:6D1B6A68F7752015年12月5日20:40:30）[MSC v.1500 64位（AMD64）]
有关详细信息，请键入“帮助”、“版权”、“信用证”或“许可证”。
（InteractiveConsole）
>>>从django.test导入客户端
>>>csrf\u客户端=客户端（强制csrf\u检查=真）
>>>c.login（username=“dummy”，password=“nothings”）
>>>c=客户机（）
>>>c.login（username=“dummy”，password=“nothings”）
符合事实的
>>>响应=c.post（'http://127.0.0.1:8000/accounts/create_thing/“，{'name'：'dummy book'，'description'：'book for dummie'}
内部服务器错误：/accounts/create\u thing/
回溯（最近一次呼叫最后一次）：
文件“C:\Python27\lib\site packages\django\core\handlers\exception.py”，第39行，在内部
响应=获取响应（请求）
文件“C:\Python27\lib\site packages\django\core\handlers\base.py”，第249行，在\u legacy\u get\u响应中
响应=自我。获取响应（请求）
文件“C:\Python27\lib\site packages\django\core\handlers\base.py”，第187行，在\u get\u响应中
response=self.process\u异常\u由\u中间件（e，请求）
文件“C:\Python27\lib\site packages\django\core\handlers\base.py”，第185行，在\u get\u响应中
响应=包装的回调（请求，*回调参数，**回调参数）
文件“E:\Working\Python\Django\Python2.7\Hello Web App\GitHub\Test\hellowebapp code master\collection\views.py”，第77行，在create\u thing中
保存
文件“C:\Python27\lib\site packages\django\db\models\base.py”，第796行，保存
强制更新=强制更新，更新字段=更新字段）
文件“C:\Python27\lib\site packages\django\db\models\base.py”，第824行，在save\u base中
更新=自我。保存表格（原始、cls、强制插入、强制更新、使用、更新字段）
文件“C:\Python27\lib\site packages\django\db\models\base.py”，第908行，在保存表中
结果=self.\u do\u insert（cls.\u base\u manager，using，fields，update\u pk，raw）
文件“C:\Python27\lib\site packages\django\db\models\base.py”，第947行，插入
使用=使用，原始=原始）
文件“C:\Python27\lib\site packages\django\db\models\manager.py”，第85行，在manager\u方法中
返回getattr（self.get_queryset（），name）（*args，**kwargs）
文件“C:\Python27\lib\site packages\django\db\models\query.py”，第1043行，插入
return query.get\u编译器（using=using）.execute\u sql（return\u id）
文件“C:\Python27\lib\site packages\django\db\models\sql\compiler.py”，第1054行，在execute\u sql中
cursor.execute（sql，params）
文件“C:\Python27\lib\site packages\django\db\backends\utils.py”，执行中的第79行
返回super（CursorDebugWrapper，self）.execute（sql，params）
文件“C:\Python27\lib\site packages\django\db\backends\utils.py”，执行中的第64行
返回self.cursor.execute（sql，params）
文件“C:\Python27\lib\site packages\django\db\utils.py”，第94行，在退出时__
6.重新播放（dj_exc_类型、dj_exc_值、回溯）
文件“C:\Python27\lib\site packages\django\db\backends\utils.py”，执行中的第64行
返回self.cursor.execute（sql，params）
文件“C:\Python27\lib\site packages\django\db\backends\sqlite3\base.py”，第337行，在execute中
返回Database.Cursor.execute（self、query、params）
IntegrityError:列用户\u id不唯一
回溯（最近一次呼叫最后一次）：
文件“”，第1行，在
文件“C:\Python27\lib\site packages\django\test\client.py”，第541行，在post中
安全=安全，**额外）
文件“C:\Python27\lib\site packages\django\test\client.py”，第343行，在post中
安全=安全，**额外）
文件“C:\Python27\lib\site packages\django\test\client.py”，第409行，通用格式
返回自我请求（**r）
请求中第494行的文件“C:\Python27\lib\site packages\django\test\client.py”
六、重放（*exc_信息）
文件“C:\Python27\lib\site packages\django\core\handlers\exception.py”，第39行，在内部
响应=获取响应（请求）
文件“C:\Python27\lib\site packages\django\core\handlers\base.py”，第249行，在\u legacy\u get\u响应中
响应=自我。获取响应（请求）
文件“C:\Python27\lib\site packages\django\core\handlers\base.py”，第187行，在\u get\u响应中
response=self.process\u异常\u由\u中间件（e，请求）
文件“C:\Python27\lib\site packages\django\core\handlers\base.py”，第185行，在\u get\u响应中
响应=包装的回调（请求，*回调参数，**回调参数）
文件“E:\Working\Python\Django\Python2.7\Hello Web App\GitHub\Test\hellowebapp code master\collection\views.py”，第77行，在create\u thing中
保存
文件“C:\Python27\lib\site packages\django\db\models\base.py”，第796行，保存
强制更新=强制更新，更新字段=更新字段）
文件“C:\Python27\lib\site packages\django\db\models\base.py”，第824行，在save\u base中
更新=自我。保存表格（原始、cls、强制插入、强制更新、使用、更新字段）
文件“C:\Python27\lib\site packages\django\db\models\base.py”，第908行，在保存表中
结果=self.\u do\u insert（cls.\u base\u manager，using，fields，update\u pk，raw）
文件“C:\Python27\lib\site packages\django\db\models\base.py”，第947行，插入
使用=使用，原始=原始）
文件“C:\Python27\lib\site packages\django\db\models\manager.py”，第85行，在manager\u方法中
返回getattr（self.get_queryset（），name）（*args，**kwargs）
文件“C:\Python27\lib\site packages\django\db\models\query.py”，第1043行，插入
return query.get\u编译器（using=using）.execute\u sql（return\u id）
文件“C:\Python27\lib\site packages\django\db\models\sql\compiler.py”，第1054行，在execute\u sql中
cursor.execute（sql，params）
文件“C:\Python27\lib\
$ python manage.py test

.ECreating test database for alias 'default'...
Destroying test database for alias 'default'...

======================================================================
ERROR: test_form_post (collection.tests.SampleTest)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "E:\Working\Python\Django\Python2.7\Hello-Web-App\GitHub\Test\hellowebapp-code-master\collection\tests.py", line 36, in test_form_post
    response = self.client.post('/accounts/create_thing/', { 'name': dummy_thing.name, 'description': dummy_thing.description, })
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\test\client.py", line 541, in post
    secure=secure, **extra)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\test\client.py", line 343, in post
    secure=secure, **extra)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\test\client.py", line 409, in generic
    return self.request(**r)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\test\client.py", line 494, in request
    six.reraise(*exc_info)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\core\handlers\exception.py", line 39, in inner
    response = get_response(request)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\core\handlers\base.py", line 249, in _legacy_get_response
    response = self._get_response(request)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\core\handlers\base.py", line 187, in _get_response
    response = self.process_exception_by_middleware(e, request)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\core\handlers\base.py", line 185, in _get_response
    response = wrapped_callback(request, *callback_args, **callback_kwargs)
  File "E:\Working\Python\Django\Python2.7\Hello-Web-App\GitHub\Test\hellowebapp-code-master\collection\views.py", line 77, in create_thing
    thing.save()
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\models\base.py", line 796, in save
    force_update=force_update, update_fields=update_fields)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\models\base.py", line 824, in save_base
    updated = self._save_table(raw, cls, force_insert, force_update, using, update_fields)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\models\base.py", line 908, in _save_table
    result = self._do_insert(cls._base_manager, using, fields, update_pk, raw)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\models\base.py", line 947, in _do_insert
    using=using, raw=raw)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\models\manager.py", line 85, in manager_method
    return getattr(self.get_queryset(), name)(*args, **kwargs)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\models\query.py", line 1043, in _insert
    return query.get_compiler(using=using).execute_sql(return_id)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\models\sql\compiler.py", line 1054, in execute_sql
    cursor.execute(sql, params)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\backends\utils.py", line 64, in execute
    return self.cursor.execute(sql, params)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\utils.py", line 94, in __exit__
    six.reraise(dj_exc_type, dj_exc_value, traceback)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\backends\utils.py", line 64, in execute
    return self.cursor.execute(sql, params)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\backends\sqlite3\base.py", line 337, in execute
    return Database.Cursor.execute(self, query, params)
IntegrityError: column user_id is not unique

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Ran 2 tests in 0.687s

FAILED (errors=1)

$ winpty python manage.py shell
Python 2.7.11 (v2.7.11:6d1b6a68f775, Dec  5 2015, 20:40:30) [MSC v.1500 64 bit (AMD64)] on win32
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
(InteractiveConsole)
>>> from django.test import Client
>>> csrf_client = Client(enforce_csrf_checks=True)
>>> c.login(username="dummy", password='nothings')
>>> c = Client()
>>> c.login(username="dummy", password='nothings')
True
>>> response = c.post('http://127.0.0.1:8000/accounts/create_thing/', { 'name': 'dummy book', 'description': 'book for dummies' })
Internal Server Error: /accounts/create_thing/
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\core\handlers\exception.py", line 39, in inner
    response = get_response(request)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\core\handlers\base.py", line 249, in _legacy_get_response
    response = self._get_response(request)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\core\handlers\base.py", line 187, in _get_response
    response = self.process_exception_by_middleware(e, request)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\core\handlers\base.py", line 185, in _get_response
    response = wrapped_callback(request, *callback_args, **callback_kwargs)
  File "E:\Working\Python\Django\Python2.7\Hello-Web-App\GitHub\Test\hellowebapp-code-master\collection\views.py", line 77, in create_thing
    thing.save()
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\models\base.py", line 796, in save
    force_update=force_update, update_fields=update_fields)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\models\base.py", line 824, in save_base
    updated = self._save_table(raw, cls, force_insert, force_update, using, update_fields)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\models\base.py", line 908, in _save_table
    result = self._do_insert(cls._base_manager, using, fields, update_pk, raw)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\models\base.py", line 947, in _do_insert
    using=using, raw=raw)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\models\manager.py", line 85, in manager_method
    return getattr(self.get_queryset(), name)(*args, **kwargs)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\models\query.py", line 1043, in _insert
    return query.get_compiler(using=using).execute_sql(return_id)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\models\sql\compiler.py", line 1054, in execute_sql
    cursor.execute(sql, params)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\backends\utils.py", line 79, in execute
    return super(CursorDebugWrapper, self).execute(sql, params)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\backends\utils.py", line 64, in execute
    return self.cursor.execute(sql, params)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\utils.py", line 94, in __exit__
    six.reraise(dj_exc_type, dj_exc_value, traceback)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\backends\utils.py", line 64, in execute
    return self.cursor.execute(sql, params)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\backends\sqlite3\base.py", line 337, in execute
    return Database.Cursor.execute(self, query, params)
IntegrityError: column user_id is not unique
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<console>", line 1, in <module>
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\test\client.py", line 541, in post
    secure=secure, **extra)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\test\client.py", line 343, in post
    secure=secure, **extra)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\test\client.py", line 409, in generic
    return self.request(**r)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\test\client.py", line 494, in request
    six.reraise(*exc_info)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\core\handlers\exception.py", line 39, in inner
    response = get_response(request)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\core\handlers\base.py", line 249, in _legacy_get_response
    response = self._get_response(request)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\core\handlers\base.py", line 187, in _get_response
    response = self.process_exception_by_middleware(e, request)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\core\handlers\base.py", line 185, in _get_response
    response = wrapped_callback(request, *callback_args, **callback_kwargs)
  File "E:\Working\Python\Django\Python2.7\Hello-Web-App\GitHub\Test\hellowebapp-code-master\collection\views.py", line 77, in create_thing
    thing.save()
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\models\base.py", line 796, in save
    force_update=force_update, update_fields=update_fields)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\models\base.py", line 824, in save_base
    updated = self._save_table(raw, cls, force_insert, force_update, using, update_fields)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\models\base.py", line 908, in _save_table
    result = self._do_insert(cls._base_manager, using, fields, update_pk, raw)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\models\base.py", line 947, in _do_insert
    using=using, raw=raw)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\models\manager.py", line 85, in manager_method
    return getattr(self.get_queryset(), name)(*args, **kwargs)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\models\query.py", line 1043, in _insert
    return query.get_compiler(using=using).execute_sql(return_id)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\models\sql\compiler.py", line 1054, in execute_sql
    cursor.execute(sql, params)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\backends\utils.py", line 79, in execute
    return super(CursorDebugWrapper, self).execute(sql, params)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\backends\utils.py", line 64, in execute
    return self.cursor.execute(sql, params)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\utils.py", line 94, in __exit__
    six.reraise(dj_exc_type, dj_exc_value, traceback)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\backends\utils.py", line 64, in execute
    return self.cursor.execute(sql, params)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\backends\sqlite3\base.py", line 337, in execute
    return Database.Cursor.execute(self, query, params)
IntegrityError: column user_id is not unique

>>> from django.contrib.auth.models import User
>>> users = User.objects.all()
>>> users[1]
<User: dummy>
>>> response = c.post('http://127.0.0.1:8000/accounts/create_thing/', { 'name': 'dummy book', 'description': 'book for dummies', 'user_id': users[1].id })
Internal Server Error: /accounts/create_thing/
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\core\handlers\exception.py", line 39, in inner
    response = get_response(request)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\core\handlers\base.py", line 249, in _legacy_get_response
    response = self._get_response(request)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\core\handlers\base.py", line 187, in _get_response
    response = self.process_exception_by_middleware(e, request)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\core\handlers\base.py", line 185, in _get_response
    response = wrapped_callback(request, *callback_args, **callback_kwargs)
  File "E:\Working\Python\Django\Python2.7\Hello-Web-App\GitHub\Test\hellowebapp-code-master\collection\views.py", line 77, in create_thing
    thing.save()
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\models\base.py", line 796, in save
    force_update=force_update, update_fields=update_fields)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\models\base.py", line 824, in save_base
    updated = self._save_table(raw, cls, force_insert, force_update, using, update_fields)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\models\base.py", line 908, in _save_table
    result = self._do_insert(cls._base_manager, using, fields, update_pk, raw)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\models\base.py", line 947, in _do_insert
    using=using, raw=raw)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\models\manager.py", line 85, in manager_method
    return getattr(self.get_queryset(), name)(*args, **kwargs)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\models\query.py", line 1043, in _insert
    return query.get_compiler(using=using).execute_sql(return_id)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\models\sql\compiler.py", line 1054, in execute_sql
    cursor.execute(sql, params)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\backends\utils.py", line 79, in execute
    return super(CursorDebugWrapper, self).execute(sql, params)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\backends\utils.py", line 64, in execute
    return self.cursor.execute(sql, params)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\utils.py", line 94, in __exit__
    six.reraise(dj_exc_type, dj_exc_value, traceback)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\backends\utils.py", line 64, in execute
    return self.cursor.execute(sql, params)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\backends\sqlite3\base.py", line 337, in execute
    return Database.Cursor.execute(self, query, params)
IntegrityError: column user_id is not unique
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<console>", line 1, in <module>
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\test\client.py", line 541, in post
    secure=secure, **extra)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\test\client.py", line 343, in post
    secure=secure, **extra)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\test\client.py", line 409, in generic
    return self.request(**r)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\test\client.py", line 494, in request
    six.reraise(*exc_info)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\core\handlers\exception.py", line 39, in inner
    response = get_response(request)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\core\handlers\base.py", line 249, in _legacy_get_response
    response = self._get_response(request)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\core\handlers\base.py", line 187, in _get_response
    response = self.process_exception_by_middleware(e, request)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\core\handlers\base.py", line 185, in _get_response
    response = wrapped_callback(request, *callback_args, **callback_kwargs)
  File "E:\Working\Python\Django\Python2.7\Hello-Web-App\GitHub\Test\hellowebapp-code-master\collection\views.py", line 77, in create_thing
    thing.save()
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\models\base.py", line 796, in save
    force_update=force_update, update_fields=update_fields)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\models\base.py", line 824, in save_base
    updated = self._save_table(raw, cls, force_insert, force_update, using, update_fields)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\models\base.py", line 908, in _save_table
    result = self._do_insert(cls._base_manager, using, fields, update_pk, raw)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\models\base.py", line 947, in _do_insert
    using=using, raw=raw)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\models\manager.py", line 85, in manager_method
    return getattr(self.get_queryset(), name)(*args, **kwargs)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\models\query.py", line 1043, in _insert
    return query.get_compiler(using=using).execute_sql(return_id)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\models\sql\compiler.py", line 1054, in execute_sql
    cursor.execute(sql, params)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\backends\utils.py", line 79, in execute
    return super(CursorDebugWrapper, self).execute(sql, params)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\backends\utils.py", line 64, in execute
    return self.cursor.execute(sql, params)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\utils.py", line 94, in __exit__
    six.reraise(dj_exc_type, dj_exc_value, traceback)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\backends\utils.py", line 64, in execute
    return self.cursor.execute(sql, params)
  File "C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\django\db\backends\sqlite3\base.py", line 337, in execute
    return Database.Cursor.execute(self, query, params)
IntegrityError: column user_id is not unique
>>>exit()

class SampleTest(TestCase):
    def setUp(self):
        # Every test needs access to the request factory.
        self.factory = RequestFactory()
        self.dummy_user = User.objects.create_user(username='dummy', password='nothings')
        self.dummy_thing = Thing.objects.create(name="Dummy Book",
                                          description="Book For Dummies.",
                                          slug="dummy-book",
                                          user=self.dummy_user)
        self.dummy_user2 = User.objects.create_user(username='dummy2', password='nothing')

    def test_form_post(self):
        dummy_thing = Thing.objects.get(name="Dummy Book")
        self.client.login(username=dummy_thing2.user.username, password='nothing')

        # Test POST invalid data
        response = self.client.post('/accounts/create_thing/', { })
        self.assertFormError(response, 'form', 'name', 'This field is required.')
        self.assertFormError(response, 'form', 'description', 'This field is required.')
        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, 'things/create_thing.html')
        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)

        # Test POST valid data? 
        response = self.client.post('/accounts/create_thing/', { 'name': 'new name', 'description': 'new description', })
        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)