C# 查找形状良好的括号的所有组合

C# 查找形状良好的括号的所有组合,c#,algorithm,f#,catalan,C#,Algorithm,F#,Catalan,这是在和一位朋友交谈时提出的,我想我应该在这里问一下,因为这是一个有趣的问题,我想看看其他人的解决方案 任务是编写一个函数方括号(int n),用于打印1…n中格式良好的方括号的所有组合。对于括号(3),输出为 () (()) ()() ((())) (()()) (())() ()(()) ()()() : 更新:这个答案是错误的。我的N=4次未命中,例如“(())(())”。(你明白为什么了吗?)我很快就会发布一个正确(而且更有效)的算法 (为你们所有的选民感到羞耻,因为他

这是在和一位朋友交谈时提出的,我想我应该在这里问一下,因为这是一个有趣的问题,我想看看其他人的解决方案

任务是编写一个函数方括号(int n),用于打印1…n中格式良好的方括号的所有组合。对于括号(3),输出为

()
(())  ()()   
((()))  (()())  (())()  ()(())  ()()()
:

更新:这个答案是错误的。我的N=4次未命中,例如“(())(())”。(你明白为什么了吗?)我很快就会发布一个正确(而且更有效)的算法

(为你们所有的选民感到羞耻,因为他们没有赶上我!:)


效率低,但又短又简单。 (请注意,它只打印“n”行;从1..n调用一个循环以获得问题要求的输出。)

例如:

Set.of_list (brackets 4) |> Set.iter (printfn "%s")
(*
(((())))
((()()))
((())())
((()))()
(()(()))
(()()())
(()())()
(())()()
()((()))
()(()())
()(())()
()()(())
()()()()
*)
(brackets2 4) |> Seq.iter (printfn "%s")

(*
(((())))
((()()))
((())())
((()))()
(()(()))
(()()())
(()())()
(())(())
(())()()
()((()))
()(()())
()(())()
()()(())
()()()()
*)
:

与我之前的解决方案不同,我认为这是一个正确的解决方案。而且,它的效率更高

#light

let brackets2 n =
    let result = new System.Collections.Generic.List<_>()
    let a = Array.create (n*2) '_'
    let rec helper l r diff i =
        if l=0 && r=0 then
            result.Add(new string(a))
        else
            if l > 0 then
                a.[i] <- '('
                helper (l-1) r (diff+1) (i+1)
            if diff > 0 then
                a.[i] <- ')'
                helper l (r-1) (diff-1) (i+1)
    helper n n 0 0
    result

可能组合的数量是N对C(N)的数量

这个问题非常突出,包括迭代、递归和迭代/位移位解决方案。那里有些很酷的东西

下面是一个在C#论坛上建议的快速递归解决方案:

C#
公共空括号(整数对){
如果(对>1)支架(对-1);
char[]输出=新字符[2*对];
输出[0]='(';
输出[1]=')';
foo(输出,1,对-1,对,对);
Console.writeLine();
}
公共void foo(char[]输出,int索引,int打开,int关闭,
整数对){
int i;
如果(索引==2*对){
对于(i=0;i<2*对;i++)
控制台写入(输出[i]);
Console.write('\n');
返回;
}
如果(打开!=0){
输出[索引]='(';
foo(输出,索引+1,打开-1,关闭,成对);
}

如果((close!=0)&(pairs-close+1该死-每个人都比我强,但我有一个很好的工作示例:)

关键在于确定规则,这些规则实际上非常简单:

  • 逐字符构建字符串
  • 在字符串中的给定点
    • 如果字符串中的括号到目前为止是平衡的(包括空str),则添加一个开括号并递归
    • 如果使用了所有的开括号,则添加一个闭括号并递归
    • 否则,递归两次,每种类型的括号一次
  • 到达终点时停止:-)

C++中的一个解决方案。我使用的主要思想是,从前一个I的输出(我是括号对的数量),并将它作为输入到下一个I.然后,对于输入中的每个字符串,我们在字符串中的每个位置放置一个括号对。将新的字符串添加到集合中,以消除重复。

#include <iostream>
#include <set>
using namespace std;
void brackets( int n );
void brackets_aux( int x, const set<string>& input_set, set<string>& output_set );

int main() {
    int n;
    cout << "Enter n: ";
    cin >> n;
    brackets(n);
    return 0;
}

void brackets( int n ) {
    set<string>* set1 = new set<string>;
    set<string>* set2;

    for( int i = 1; i <= n; i++ ) {
        set2 = new set<string>;
        brackets_aux( i, *set1, *set2 );
        delete set1;
        set1 = set2;
    }
}

void brackets_aux( int x, const set<string>& input_set, set<string>& output_set ) {
    // Build set of bracket strings to print
    if( x == 1 ) {
        output_set.insert( "()" );
    }
    else {
        // For each input string, generate the output strings when inserting a bracket pair
        for( set<string>::iterator s = input_set.begin(); s != input_set.end(); s++ ) {
            // For each location in the string, insert bracket pair before location if valid
            for( unsigned int i = 0; i < s->size(); i++ ) {
                string s2 = *s;
                s2.insert( i, "()" );
                output_set.insert( s2 );
            }
            output_set.insert( *s + "()" );
        }
    }

    // Print them
    for( set<string>::iterator i = output_set.begin(); i != output_set.end(); i++ ) {
        cout << *i << "  ";
    }
    cout << endl;
}
#包括
#包括
使用名称空间std;
空括号(int n);
空括号(整数x、常量集和输入集、集合和输出集);
int main(){
int n;
cout>n;
括号(n);
返回0;
}
空括号(int n){
set*set1=新集合;
set*set2;
对于(int i=1;i size();i++){
字符串s2=*s;
s2.插入(i)(“()”);
输出设置插入(s2);
}
输出集合。插入(*s+“()”);
}
}
//打印出来
for(set::iterator i=output_set.begin();i!=output_set.end();i++){
cout试了一下..C#也

公共空括号(int n){
对于(inti=1;i这里有另一个F#解决方案,支持优雅而不是效率,尽管记忆化可能会导致一个性能相对较好的变体

let rec parens = function
| 0 -> [""]
| n -> [for k in 0 .. n-1 do
        for p1 in parens k do
        for p2 in parens (n-k-1) ->
          sprintf "(%s)%s" p1 p2]
同样,这只会产生一个字符串列表,其中包含恰好n对paren(而不是最多n对),但是很容易包装它

def @memo brackets ( n )
    => [] if n == 0 else around( n ) ++ pre( n ) ++ post( n ) ++ [ "()" * n) ]

def @memo pre ( n )
    => map ( ( s ) => "()" ++ s, pre ( n - 1 ) ++ around ( n - 1 ) ) if n > 2 else []

def @memo post ( n )
    => map ( ( s ) => s ++ "()", post ( n - 1 ) ++ around ( n - 1 ) ) if n > 2 else []

def @memo around ( n )
    => map ( ( s ) => "(" ++ s ++ ")", brackets( n - 1 ) )
(,这有点像一个基于演员模型的线性python,有特点。我还没来得及实现@memo,但上面没有优化就可以了)

一个简单的F#/OCaml解决方案:

让我们把总数括起来=
让rec aux acc=功能
|0,0->打印字符串(acc^“\n”)
|0,n->aux(acc^“)”(0,n-1)
|n,0->aux(acc^“(”)(n-1,1)
|n,c->
辅助系统(acc^“(”)(n-1,c+1);
辅助系统(acc^“)”(n,c-1)
在里面
辅助符号“”(n,0)

通用Lisp: 这不会打印它们,但会生成一个包含所有可能结构的列表。我的方法与其他方法有点不同。它将解决方案重新构造为
方括号(n-1)
,使它们成为
方括号(n)
。我的解决方案不是尾部递归的,但只需稍加努力即可实现

代码

不是最优雅的解决方案,但这是我在C++(Visual Studio 2008)中实现的。利用STL集来消除重复,我只是天真地在新一代的每个字符串索引中插入新的()对,然后递归。

#include "stdafx.h"
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <set>

using namespace System;
using namespace std;

typedef set<string> StrSet;

void ExpandSet( StrSet &Results, int Curr, int Max )
{
    if (Curr < Max)
    {
        StrSet NewResults;

        for (StrSet::iterator it = Results.begin(); it != Results.end(); ++it)
        {
            for (unsigned int stri=0; stri < (*it).length(); stri++)
            {
                string NewStr( *it );
                NewResults.insert( NewStr.insert( stri, string("()") ) );
            }
        }
        ExpandSet( NewResults, Curr+1, Max );

        Results = NewResults;
    }
}    

int main(array<System::String ^> ^args)
{
    int ParenCount = 0;

    cout << "Enter the parens to balance:" << endl;
    cin  >> ParenCount;

    StrSet Results;
    Results.insert( string("()") );

    ExpandSet(Results, 1, ParenCount);

    cout << Results.size() << ": Total # of results for " << ParenCount << " parens:" << endl;

    for (StrSet::iterator it = Results.begin(); it != Results.end(); ++it)
    {
        cout << *it << endl;
    }


    return 0;
}
#包括“stdafx.h”
#包括
#包括
#包括
使用名称空间系统;
使用名称空间std;
打字机;
void ExpandSet(StrSet和Results、int Curr、int Max)
{
如果(当前<最大值)
{
StrSet新结果;
for(StrSet::iterator it=Results.begin();it!=Results.end();++it)
{
for(无符号整数stri=0;stri<(*it).length();stri++)
{
字符串NewStr(*it);
NewResults.insert(NewStr.insert(stri,string(())));
}
}
ExpandSet(新结果,当前值+1,最大值);
结果=新结果;
}
}    
int main(数组^args)
{
int-ParenCount=0;
cout-ParenCount;
StrSet结果;
结果。插入(字符串(“()”);
ExpandSet(结果1,ParenCount);

用C++编写的简单解决方案:

#include <iostream>
#include <string>

void brackets(string output, int open, int close, int pairs)
{
    if(open == pairs && close == pairs)
            cout << output << endl;
    else
    {
            if(open<pairs)
                    brackets(output+"(",open+1,close,pairs);
            if(close<open)
                    brackets(output+")",open,close+1,pairs);
    }
}

int main()
{
    for(int i=1;i<=3;i++)
    {
            cout << "Combination for i = " << i << endl;
            brackets("",0,0,i);
    }
}
Combination for i = 1
()
Combination for i = 2
(())
()()
Combination for i = 3
((()))
(()())
(())()
()(())
()()()
哈斯克尔: 我试着想出一个优雅的单子列表:

import Control.Applicative

brackets :: Int -> [String]
brackets n = f 0 0 where
    f pos depth =
        if pos < 2*n
            then open <|> close
            else stop where
                -- Add an open bracket if we can
                open =
                    if depth < 2*n - pos
                        then ('(' :) <$> f (pos+1) (depth+1)
                        else empty

                -- Add a closing bracket if we can
                close = 
                    if depth > 0
                        then (')' :) <$> f (pos+1) (depth-1)
                        else empty

                -- Stop adding text.  We have 2*n characters now.
                stop = pure ""

main = readLn >>= putStr . unlines . brackets
导入控件。应用程序
方括号::Int->[字符串]
括号n=f 0,其中
f位置深度=
如果位置<2*n
然后打开关闭
否则停在哪里
(defun brackets (n)
  (if (= 1 n)
      '((()))
      (loop for el in (brackets (1- n))
            when (cdr el)
            collect (cons (list (car el)) (cdr el))
            collect (list el)
            collect (cons '() el))))
#include "stdafx.h"
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <set>

using namespace System;
using namespace std;

typedef set<string> StrSet;

void ExpandSet( StrSet &Results, int Curr, int Max )
{
    if (Curr < Max)
    {
        StrSet NewResults;

        for (StrSet::iterator it = Results.begin(); it != Results.end(); ++it)
        {
            for (unsigned int stri=0; stri < (*it).length(); stri++)
            {
                string NewStr( *it );
                NewResults.insert( NewStr.insert( stri, string("()") ) );
            }
        }
        ExpandSet( NewResults, Curr+1, Max );

        Results = NewResults;
    }
}    

int main(array<System::String ^> ^args)
{
    int ParenCount = 0;

    cout << "Enter the parens to balance:" << endl;
    cin  >> ParenCount;

    StrSet Results;
    Results.insert( string("()") );

    ExpandSet(Results, 1, ParenCount);

    cout << Results.size() << ": Total # of results for " << ParenCount << " parens:" << endl;

    for (StrSet::iterator it = Results.begin(); it != Results.end(); ++it)
    {
        cout << *it << endl;
    }


    return 0;
}
#include <iostream>
#include <string>

void brackets(string output, int open, int close, int pairs)
{
    if(open == pairs && close == pairs)
            cout << output << endl;
    else
    {
            if(open<pairs)
                    brackets(output+"(",open+1,close,pairs);
            if(close<open)
                    brackets(output+")",open,close+1,pairs);
    }
}

int main()
{
    for(int i=1;i<=3;i++)
    {
            cout << "Combination for i = " << i << endl;
            brackets("",0,0,i);
    }
}
Combination for i = 1
()
Combination for i = 2
(())
()()
Combination for i = 3
((()))
(()())
(())()
()(())
()()()
import Control.Applicative

brackets :: Int -> [String]
brackets n = f 0 0 where
    f pos depth =
        if pos < 2*n
            then open <|> close
            else stop where
                -- Add an open bracket if we can
                open =
                    if depth < 2*n - pos
                        then ('(' :) <$> f (pos+1) (depth+1)
                        else empty

                -- Add a closing bracket if we can
                close = 
                    if depth > 0
                        then (')' :) <$> f (pos+1) (depth-1)
                        else empty

                -- Stop adding text.  We have 2*n characters now.
                stop = pure ""

main = readLn >>= putStr . unlines . brackets
public static Set<String> brackets(int n) {
    if(n == 1){
        Set<String> s = new HashSet<String>();
        s.add("()");
        return s;
    }else{
        Set<String> s1 = new HashSet<String>();
        Set<String> s2 = brackets(n - 1);
        for(Iterator<String> it = s2.iterator(); it.hasNext();){
            String s = it.next();
            s1.add("()" + s);
            s1.add("(" + s + ")");
            s1.add(s + "()");
        }
        s2.clear();
        s2 = null;
        return s1;
    }
}
3.times{ 
    println bracks(it + 1)
}

def bracks(pairs, output=""){
    def open = output.count('(')
    def close = output.count(')')

    if (close == pairs) {
        print "$output "
    }
    else {
        if (open < pairs) bracks(pairs, "$output(")
        if (close < open) bracks(pairs, "$output)")
    }
    ""
}
def foo(output, open, close, pairs):
    if open == pairs and close == pairs:
        print output
    else:
        if open<pairs:
            foo(output+'(', open+1, close, pairs)
        if close<open:
            foo(output+')', open, close+1, pairs)

foo('', 0, 0, 3)
//C program to print all possible n pairs of balanced parentheses  


#include<stdio.h>

void fn(int p,int n,int o,int c);

void main()
{
    int n;
    printf("\nEnter n:");
    scanf("%d",&n);
    if(n>0)  
        fn(0,n,0,0);
}

void fn(int p,int n,into,int c)
{  
    static char str[100];
    if(c==n)
    {
        printf("%s\n",str);
        return;
    }
    else
    {
        if(o>c)
        {
            str[p]='}';
            fn(p+1,n,o,c+1);
        }
        if(o<n)
        {
            str[p]='{';
            fn(p+1,n;o+1,c);
        }
    }
}
def foo output, open, close, pairs
  if open == pairs and close == pairs
      p output
  else
    foo(output + '(', open+1, close, pairs) if open < pairs
    foo(output + ')', open, close+1, pairs) if close < open
  end
end
foo('', 0, 0, 3)
  validParentheses: function validParentheses(n) {
    if(n === 1) {
      return ['()'];
    }
    var prevParentheses = validParentheses(n-1);
    var list = {};
    prevParentheses.forEach(function(item) {
      list['(' + item + ')'] = null;
      list['()' + item] = null;
      list[item + '()'] = null;
    });
    return Object.keys(list);
  }
public static void printAllValidBracePermutations(int size) {
    printAllValidBracePermutations_internal("", 0, 2 * size);
}

private static void printAllValidBracePermutations_internal(String str, int bal, int len) {
    if (len == 0) System.out.println(str);
    else if (len > 0) {
        if (bal <= len / 2) printAllValidBracePermutations_internal(str + "{", bal + 1, len - 1);
        if (bal > 0) printAllValidBracePermutations_internal(str + "}", bal - 1, len - 1);
    }
}
public static Set<String> permuteParenthesis1(int num)
{   
    Set<String> result=new HashSet<String>();
    if(num==0)//base case
        {
            result.add("");
            return result;
        }
    else
        {
            Set<String> temp=permuteParenthesis1(num-1); // storing result from previous result.
            for(String str : temp)
            {
                for(int i=0;i<str.length();i++)
                {
                    if(str.charAt(i)=='(')
                    {
                        result.add(insertParen(str, i)); // addinng `()` after every left parenthesis.
                    }
                }
                result.add("()"+str); // adding "()" to the beginning.
            }

        }
    return result;


}
public static String insertParen(String str,int leftindex)
{
    String left=str.substring(0, leftindex+1);
    String right=str.substring(leftindex+1);
    return left+"()"+right;
}

public static void main(String[] args) {
    // TODO Auto-generated method stub
    System.out.println(permuteParenthesis1(3));

}
void push_strings(int i, int j ,vector<vector <string>> &T){
    for (int k=0; k< T[j].size(); ++k){
        for (int l=0; l< T[i - 1 - j].size(); ++l){
            string s = "(" + T[j][k] + ")" + T[i-1 - j][l];
            T[i].push_back(s);
        }
    }
}

vector<string> generateParenthesis(int n) {
    vector<vector <string>> T(n+10);
    T[0] = {""};

    for (int i =1; i <=n; ++i){
        for(int j=0; j<i; ++j){
            push_strings(i,j, T);
        }
    }

    return T[n];
}
def form_brackets(n: int) -> set:
    combinations = set()
    if n == 1:
        combinations.add('()')
    else:
        previous_sets = form_brackets(n - 1)
        for previous_set in previous_sets:
            for i, c in enumerate(previous_set):
                temp_string = "{}(){}".format(previous_set[:i+1], previous_set[i+1:])
                combinations.add(temp_string)

    return combinations
void function(int n, string str, int open, int close)
{
    if(open>n/2 || close>open)
        return;
    if(open==close && open+close == n)
    {
        cout<<" "<<str<<endl;
        return;
    }
    function(n, str+"(", open+1, close);
    function(n, str+")", open, close+1);
}
results = []
num = 0

def print_paratheses(left, right):
    global num
    global results

    # When nothing left, print the results.
    if left == 0 and right == 0:
        print results
        return

    # pos is the next postion we should insert parenthesis.
    pos = num - left - right
    if left > 0:
        results[pos] = '('
        print_paratheses(left - 1, right)

    if left < right:
        results[pos] = ')'
        print_paratheses(left, right - 1)

def print_all_permutations(n):
    global num
    global results
    num = n * 2
    results = [None] * num
    print_paratheses(n, n)
    public static void CombiParentheses(int open, int close, StringBuilder str)
    {
        if (open == 0 && close == 0)
        {
            Console.WriteLine(str.ToString());
        }
        if (open > 0) //when you open a new parentheses, then you have to close one parentheses to balance it out.
        {                
            CombiParentheses(open - 1, close + 1, str.Append("{"));
        }
        if (close > 0)
        {                
            CombiParentheses(open , close - 1, str.Append("}"));
        }
    }
//This method is recursive. It simply returns all the possible arrangements by going down
//and building all possible combinations of parenthesis arrangements by starting from "()"
//Using only "()" for n == 1, it puts one "()" before, one "()" after and one "()" around
//each paren string returned from the call stack below. Since, we are adding to a set, the
//set ensure that any combination is not repeated.
private HashSet<string> GetParens(int num)
{
    //If num < 1, return null.
    if (num < 1) return null;

    //If num == 1, there is only valid combination. Return that.
    if (num == 1) return new HashSet<string> {"()"};

    //Calling myself, by subtracting 1 from the input to get valid combinations for 1 less
    //pair.
    var parensNumMinusOne = GetParens(num - 1);

    //Initializing a set which will hold all the valid paren combinations.
    var returnSet = new HashSet<string>();

    //Now generating combinations by using all n - 1 valid paren combinations one by one.
    foreach (var paren in parensNumMinusOne)
    {
        //Putting "()" before the valid paren string...
        returnSet.Add("()" + paren);

        //Putting "()" after the valid paren string...
        returnSet.Add(paren + "()");

        //Putting paren pair around the valid paren string...
        returnSet.Add("(" + paren + ")");
    }
    return returnSet;
}
public List<String> generateParenthesis(int n) {
   List<String> result = new LinkedList<String>();
   Generate("", 0, 0, n, result);
   return result;
}

private void Generate(String s, int l, int r, int n, List<String> result){
   if(l == n && r == n){
       result.add(s);
       return;
   }

   if(l<n){
       Generate(s+"(", l+1, r, n, result);    
   }

   if(r < l)
       Generate(s+")", l , r+1, n, result);
 }}
function* life(universe){
    if( !universe ) yield '';
    for( let everything = 1 ; everything <= universe ; ++everything )
        for( let meaning of life(everything - 1) )
            for( let question of life(universe - everything) )    
                yield question + '(' + meaning + ')';
}
let love = 5;
let answer = [...life(love)].length;
console.log(answer);

function brackets(n){
    for( k = 1 ; k <= n ; k++ ){
        console.log(...life(k));
    }
}

brackets(5);