Ruby on rails Ruby转储函数

我正在进行学习Ruby的艰苦方式练习39，它要求我使用Dump函数列出散列中的所有内容。我已经搜索并使用了在中找到的想法，但我认为我编写的语法不正确，因为我收到了一个未定义的无方法错误，尽管（我认为）我已经定义了它： ex39f.rb:41:in

”：Dict:Module（NoMethodError）的未定义方法

有没有人能够深入了解组织函数的语法/方法，以便我可以将所有内容转储到散列中

包含哈希和其他方法的模块如下所示。您将在底部找到我的转储函数：

module Dict
    #Creates a new function that makes a Dictionary. This is done through creating the 
    # aDict variable that has an array in which num_buckets array is placed inside.
    # These buckets will be used to hold the contents of the Dict and later aDict.length
    # is used to find out how many buckets there are.  
    def Dict.new(num_buckets=256)
        # Initializes a Dict with the given number of buckets.
        aDict = []
        (0...num_buckets).each do |i|
            aDict.push([])
        end

        return aDict
    end

    # Converts a string to a number using the bult-in Ruby 'hash' function
    # Once I have a number for the key, I use the % operator and aDict.length to get a 
    # bucket where the remainder can go. 
    def Dict.hash_key(aDict, key)
        # Given a key this will create a number and then convert it to an index for the
        # aDict's buckets
        return key.hash % aDict.length
    end

    # Uses hash_key to find a bucket that the key could be in. Using bucket_id I can get 
    # the bucket where the key could be. By using the modulus operator I know it will fit
    # into the aDict array of 256.
    def Dict.get_bucket(aDict, key)
        # Given a key, find the bucket where it would go.
        bucket_id = Dict.hash_key(aDict, key)
        return aDict[bucket_id]
    end

    # Uses get_slot to get the (i, k, v) and returns the v (value) only. 
    def Dict.get_slot(aDict, key, default=nil)
        # Returns the index, key and value of a slot found in a bucket.
        bucket = Dict.get_bucket(aDict, key)

        bucket.each_with_index do |kv, i|
         k, v = kv
         if key == k
            return i, k, v
         end
        end

        return -1, key, default
    end

    def Dict.get(aDict, key, default=nil)
        # Gets the value in a bucket for the given key or the default.
        i, k, v = Dict.get_slot(aDict, key, default=default)
        return v
    end

    def assert(aDict, key)
        unless aDict == key
            puts "The key cannot be found in the dictionary"
        end
    end

    # Sets a key/value pair by getting the bucket and appending the new (key, value) to it.
    # First you have to get the bucket, see if the key already exists, if it does then
    # replace it, if it doesn't get replaced then append it. 
    def Dict.set(aDict, key, value)
        # Sets the key to the value, replacing any existing value.
        bucket = Dict.get_bucket(aDict, key)
        i, k, v = Dict.get_slot(aDict, key)

        if i >= 0
            bucket[i] = [key, value]
        else
            bucket.push([key, value])
        end
    end

    # Deletes a key by getting the bucket, searching for key in it and deleting it form the
    # array. 
    def Dict.delete(aDict, key)
        # Deletes the given key from the Dict.
        bucket = Dict.get_bucket(aDict, key)

        (0...bucket.length).each do |i|
            k, v = bucket[i]
            if key == k
                bucket.delete_at(i)
                break
            end
        end
    end

    # goes through each slot in each bucket and prints out what's in the Dict. 
    #def Dict.list(aDict)
        # Prints out what's in the Dict.
    #   aDict.each do |bucket|
    #       if bucket
    #           bucket.each {|k, v| puts k, v}
    #       end
    #   end
    #end

    def Dict.dump(aDict)
        #Prints out each bucket so you can debug it.
        Marshal.dump(aDict)
    end
end

我试图在其中调用转储函数的脚本如下所示：

require './dict.rb'

include Dict

# create a mapping of state to abbreviation

    states = Dict.new()
    Dict.set(states, 'Oregon', 'OR')
    Dict.set(states, 'Florida', 'FL')
    Dict.set(states, 'California', 'CA')
    Dict.set(states, 'New York', 'NY')
    Dict.set(states, 'Michigan', 'MI')

    # create a basic set of states and some cities in them
    cities = Dict.new()
    Dict.set(cities, 'CA', 'San Francisco')
    Dict.set(cities, 'MI', 'Detroit')
    Dict.set(cities, 'FL', 'Jacksonville')

    # add some more cities
    Dict.set(cities, 'NY', 'New York')
    Dict.set(cities, 'OR', 'Portland')

    # puts out some cities
    puts '-' * 10
    puts "NY State has: #{Dict.get(cities, 'NY')}"
    puts "OR State has: #{Dict.get(cities, 'OR')}"

    # puts some states
    puts '-' * 10
    puts "Michigan's abbreviation is: #{Dict.get(states, 'Michigan')}"
    puts "Florida's abbreviation is: #{Dict.get(states, 'Florida')}"

    # do it by using the state then cities dict
    puts '-' * 10
    puts "Michigan has: #{Dict.get(cities, Dict.get(states, 'Michigan'))}"
    puts "Florida has: #{Dict.get(cities, Dict.get(states, 'Florida'))}"

    # puts every state abbreviation
    puts '-' * 10
    #Dict.list(states)
    Dict.dump(states)

    # puts every city in state
    puts '-' * 10
    Dict.dump(cities)
    #Dict.list(cities)

    puts '-' * 10
    # by default ruby says "nil" when something isn't in there
    state = Dict.get(states, 'Texas')

    if !state
        puts "Sorry, no Texas."
    end

    # default values using ||= with the nil result
    city = Dict.get(cities, 'TX', 'Does Not Exist')
    puts "The city for the state 'TX' is: #{city}"  

我做了更多的研究，回到了我第一次尝试解决这个问题的时候，从我在网上找到的另一个资源得到了一些确认

在模块Dict上，我添加了以下内容：

Dict.dump(aDict) 
  aDict.each do |bucket|
     puts bucket
  end
end

在我使用的脚本中，我使用了以下调用：

Dict.dump(cities) 
Dict.dump(states)

对于那些想知道的人来说，城市/州是我在脚本开始时创建的哈希值。bucket表示散列的键和值存储的位置。因此，我将散列（即城市和州变量）传递到函数Dict.dump（散列）以转储，即打印出存储其键和值的所有存储桶