ResourceWarning Python 3单元测试中未关闭的套接字

我正在修改一些代码，使之在

python2

和

python3

之间兼容，但在单元测试输出中观察到一个警告

/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.6/lib/python3.6/unittest/case.py:601:
    ResourceWarning: unclosed socket.socket fd=4,
    family=AddressFamily.AF_INET, type=SocketKind.SOCK_STREAM, proto=6,
    laddr=('1.1.2.3', 65087), raddr=('5.8.13.21', 8080)

一项小小的研究表明，像和这样的流行图书馆也在发生这种情况

我可以忽略警告，也可以完全忽略。如果是我的服务，我可以在响应（）中设置

连接：close

标题

下面的示例展示了Python 3.6.1中的警告：

app.py

import requests

class Service(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self.session = requests.Session()

    def get_info(self):
        uri = 'http://api.stackexchange.com/2.2/info?site=stackoverflow'
        response = self.session.get(uri)
        if response.status_code == 200:
            return response.json()
        else:
            response.raise_for_status()

    def __del__(self):
        self.session.close()

if __name__ == '__main__':
    service = Service()
    print(service.get_info())

import unittest

class TestService(unittest.TestCase):
    def test_growing(self):
        import app
        service = app.Service()
        res = service.get_info()
        self.assertTrue(res['items'][0]['new_active_users'] > 1)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    unittest.main()

import requests

class Service(object):

    def __init__(self):
        self.session = requests.Session()

    def get_info(self):
        uri = 'http://api.stackexchange.com/2.2/info?site=stackoverflow'
        response = self.session.get(uri)
        if response.status_code == 200:
            return response.json()
        else:
            response.raise_for_status()

    def close(self):
        self.session.close()

if __name__ == '__main__':
    service = Service()
    print(service.get_info())
    service.close()

import unittest
import app

class TestService(unittest.TestCase):

    def setUp(self):
        self.service = app.Service()
        super().setUp()

    def tearDown(self):
        self.service.close()

    def test_growing(self):
        res = self.service.get_info()
        self.assertTrue(res['items'][0]['new_active_users'] > 1)

if __name__ == '__main__':
    unittest.main()

import requests

class Service(object):

    def __init__(self):
        self.session = requests.Session()

    def __enter__(self):
        return self

    def get_info(self):
        uri = 'http://api.stackexchange.com/2.2/info?site=stackoverflow'
        response = self.session.get(uri)
        if response.status_code == 200:
            return response.json()
        else:
            response.raise_for_status()

    def close(self):
        self.session.close()

    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, traceback):
        self.close()

if __name__ == '__main__':
    with Service() as service:
        print(service.get_info())

import unittest

import app

class TestService(unittest.TestCase):

    def test_growing(self):
        with app.Service() as service:
            res = service.get_info()
        self.assertTrue(res['items'][0]['new_active_users'] > 1)

if __name__ == '__main__':
    unittest.main()

test.py

import requests

class Service(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self.session = requests.Session()

    def get_info(self):
        uri = 'http://api.stackexchange.com/2.2/info?site=stackoverflow'
        response = self.session.get(uri)
        if response.status_code == 200:
            return response.json()
        else:
            response.raise_for_status()

    def __del__(self):
        self.session.close()

if __name__ == '__main__':
    service = Service()
    print(service.get_info())

import unittest

class TestService(unittest.TestCase):
    def test_growing(self):
        import app
        service = app.Service()
        res = service.get_info()
        self.assertTrue(res['items'][0]['new_active_users'] > 1)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    unittest.main()

import requests

class Service(object):

    def __init__(self):
        self.session = requests.Session()

    def get_info(self):
        uri = 'http://api.stackexchange.com/2.2/info?site=stackoverflow'
        response = self.session.get(uri)
        if response.status_code == 200:
            return response.json()
        else:
            response.raise_for_status()

    def close(self):
        self.session.close()

if __name__ == '__main__':
    service = Service()
    print(service.get_info())
    service.close()

import unittest
import app

class TestService(unittest.TestCase):

    def setUp(self):
        self.service = app.Service()
        super().setUp()

    def tearDown(self):
        self.service.close()

    def test_growing(self):
        res = self.service.get_info()
        self.assertTrue(res['items'][0]['new_active_users'] > 1)

if __name__ == '__main__':
    unittest.main()

import requests

class Service(object):

    def __init__(self):
        self.session = requests.Session()

    def __enter__(self):
        return self

    def get_info(self):
        uri = 'http://api.stackexchange.com/2.2/info?site=stackoverflow'
        response = self.session.get(uri)
        if response.status_code == 200:
            return response.json()
        else:
            response.raise_for_status()

    def close(self):
        self.session.close()

    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, traceback):
        self.close()

if __name__ == '__main__':
    with Service() as service:
        print(service.get_info())

import unittest

import app

class TestService(unittest.TestCase):

    def test_growing(self):
        with app.Service() as service:
            res = service.get_info()
        self.assertTrue(res['items'][0]['new_active_users'] > 1)

if __name__ == '__main__':
    unittest.main()

是否有更好/正确的方法来管理会话，使其显式关闭，而不是依赖

\uu del\uu（）

来产生此类警告

---

感谢您的帮助。

在

\uuu del\uuu

中使用拆卸逻辑可能会使您的程序不正确或难以推理，因为无法保证何时调用该方法，可能会导致您收到警告。有几种方法可以解决这个问题：

1） 公开关闭会话的方法，并在测试中调用它

unittest

的方法允许您定义一些在每次测试后运行的代码。即使测试失败或出现异常，使用这个钩子关闭会话也会起作用，这很好

app.py

import requests

class Service(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self.session = requests.Session()

    def get_info(self):
        uri = 'http://api.stackexchange.com/2.2/info?site=stackoverflow'
        response = self.session.get(uri)
        if response.status_code == 200:
            return response.json()
        else:
            response.raise_for_status()

    def __del__(self):
        self.session.close()

if __name__ == '__main__':
    service = Service()
    print(service.get_info())

import unittest

class TestService(unittest.TestCase):
    def test_growing(self):
        import app
        service = app.Service()
        res = service.get_info()
        self.assertTrue(res['items'][0]['new_active_users'] > 1)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    unittest.main()

import requests

class Service(object):

    def __init__(self):
        self.session = requests.Session()

    def get_info(self):
        uri = 'http://api.stackexchange.com/2.2/info?site=stackoverflow'
        response = self.session.get(uri)
        if response.status_code == 200:
            return response.json()
        else:
            response.raise_for_status()

    def close(self):
        self.session.close()

if __name__ == '__main__':
    service = Service()
    print(service.get_info())
    service.close()

import unittest
import app

class TestService(unittest.TestCase):

    def setUp(self):
        self.service = app.Service()
        super().setUp()

    def tearDown(self):
        self.service.close()

    def test_growing(self):
        res = self.service.get_info()
        self.assertTrue(res['items'][0]['new_active_users'] > 1)

if __name__ == '__main__':
    unittest.main()

import requests

class Service(object):

    def __init__(self):
        self.session = requests.Session()

    def __enter__(self):
        return self

    def get_info(self):
        uri = 'http://api.stackexchange.com/2.2/info?site=stackoverflow'
        response = self.session.get(uri)
        if response.status_code == 200:
            return response.json()
        else:
            response.raise_for_status()

    def close(self):
        self.session.close()

    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, traceback):
        self.close()

if __name__ == '__main__':
    with Service() as service:
        print(service.get_info())

import unittest

import app

class TestService(unittest.TestCase):

    def test_growing(self):
        with app.Service() as service:
            res = service.get_info()
        self.assertTrue(res['items'][0]['new_active_users'] > 1)

if __name__ == '__main__':
    unittest.main()

test.py

import requests

class Service(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self.session = requests.Session()

    def get_info(self):
        uri = 'http://api.stackexchange.com/2.2/info?site=stackoverflow'
        response = self.session.get(uri)
        if response.status_code == 200:
            return response.json()
        else:
            response.raise_for_status()

    def __del__(self):
        self.session.close()

if __name__ == '__main__':
    service = Service()
    print(service.get_info())

import unittest

class TestService(unittest.TestCase):
    def test_growing(self):
        import app
        service = app.Service()
        res = service.get_info()
        self.assertTrue(res['items'][0]['new_active_users'] > 1)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    unittest.main()

import requests

class Service(object):

    def __init__(self):
        self.session = requests.Session()

    def get_info(self):
        uri = 'http://api.stackexchange.com/2.2/info?site=stackoverflow'
        response = self.session.get(uri)
        if response.status_code == 200:
            return response.json()
        else:
            response.raise_for_status()

    def close(self):
        self.session.close()

if __name__ == '__main__':
    service = Service()
    print(service.get_info())
    service.close()

import unittest
import app

class TestService(unittest.TestCase):

    def setUp(self):
        self.service = app.Service()
        super().setUp()

    def tearDown(self):
        self.service.close()

    def test_growing(self):
        res = self.service.get_info()
        self.assertTrue(res['items'][0]['new_active_users'] > 1)

if __name__ == '__main__':
    unittest.main()

import requests

class Service(object):

    def __init__(self):
        self.session = requests.Session()

    def __enter__(self):
        return self

    def get_info(self):
        uri = 'http://api.stackexchange.com/2.2/info?site=stackoverflow'
        response = self.session.get(uri)
        if response.status_code == 200:
            return response.json()
        else:
            response.raise_for_status()

    def close(self):
        self.session.close()

    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, traceback):
        self.close()

if __name__ == '__main__':
    with Service() as service:
        print(service.get_info())

import unittest

import app

class TestService(unittest.TestCase):

    def test_growing(self):
        with app.Service() as service:
            res = service.get_info()
        self.assertTrue(res['items'][0]['new_active_users'] > 1)

if __name__ == '__main__':
    unittest.main()

2） 使用上下文管理器 A也是明确定义某事物范围的非常有用的方法。在上一个示例中，您必须确保在每个调用站点都正确调用了

.close（）

，否则资源将泄漏。对于上下文管理器，即使在上下文管理器的范围内存在异常，也会自动处理该异常

在解决方案1的基础上构建），您可以定义额外的神奇方法（

\uuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuu

和

\uuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuu

注意：这里的好处是，这段代码还支持在解决方案1）中使用显式的
.close（）
，如果上下文管理器由于某种原因不方便，这将非常有用

app.py

import requests

class Service(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self.session = requests.Session()

    def get_info(self):
        uri = 'http://api.stackexchange.com/2.2/info?site=stackoverflow'
        response = self.session.get(uri)
        if response.status_code == 200:
            return response.json()
        else:
            response.raise_for_status()

    def __del__(self):
        self.session.close()

if __name__ == '__main__':
    service = Service()
    print(service.get_info())

import unittest

class TestService(unittest.TestCase):
    def test_growing(self):
        import app
        service = app.Service()
        res = service.get_info()
        self.assertTrue(res['items'][0]['new_active_users'] > 1)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    unittest.main()

import requests

class Service(object):

    def __init__(self):
        self.session = requests.Session()

    def get_info(self):
        uri = 'http://api.stackexchange.com/2.2/info?site=stackoverflow'
        response = self.session.get(uri)
        if response.status_code == 200:
            return response.json()
        else:
            response.raise_for_status()

    def close(self):
        self.session.close()

if __name__ == '__main__':
    service = Service()
    print(service.get_info())
    service.close()

import unittest
import app

class TestService(unittest.TestCase):

    def setUp(self):
        self.service = app.Service()
        super().setUp()

    def tearDown(self):
        self.service.close()

    def test_growing(self):
        res = self.service.get_info()
        self.assertTrue(res['items'][0]['new_active_users'] > 1)

if __name__ == '__main__':
    unittest.main()

import requests

class Service(object):

    def __init__(self):
        self.session = requests.Session()

    def __enter__(self):
        return self

    def get_info(self):
        uri = 'http://api.stackexchange.com/2.2/info?site=stackoverflow'
        response = self.session.get(uri)
        if response.status_code == 200:
            return response.json()
        else:
            response.raise_for_status()

    def close(self):
        self.session.close()

    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, traceback):
        self.close()

if __name__ == '__main__':
    with Service() as service:
        print(service.get_info())

import unittest

import app

class TestService(unittest.TestCase):

    def test_growing(self):
        with app.Service() as service:
            res = service.get_info()
        self.assertTrue(res['items'][0]['new_active_users'] > 1)

if __name__ == '__main__':
    unittest.main()

test.py

import requests

class Service(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self.session = requests.Session()

    def get_info(self):
        uri = 'http://api.stackexchange.com/2.2/info?site=stackoverflow'
        response = self.session.get(uri)
        if response.status_code == 200:
            return response.json()
        else:
            response.raise_for_status()

    def __del__(self):
        self.session.close()

if __name__ == '__main__':
    service = Service()
    print(service.get_info())

import unittest

class TestService(unittest.TestCase):
    def test_growing(self):
        import app
        service = app.Service()
        res = service.get_info()
        self.assertTrue(res['items'][0]['new_active_users'] > 1)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    unittest.main()

import requests

class Service(object):

    def __init__(self):
        self.session = requests.Session()

    def get_info(self):
        uri = 'http://api.stackexchange.com/2.2/info?site=stackoverflow'
        response = self.session.get(uri)
        if response.status_code == 200:
            return response.json()
        else:
            response.raise_for_status()

    def close(self):
        self.session.close()

if __name__ == '__main__':
    service = Service()
    print(service.get_info())
    service.close()

import unittest
import app

class TestService(unittest.TestCase):

    def setUp(self):
        self.service = app.Service()
        super().setUp()

    def tearDown(self):
        self.service.close()

    def test_growing(self):
        res = self.service.get_info()
        self.assertTrue(res['items'][0]['new_active_users'] > 1)

if __name__ == '__main__':
    unittest.main()

import requests

class Service(object):

    def __init__(self):
        self.session = requests.Session()

    def __enter__(self):
        return self

    def get_info(self):
        uri = 'http://api.stackexchange.com/2.2/info?site=stackoverflow'
        response = self.session.get(uri)
        if response.status_code == 200:
            return response.json()
        else:
            response.raise_for_status()

    def close(self):
        self.session.close()

    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, traceback):
        self.close()

if __name__ == '__main__':
    with Service() as service:
        print(service.get_info())

import unittest

import app

class TestService(unittest.TestCase):

    def test_growing(self):
        with app.Service() as service:
            res = service.get_info()
        self.assertTrue(res['items'][0]['new_active_users'] > 1)

if __name__ == '__main__':
    unittest.main()

根据您的需要，您可以使用
设置
/
拆卸
和上下文管理器，或者两者的组合，并消除该警告，再加上在代码中进行更明确的资源管理
 如果您不太关心警告，这是最好的解决方案

只需导入警告并将此行添加到驱动程序启动的位置-

导入警告
警告。过滤器警告（action=“ignore”，message=“unclosed”，category=ResourceWarning）
为类创建一个
close
方法，该方法将委托给基础资源的
close
？更好的是，让您的类实现协议，然后将其与
with
语句一起使用（
\uuuuuuuuuu
可以调用您的
close
方法，而
\uuuuuuuuuuuuuu
可以是一个简单的
返回self
，因此它没有太多额外的工作）.不要使用del，因为不能保证在关机时以正确的顺序调用。这就是上下文管理器被发明的原因@ShadowRanger是正确的-添加enter和exit方法并使用with syntaxI在收到弃用警告（我使用的是assertEquals而不是assertEqual）后得到此错误。在我的例子中，添加
警告。过滤器警告（…
行在
之后，如果_u name\uu=='\uu main\uu':
解决了问题。我必须放置“警告”每个类的第一个违规函数顶部的行。对我来说，它在类中起作用，而如果“警告”行在文件顶部则不起作用。对我来说，只有将它放在发生问题的read语句之前的unittest函数中，它才起作用。