用CakePHP定义ACL接口（gui）的模型关系

我已在cakePHP应用程序上成功设置了Auth和ACL

现在，我想构建一个用于管理ACL、ARO和ACO的接口

在ARO和ACO中，使用树行为很容易构建。 ACL怎么会把我搞得一团糟。。。特别是在定义模型关系时

我将我的aco和aro模型分别命名为Myaco和Myaro，因为aco和aro已经被ACL组件接受，我的ACL模型是Myacl

Myaco是一个“独立”对象，它与任何其他模型都不相关。 Myaro“belongsTo”‘客户’模型（即我的“用户”模型），定义如下：

//Myaro model
var $belongsTo = array('Customer'=> array(
                                        'foreignKey'    => 'foreign_key'
                                        ));

现在我理解的Myacl模型是$hasandbelongtomany->Myaco和Myaro，因为它是一个连接其他两个模型的表； 因此，我将其设置为：

class Myacl extends AppModel {
    var $useTable = 'aros_acos';
    var $hasAndBelongsToMany = array(
        'Myaro' => array(
                        'foreignKey' => 'aro_id',
                        'associationForeignKey' => 'id',
                        'joinTable' => 'aros_acos'
                    ),
        'Myaco' => array(
                        'foreignKey' => 'aco_id',
                        'associationForeignKey' => 'id',
                        'joinTable' => 'aros_acos'
                        ),
    );
}

现在，为了构建ACL的主“接口”，我想“查找（'all'）”ACL记录，并将链接（递归）到“客户”级别，这样我就可以从

aro

表中显示组和实际客户；因此，我将Myacl模型的

recursive

参数设置为“2”

尽管从调试窗格的SQL查询判断，这种关系根本不正确。。 我是不是完全错了

以下是来自find（'all'）调用的基本SQL查询：

从以下代码（在Myacl控制器中）：

查询如下：

1   DESCRIBE `aros`     7   7   13
2   DESCRIBE `acos`     7   7   1
3   DESCRIBE `aros_acos`        3   3   1
4   DESCRIBE `customers`        9   9   2
5   SELECT `Myacl`.`id`, `Myacl`.`aro_id`, `Myacl`.`aco_id` FROM `aros_acos` AS `Myacl` WHERE 1 = 1 ORDER BY `Myacl`.`id` ASC       9   9   0
6   SELECT `Myaro`.`id`, `Myaro`.`parent_id`, `Myaro`.`model`, `Myaro`.`foreign_key`, `Myaro`.`alias`, `Myaro`.`lft`, `Myaro`.`rght`, `ArosAco`.`id`, `ArosAco`.`aro_id`, `ArosAco`.`aco_id` FROM `aros` AS `Myaro` JOIN `aros_acos` AS `ArosAco` ON (`ArosAco`.`aro_id` IN (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9) AND `ArosAco`.`id` = `Myaro`.`id`) WHERE 1 = 1      9   9   0
7   SELECT `Customer`.`id`, `Customer`.`username`, `Customer`.`email`, `Customer`.`password`, `Customer`.`company_name`, `Customer`.`contact_person`, `Customer`.`contact_email`, `Customer`.`contact_phone`, `Customer`.`disabled` FROM `customers` AS `Customer` WHERE `Customer`.`id` = 1        1   1   0
8   SELECT `Customer`.`id`, `Customer`.`username`, `Customer`.`email`, `Customer`.`password`, `Customer`.`company_name`, `Customer`.`contact_person`, `Customer`.`contact_email`, `Customer`.`contact_phone`, `Customer`.`disabled` FROM `customers` AS `Customer` WHERE `Customer`.`id` = 2        1   1   0
9   SELECT `Customer`.`id`, `Customer`.`username`, `Customer`.`email`, `Customer`.`password`, `Customer`.`company_name`, `Customer`.`contact_person`, `Customer`.`contact_email`, `Customer`.`contact_phone`, `Customer`.`disabled` FROM `customers` AS `Customer` WHERE `Customer`.`id` = 4        1   1   0
10  SELECT `Customer`.`id`, `Customer`.`username`, `Customer`.`email`, `Customer`.`password`, `Customer`.`company_name`, `Customer`.`contact_person`, `Customer`.`contact_email`, `Customer`.`contact_phone`, `Customer`.`disabled` FROM `customers` AS `Customer` WHERE `Customer`.`id` = 1        1   1   0
11  SELECT `Customer`.`id`, `Customer`.`username`, `Customer`.`email`, `Customer`.`password`, `Customer`.`company_name`, `Customer`.`contact_person`, `Customer`.`contact_email`, `Customer`.`contact_phone`, `Customer`.`disabled` FROM `customers` AS `Customer` WHERE `Customer`.`id` = 2        1   1   0
12  SELECT `Customer`.`id`, `Customer`.`username`, `Customer`.`email`, `Customer`.`password`, `Customer`.`company_name`, `Customer`.`contact_person`, `Customer`.`contact_email`, `Customer`.`contact_phone`, `Customer`.`disabled` FROM `customers` AS `Customer` WHERE `Customer`.`id` = 4        1   1   0
13  SELECT `Customer`.`id`, `Customer`.`username`, `Customer`.`email`, `Customer`.`password`, `Customer`.`company_name`, `Customer`.`contact_person`, `Customer`.`contact_email`, `Customer`.`contact_phone`, `Customer`.`disabled` FROM `customers` AS `Customer` WHERE `Customer`.`id` = 1        1   1   0
14  SELECT `Customer`.`id`, `Customer`.`username`, `Customer`.`email`, `Customer`.`password`, `Customer`.`company_name`, `Customer`.`contact_person`, `Customer`.`contact_email`, `Customer`.`contact_phone`, `Customer`.`disabled` FROM `customers` AS `Customer` WHERE `Customer`.`id` = 2        1   1   0
15  SELECT `Customer`.`id`, `Customer`.`username`, `Customer`.`email`, `Customer`.`password`, `Customer`.`company_name`, `Customer`.`contact_person`, `Customer`.`contact_email`, `Customer`.`contact_phone`, `Customer`.`disabled` FROM `customers` AS `Customer` WHERE `Customer`.`id` = 4        1   1   0
16  SELECT `Customer`.`id`, `Customer`.`username`, `Customer`.`email`, `Customer`.`password`, `Customer`.`company_name`, `Customer`.`contact_person`, `Customer`.`contact_email`, `Customer`.`contact_phone`, `Customer`.`disabled` FROM `customers` AS `Customer` WHERE `Customer`.`id` = 1        1   1   0
17  SELECT `Customer`.`id`, `Customer`.`username`, `Customer`.`email`, `Customer`.`password`, `Customer`.`company_name`, `Customer`.`contact_person`, `Customer`.`contact_email`, `Customer`.`contact_phone`, `Customer`.`disabled` FROM `customers` AS `Customer` WHERE `Customer`.`id` = 2        1   1   0
18  SELECT `Customer`.`id`, `Customer`.`username`, `Customer`.`email`, `Customer`.`password`, `Customer`.`company_name`, `Customer`.`contact_person`, `Customer`.`contact_email`, `Customer`.`contact_phone`, `Customer`.`disabled` FROM `customers` AS `Customer` WHERE `Customer`.`id` = 4        1   1   0
19  SELECT `Customer`.`id`, `Customer`.`username`, `Customer`.`email`, `Customer`.`password`, `Customer`.`company_name`, `Customer`.`contact_person`, `Customer`.`contact_email`, `Customer`.`contact_phone`, `Customer`.`disabled` FROM `customers` AS `Customer` WHERE `Customer`.`id` = 1        1   1   0
20  SELECT `Customer`.`id`, `Customer`.`username`, `Customer`.`email`, `Customer`.`password`, `Customer`.`company_name`, `Customer`.`contact_person`, `Customer`.`contact_email`, `Customer`.`contact_phone`, `Customer`.`disabled` FROM `customers` AS `Customer` WHERE `Customer`.`id` = 2        1   1   0
21  SELECT `Customer`.`id`, `Customer`.`username`, `Customer`.`email`, `Customer`.`password`, `Customer`.`company_name`, `Customer`.`contact_person`, `Customer`.`contact_email`, `Customer`.`contact_phone`, `Customer`.`disabled` FROM `customers` AS `Customer` WHERE `Customer`.`id` = 4        1   1   0
22  SELECT `Customer`.`id`, `Customer`.`username`, `Customer`.`email`, `Customer`.`password`, `Customer`.`company_name`, `Customer`.`contact_person`, `Customer`.`contact_email`, `Customer`.`contact_phone`, `Customer`.`disabled` FROM `customers` AS `Customer` WHERE `Customer`.`id` = 1        1   1   0
23  SELECT `Customer`.`id`, `Customer`.`username`, `Customer`.`email`, `Customer`.`password`, `Customer`.`company_name`, `Customer`.`contact_person`, `Customer`.`contact_email`, `Customer`.`contact_phone`, `Customer`.`disabled` FROM `customers` AS `Customer` WHERE `Customer`.`id` = 2        1   1   0
24  SELECT `Customer`.`id`, `Customer`.`username`, `Customer`.`email`, `Customer`.`password`, `Customer`.`company_name`, `Customer`.`contact_person`, `Customer`.`contact_email`, `Customer`.`contact_phone`, `Customer`.`disabled` FROM `customers` AS `Customer` WHERE `Customer`.`id` = 4        1   1   0
25  SELECT `Customer`.`id`, `Customer`.`username`, `Customer`.`email`, `Customer`.`password`, `Customer`.`company_name`, `Customer`.`contact_person`, `Customer`.`contact_email`, `Customer`.`contact_phone`, `Customer`.`disabled` FROM `customers` AS `Customer` WHERE `Customer`.`id` = 1        1   1   0
26  SELECT `Customer`.`id`, `Customer`.`username`, `Customer`.`email`, `Customer`.`password`, `Customer`.`company_name`, `Customer`.`contact_person`, `Customer`.`contact_email`, `Customer`.`contact_phone`, `Customer`.`disabled` FROM `customers` AS `Customer` WHERE `Customer`.`id` = 2        1   1   0
27  SELECT `Customer`.`id`, `Customer`.`username`, `Customer`.`email`, `Customer`.`password`, `Customer`.`company_name`, `Customer`.`contact_person`, `Customer`.`contact_email`, `Customer`.`contact_phone`, `Customer`.`disabled` FROM `customers` AS `Customer` WHERE `Customer`.`id` = 4        1   1   0
28  SELECT `Customer`.`id`, `Customer`.`username`, `Customer`.`email`, `Customer`.`password`, `Customer`.`company_name`, `Customer`.`contact_person`, `Customer`.`contact_email`, `Customer`.`contact_phone`, `Customer`.`disabled` FROM `customers` AS `Customer` WHERE `Customer`.`id` = 1        1   1   0
29  SELECT `Customer`.`id`, `Customer`.`username`, `Customer`.`email`, `Customer`.`password`, `Customer`.`company_name`, `Customer`.`contact_person`, `Customer`.`contact_email`, `Customer`.`contact_phone`, `Customer`.`disabled` FROM `customers` AS `Customer` WHERE `Customer`.`id` = 2        1   1   0
30  SELECT `Customer`.`id`, `Customer`.`username`, `Customer`.`email`, `Customer`.`password`, `Customer`.`company_name`, `Customer`.`contact_person`, `Customer`.`contact_email`, `Customer`.`contact_phone`, `Customer`.`disabled` FROM `customers` AS `Customer` WHERE `Customer`.`id` = 4        1   1   0
31  SELECT `Customer`.`id`, `Customer`.`username`, `Customer`.`email`, `Customer`.`password`, `Customer`.`company_name`, `Customer`.`contact_person`, `Customer`.`contact_email`, `Customer`.`contact_phone`, `Customer`.`disabled` FROM `customers` AS `Customer` WHERE `Customer`.`id` = 1        1   1   0
32  SELECT `Customer`.`id`, `Customer`.`username`, `Customer`.`email`, `Customer`.`password`, `Customer`.`company_name`, `Customer`.`contact_person`, `Customer`.`contact_email`, `Customer`.`contact_phone`, `Customer`.`disabled` FROM `customers` AS `Customer` WHERE `Customer`.`id` = 2        1   1   0
33  SELECT `Customer`.`id`, `Customer`.`username`, `Customer`.`email`, `Customer`.`password`, `Customer`.`company_name`, `Customer`.`contact_person`, `Customer`.`contact_email`, `Customer`.`contact_phone`, `Customer`.`disabled` FROM `customers` AS `Customer` WHERE `Customer`.`id` = 4        1   1   0
34  SELECT `Myaco`.`id`, `Myaco`.`parent_id`, `Myaco`.`model`, `Myaco`.`foreign_key`, `Myaco`.`alias`, `Myaco`.`lft`, `Myaco`.`rght`, `ArosAco`.`id`, `ArosAco`.`aro_id`, `ArosAco`.`aco_id` FROM `acos` AS `Myaco` JOIN `aros_acos` AS `ArosAco` ON (`ArosAco`.`aco_id` IN (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9) AND `ArosAco`.`id` = `Myaco`.`id`) WHERE 1 = 1

您可以从“客户”查询的数量和联接中看出，模型关系中存在严重的“不合格”

任何建议或线索都将不胜感激。 谢谢

---

肯。

我只是从ACL开始，但我认为你在ACL关系中弄错了。aro Hasandbelongasmany aco，使acl成为它们之间的存根。所以，如果你正在制作一个acl模型，它应该有一个belongsTo aro和belongsTo aco。Aro和aco应具有多个acl。

---

希望有帮助；费科：谢谢你的回复，虽然有点晚了，但我已经明白了。不过，我还是按照你的建议做了——同样的关系。非常感谢。

1   DESCRIBE `aros`     7   7   13
2   DESCRIBE `acos`     7   7   1
3   DESCRIBE `aros_acos`        3   3   1
4   DESCRIBE `customers`        9   9   2
5   SELECT `Myacl`.`id`, `Myacl`.`aro_id`, `Myacl`.`aco_id` FROM `aros_acos` AS `Myacl` WHERE 1 = 1 ORDER BY `Myacl`.`id` ASC       9   9   0
6   SELECT `Myaro`.`id`, `Myaro`.`parent_id`, `Myaro`.`model`, `Myaro`.`foreign_key`, `Myaro`.`alias`, `Myaro`.`lft`, `Myaro`.`rght`, `ArosAco`.`id`, `ArosAco`.`aro_id`, `ArosAco`.`aco_id` FROM `aros` AS `Myaro` JOIN `aros_acos` AS `ArosAco` ON (`ArosAco`.`aro_id` IN (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9) AND `ArosAco`.`id` = `Myaro`.`id`) WHERE 1 = 1      9   9   0
7   SELECT `Customer`.`id`, `Customer`.`username`, `Customer`.`email`, `Customer`.`password`, `Customer`.`company_name`, `Customer`.`contact_person`, `Customer`.`contact_email`, `Customer`.`contact_phone`, `Customer`.`disabled` FROM `customers` AS `Customer` WHERE `Customer`.`id` = 1        1   1   0
8   SELECT `Customer`.`id`, `Customer`.`username`, `Customer`.`email`, `Customer`.`password`, `Customer`.`company_name`, `Customer`.`contact_person`, `Customer`.`contact_email`, `Customer`.`contact_phone`, `Customer`.`disabled` FROM `customers` AS `Customer` WHERE `Customer`.`id` = 2        1   1   0
9   SELECT `Customer`.`id`, `Customer`.`username`, `Customer`.`email`, `Customer`.`password`, `Customer`.`company_name`, `Customer`.`contact_person`, `Customer`.`contact_email`, `Customer`.`contact_phone`, `Customer`.`disabled` FROM `customers` AS `Customer` WHERE `Customer`.`id` = 4        1   1   0
10  SELECT `Customer`.`id`, `Customer`.`username`, `Customer`.`email`, `Customer`.`password`, `Customer`.`company_name`, `Customer`.`contact_person`, `Customer`.`contact_email`, `Customer`.`contact_phone`, `Customer`.`disabled` FROM `customers` AS `Customer` WHERE `Customer`.`id` = 1        1   1   0
11  SELECT `Customer`.`id`, `Customer`.`username`, `Customer`.`email`, `Customer`.`password`, `Customer`.`company_name`, `Customer`.`contact_person`, `Customer`.`contact_email`, `Customer`.`contact_phone`, `Customer`.`disabled` FROM `customers` AS `Customer` WHERE `Customer`.`id` = 2        1   1   0
12  SELECT `Customer`.`id`, `Customer`.`username`, `Customer`.`email`, `Customer`.`password`, `Customer`.`company_name`, `Customer`.`contact_person`, `Customer`.`contact_email`, `Customer`.`contact_phone`, `Customer`.`disabled` FROM `customers` AS `Customer` WHERE `Customer`.`id` = 4        1   1   0
13  SELECT `Customer`.`id`, `Customer`.`username`, `Customer`.`email`, `Customer`.`password`, `Customer`.`company_name`, `Customer`.`contact_person`, `Customer`.`contact_email`, `Customer`.`contact_phone`, `Customer`.`disabled` FROM `customers` AS `Customer` WHERE `Customer`.`id` = 1        1   1   0
14  SELECT `Customer`.`id`, `Customer`.`username`, `Customer`.`email`, `Customer`.`password`, `Customer`.`company_name`, `Customer`.`contact_person`, `Customer`.`contact_email`, `Customer`.`contact_phone`, `Customer`.`disabled` FROM `customers` AS `Customer` WHERE `Customer`.`id` = 2        1   1   0
15  SELECT `Customer`.`id`, `Customer`.`username`, `Customer`.`email`, `Customer`.`password`, `Customer`.`company_name`, `Customer`.`contact_person`, `Customer`.`contact_email`, `Customer`.`contact_phone`, `Customer`.`disabled` FROM `customers` AS `Customer` WHERE `Customer`.`id` = 4        1   1   0
16  SELECT `Customer`.`id`, `Customer`.`username`, `Customer`.`email`, `Customer`.`password`, `Customer`.`company_name`, `Customer`.`contact_person`, `Customer`.`contact_email`, `Customer`.`contact_phone`, `Customer`.`disabled` FROM `customers` AS `Customer` WHERE `Customer`.`id` = 1        1   1   0
17  SELECT `Customer`.`id`, `Customer`.`username`, `Customer`.`email`, `Customer`.`password`, `Customer`.`company_name`, `Customer`.`contact_person`, `Customer`.`contact_email`, `Customer`.`contact_phone`, `Customer`.`disabled` FROM `customers` AS `Customer` WHERE `Customer`.`id` = 2        1   1   0
18  SELECT `Customer`.`id`, `Customer`.`username`, `Customer`.`email`, `Customer`.`password`, `Customer`.`company_name`, `Customer`.`contact_person`, `Customer`.`contact_email`, `Customer`.`contact_phone`, `Customer`.`disabled` FROM `customers` AS `Customer` WHERE `Customer`.`id` = 4        1   1   0
19  SELECT `Customer`.`id`, `Customer`.`username`, `Customer`.`email`, `Customer`.`password`, `Customer`.`company_name`, `Customer`.`contact_person`, `Customer`.`contact_email`, `Customer`.`contact_phone`, `Customer`.`disabled` FROM `customers` AS `Customer` WHERE `Customer`.`id` = 1        1   1   0
20  SELECT `Customer`.`id`, `Customer`.`username`, `Customer`.`email`, `Customer`.`password`, `Customer`.`company_name`, `Customer`.`contact_person`, `Customer`.`contact_email`, `Customer`.`contact_phone`, `Customer`.`disabled` FROM `customers` AS `Customer` WHERE `Customer`.`id` = 2        1   1   0
21  SELECT `Customer`.`id`, `Customer`.`username`, `Customer`.`email`, `Customer`.`password`, `Customer`.`company_name`, `Customer`.`contact_person`, `Customer`.`contact_email`, `Customer`.`contact_phone`, `Customer`.`disabled` FROM `customers` AS `Customer` WHERE `Customer`.`id` = 4        1   1   0
22  SELECT `Customer`.`id`, `Customer`.`username`, `Customer`.`email`, `Customer`.`password`, `Customer`.`company_name`, `Customer`.`contact_person`, `Customer`.`contact_email`, `Customer`.`contact_phone`, `Customer`.`disabled` FROM `customers` AS `Customer` WHERE `Customer`.`id` = 1        1   1   0
23  SELECT `Customer`.`id`, `Customer`.`username`, `Customer`.`email`, `Customer`.`password`, `Customer`.`company_name`, `Customer`.`contact_person`, `Customer`.`contact_email`, `Customer`.`contact_phone`, `Customer`.`disabled` FROM `customers` AS `Customer` WHERE `Customer`.`id` = 2        1   1   0
24  SELECT `Customer`.`id`, `Customer`.`username`, `Customer`.`email`, `Customer`.`password`, `Customer`.`company_name`, `Customer`.`contact_person`, `Customer`.`contact_email`, `Customer`.`contact_phone`, `Customer`.`disabled` FROM `customers` AS `Customer` WHERE `Customer`.`id` = 4        1   1   0
25  SELECT `Customer`.`id`, `Customer`.`username`, `Customer`.`email`, `Customer`.`password`, `Customer`.`company_name`, `Customer`.`contact_person`, `Customer`.`contact_email`, `Customer`.`contact_phone`, `Customer`.`disabled` FROM `customers` AS `Customer` WHERE `Customer`.`id` = 1        1   1   0
26  SELECT `Customer`.`id`, `Customer`.`username`, `Customer`.`email`, `Customer`.`password`, `Customer`.`company_name`, `Customer`.`contact_person`, `Customer`.`contact_email`, `Customer`.`contact_phone`, `Customer`.`disabled` FROM `customers` AS `Customer` WHERE `Customer`.`id` = 2        1   1   0
27  SELECT `Customer`.`id`, `Customer`.`username`, `Customer`.`email`, `Customer`.`password`, `Customer`.`company_name`, `Customer`.`contact_person`, `Customer`.`contact_email`, `Customer`.`contact_phone`, `Customer`.`disabled` FROM `customers` AS `Customer` WHERE `Customer`.`id` = 4        1   1   0
28  SELECT `Customer`.`id`, `Customer`.`username`, `Customer`.`email`, `Customer`.`password`, `Customer`.`company_name`, `Customer`.`contact_person`, `Customer`.`contact_email`, `Customer`.`contact_phone`, `Customer`.`disabled` FROM `customers` AS `Customer` WHERE `Customer`.`id` = 1        1   1   0
29  SELECT `Customer`.`id`, `Customer`.`username`, `Customer`.`email`, `Customer`.`password`, `Customer`.`company_name`, `Customer`.`contact_person`, `Customer`.`contact_email`, `Customer`.`contact_phone`, `Customer`.`disabled` FROM `customers` AS `Customer` WHERE `Customer`.`id` = 2        1   1   0
30  SELECT `Customer`.`id`, `Customer`.`username`, `Customer`.`email`, `Customer`.`password`, `Customer`.`company_name`, `Customer`.`contact_person`, `Customer`.`contact_email`, `Customer`.`contact_phone`, `Customer`.`disabled` FROM `customers` AS `Customer` WHERE `Customer`.`id` = 4        1   1   0
31  SELECT `Customer`.`id`, `Customer`.`username`, `Customer`.`email`, `Customer`.`password`, `Customer`.`company_name`, `Customer`.`contact_person`, `Customer`.`contact_email`, `Customer`.`contact_phone`, `Customer`.`disabled` FROM `customers` AS `Customer` WHERE `Customer`.`id` = 1        1   1   0
32  SELECT `Customer`.`id`, `Customer`.`username`, `Customer`.`email`, `Customer`.`password`, `Customer`.`company_name`, `Customer`.`contact_person`, `Customer`.`contact_email`, `Customer`.`contact_phone`, `Customer`.`disabled` FROM `customers` AS `Customer` WHERE `Customer`.`id` = 2        1   1   0
33  SELECT `Customer`.`id`, `Customer`.`username`, `Customer`.`email`, `Customer`.`password`, `Customer`.`company_name`, `Customer`.`contact_person`, `Customer`.`contact_email`, `Customer`.`contact_phone`, `Customer`.`disabled` FROM `customers` AS `Customer` WHERE `Customer`.`id` = 4        1   1   0
34  SELECT `Myaco`.`id`, `Myaco`.`parent_id`, `Myaco`.`model`, `Myaco`.`foreign_key`, `Myaco`.`alias`, `Myaco`.`lft`, `Myaco`.`rght`, `ArosAco`.`id`, `ArosAco`.`aro_id`, `ArosAco`.`aco_id` FROM `acos` AS `Myaco` JOIN `aros_acos` AS `ArosAco` ON (`ArosAco`.`aco_id` IN (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9) AND `ArosAco`.`id` = `Myaco`.`id`) WHERE 1 = 1