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JavaScript继承_Javascript_Inheritance - Fatal编程技术网

JavaScript继承

JavaScript继承,javascript,inheritance,Javascript,Inheritance,我正在尝试用javascript实现继承。我提出了以下最低限度的代码来支持它 function Base(){ this.call = function(handler, args){ handler.call(this, args); } } Base.extend = function(child, parent){ parent.apply(child); child.base = new parent; child.base.chil

我正在尝试用javascript实现继承。我提出了以下最低限度的代码来支持它

function Base(){
    this.call = function(handler, args){
      handler.call(this, args);
    }
}

Base.extend = function(child, parent){
    parent.apply(child);
    child.base = new parent;
    child.base.child = child;
}
专家们,请让我知道这是否足够,或者我可能错过的任何其他重要问题。根据面临的类似问题,请提出其他修改建议

以下是完整的测试脚本:

function Base(){
    this.call = function(handler, args){
      handler.call(this, args);
    }
    this.superalert = function(){
        alert('tst');
    }
}

Base.extend = function(child, parent){
    parent.apply(child);
    child.base = new parent;
    child.base.child = child;
}

function Child(){
    Base.extend(this, Base);
    this.width = 20;
    this.height = 15;
    this.a = ['s',''];
    this.alert = function(){
        alert(this.a.length);
        alert(this.height);
    }
}

function Child1(){
    Base.extend(this, Child);
    this.depth = 'depth';
    this.height = 'h';
    this.alert = function(){
        alert(this.height); // display current object height
        alert(this.a.length); // display parents array length
        this.call(this.base.alert); 
          // explicit call to parent alert with current objects value
        this.call(this.base.superalert); 
          // explicit call to grandparent, parent does not have method 
        this.base.alert(); // call parent without overriding values
    }
}

var v = new Child1();
v.alert();
alert(v.height);
alert(v.depth);

我认为Crockfords的解决方案太复杂了,就像John的一样。获取javascript继承要比它们所描述的简单得多。考虑:

//Classes
function A() {
    B.call(this);
}

function B() {
    C.call(this);
    this.bbb = function() {
        console.log("i was inherited from b!");
    }
}

function C() {
    D.call(this);
}

function D() {
    E.call(this);
}

function E() {
    //instance property 
    this.id = Math.random()
}

//set up the inheritance chain (order matters) 
D.prototype = new E();
C.prototype = new D();
B.prototype = new C();
A.prototype = new B();

//Add custom functions to each
A.prototype.foo = function() {
    console.log("a");
};
B.prototype.bar = function() {
    console.log("b");
};
C.prototype.baz = function() {
    console.log("c");
};
D.prototype.wee = function() {
    console.log("d");
};
E.prototype.woo = function() {
    console.log("e");
};

//Some tests
a = new A();
a.foo();
a.bar();
a.baz();
a.wee();
a.woo();
console.log(a.id);
a.bbb();
console.log(a instanceof A);
console.log(a instanceof B);
console.log(a instanceof C);
console.log(a instanceof D);
console.log(a instanceof E);​
var b = new B();
console.log(b.id)

我已经在上写了上述解决方案的完整描述

要在中实现javascript继承,可以定义对象的原型并使用
object.create
进行继承。还可以根据需要添加/覆盖属性

例如:

/**
*变换基类
*/
函数变换(){
this.type=“2d”;
}
Transform.prototype.toString=函数(){
返回“转换”;
}
/**
*翻译课。
*/
函数转换(x,y){
//父构造函数
转换。调用(此);
//公共财产
这个.x=x;
这个。y=y;
}
//继承权

Translation.prototype=Object.create(Transform.prototype); //凌驾 Translation.prototype.toString=函数(){ 返回Transform.prototype.toString()+this.type+“Translation”+this.x+:“+this.y; } /** *轮换班。 */ 函数旋转(角度){ //父构造函数 转换。调用(此); //公共财产 这个角度=角度; } //继承权 Rotation.prototype=Object.create(Transform.prototype); //凌驾 Rotation.prototype.toString=函数(){ 返回Transform.prototype.toString()+this.type+“Rotation”+this.angle; } //测验 翻译=新翻译(10,15); console.log(转换的转换实例);//符合事实的 console.log(翻译的翻译实例);//符合事实的 console.log(旋转的平移实例);//错误的 console.log(translation.toString())//Transform2d translation 10:15
当我玩JS对象时,我发现了一个更简单的解决方案:-)享受吧

范例

function A() {
    this.info1 = function() {
        alert("A");
    }
}

function B(p1,p2) {
    extend(B,A,this);
    this.info2 = function() {
        alert("B"+p1+p2);
    }
}

function C(p) {
    extend(C,B,this,["1","2"]);
    this.info3 = function() {
        alert("C"+p);
    }
}


var c = new C("c");
c.info1(); // A
c.info2(); // B12
c.info3(); // Cc

这里是理解JS中继承的最简单的方法,我希望也是最简单的方法。这个例子对PHP程序员最有帮助

function Mother(){
    this.canSwim = function(){
        console.log('yes');
    }
}

function Son(){};
Son.prototype = new Mother;
Son.prototype.canRun = function(){
    console.log('yes');
}
现在,子对象有一个重写的方法和一个新的

function Grandson(){}
Grandson.prototype = new Son;
Grandson.prototype.canPlayPiano = function(){
    console.log('yes');
};
Grandson.prototype.canSwim = function(){
    console.log('no');
}
var g = new Grandson;
g.canRun(); // => yes
g.canPlayPiano(); // => yes
g.canSwim(); // => no
现在,孙子有两个替代方法和一个新方法

function Grandson(){}
Grandson.prototype = new Son;
Grandson.prototype.canPlayPiano = function(){
    console.log('yes');
};
Grandson.prototype.canSwim = function(){
    console.log('no');
}
var g = new Grandson;
g.canRun(); // => yes
g.canPlayPiano(); // => yes
g.canSwim(); // => no

虽然我同意以上所有答案,但我觉得JavaScript不需要面向对象(避免继承),而应该在大多数情况下就足够了


我喜欢从面向对象编程开始谈论OO的方式。与其破译实现继承的最佳方法,不如花更多精力学习JavaScript的功能方面,因此,我发现函数编程更有趣。

为什么不使用对象而不是函数:

//This is an example of how to override a method, while preserving access to the original.
//The pattern used is actually quite simple using JavaScripts ability to define closures:

    this.somefunction = this.someFunction.override(function(args){
        var result = this.inherited(args);
        result += this.doSomethingElse();
        return result;
    });

//It is accomplished through this piece of code (courtesy of Poul Krogh):

/***************************************************************
    function.override overrides a defined method with a new one, 
    while preserving the old method.
    The old method is only accessible from the new one.
    Use this.inherited() to access the old method.
***************************************************************/

    Function.prototype.override = function(func)
    {
        var remember = this;
        var f = function() 
        {
             var save = this.inherited; 
             this.inherited = remember;
             var result = func.apply(this, Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments));
             this.inherited = save;
             return result;
        };
        return f;
    }
var Base = {
    superalert : function() {
        alert('tst');
    }
};

var Child = Object.create(Base);
Child.width = 20;
Child.height = 15;
Child.a = ['s',''];
Child.childAlert = function () {
        alert(this.a.length);
        alert(this.height);
    }

var Child1 = Object.create(Child);
Child1.depth = 'depth';
Child1.height = 'h';
Child1.alert = function () {
    alert(this.height);
    alert(this.a.length);
    this.childAlert();
    this.superalert();
};
这样称呼它:

var child1 = Object.create(Child1);
child1.alert();
这种方法比使用函数更简洁。 我发现这个博客解释了为什么在JS中使用函数继承不是正确的方法:

编辑

变量子级也可以写成:

var Child = Object.create(Base, {
    width : {value : 20},
    height  : {value : 15, writable: true},
    a : {value : ['s', ''], writable: true},
    childAlert : {value : function () {
        alert(this.a.length);
        alert(this.height);
    }}
});
最简单的使用方法。官方样本:

   /**
     * A-class
     */
   var ClassA = AWeb.class({
     public : {
        /**
          * A-class constructor
          */
        constructor : function() {
           /* Private variable */
           this.variable1 = "A";
           this.calls = 0;
        },

        /**
          * Function returns information about the object
          */
        getInfo : function() {
           this.incCalls();

           return "name=" + this.variable1 + ", calls=" + this.calls;
        }
     },
     private : {
        /**
          * Private function
          */
        incCalls : function() {
           this.calls++;
        }
     }
  });
  /**
    * B-class
    */
  var ClassB = AWeb.class({
     extends : ClassA,
     public : {
        /**
          * B-class constructor
          */
        constructor : function() {
           this.super();

           /* Private variable */
           this.variable1 = "B";
        },

        /**
          * Function returns extended information about the object
          */
        getLongInfo : function() {
           return this.incCalls !== undefined ? "incCalls exists" : "incCalls undefined";
        }
     }
  });
  /**
    * Main project function
    */
  function main() {
     var a = new ClassA(),
         b = new ClassB();

     alert(
        "a.getInfo " + (a.getInfo ? "exists" : "undefined") + "\n" +
        "a.getLongInfo " + (a.getLongInfo ? "exists" : "undefined") + "\n" +

        "b.getInfo " + (b.getInfo ? "exists" : "undefined") + "\n" +
        "b.getLongInfo " + (b.getLongInfo ? "exists" : "undefined") + "\n" +

        "b.getInfo()=" + b.getInfo() + "\n" +
        "b.getLongInfo()=" + b.getLongInfo()
     );
  }

我找到了一个比扩展和原型化更容易的解决方案。事实上,我不知道这有多高效,尽管它看起来干净实用

var A = function (p) {
    if (p == null) p = this;
    p.a1 = 0;
    this.a2 = 0;
    var a3 = 0;
};

var B = function (p) {
    if (p == null) p = this;
    p.b1 = new A(this);
    this.b2 = new A(this);
    var b3 = new A(this);
    this b4 = new A();
};

var a = new A ();
var b = new B ();
结果:

a
    a1        0
    a2        0
b
    a1        0
    b1
        a2    0
    b2
        a2    0
    b4
        a1    0
        a2    0
实例:

var Point = function (p) {
    if (p == null) p = this;
    var x = 0;
    var y = 0;
    p.getPoint = function () { return [x,y]; };
    p.setPoint = function (_x,_y) { x = _x; y = _y; };
};

var Dimension = function (p) {
    if (p == null) p = this;
    var w = 0;
    var h = 0;
    p.getDimension = function() { return [w,h] };
    p.setDimension = function(_w,_h) { w = _w; h = _h };
};

var Rect = function (p) {
    if (p == null) p = this;
    var dimension = new Dimension(this);
    var location  = new Point(this);
};

var rect = new Rect ();
rect.setDimension({w:30,h:40});
rect.setPoint({x:50,y:50});

这个简单的方法怎么样

    function Body(){
        this.Eyes = 2;
        this.Arms = 2;
        this.Legs = 2;
        this.Heart = 1;
        this.Walk = function(){alert(this.FirstName + ' Is Walking')};
    }

    function BasePerson() {
        var BaseBody = new Body(this);
        BaseBody.FirstName = '';
        BaseBody.LastName = '';
        BaseBody.Email = '';
        BaseBody.IntroduceSelf = function () { alert('Hello my name is ' + this.FirstName + ' ' + this.LastName); };
        return BaseBody;
    }

    function Person(FirstName,LastName)
    {
        var PersonBuild = new BasePerson();
        PersonBuild.FirstName = FirstName;
        PersonBuild.LastName = LastName;
        return PersonBuild;
    }

    var Person1 = new Person('Code', 'Master');
    Person1.IntroduceSelf();
    Person1.Walk();

这是我的解决方案,它基于中描述的标准原型继承方法

首先,我从定义这些帮助器方法开始,这些方法使以后的事情更容易理解和可读:

Function.prototype.setSuperclass = function(target) {
    // Set a custom field for keeping track of the object's 'superclass'.
    this._superclass = target;

    // Set the internal [[Prototype]] of instances of this object to a new object
    // which inherits from the superclass's prototype.
    this.prototype = Object.create(this._superclass.prototype);

    // Correct the constructor attribute of this class's prototype
    this.prototype.constructor = this;
};

Function.prototype.getSuperclass = function(target) {
    // Easy way of finding out what a class inherits from
    return this._superclass;
};

Function.prototype.callSuper = function(target, methodName, args) {
    // If methodName is ommitted, call the constructor.
    if (arguments.length < 3) {
        return this.callSuperConstructor(arguments[0], arguments[1]);
    }

    // `args` is an empty array by default.
    if (args === undefined || args === null) args = [];

    var superclass = this.getSuperclass();
    if (superclass === undefined) throw new TypeError("A superclass for " + this + " could not be found.");

    var method = superclass.prototype[methodName];
    if (typeof method != "function") throw new TypeError("TypeError: Object " + superclass.prototype + " has no method '" + methodName + "'");

    return method.apply(target, args);
};

Function.prototype.callSuperConstructor = function(target, args) {
    if (args === undefined || args === null) args = [];

    var superclass = this.getSuperclass();
    if (superclass === undefined) throw new TypeError("A superclass for " + this + " could not be found.");

    return superclass.apply(target, args);
};
诚然,即使使用helper函数,这里的语法也相当笨拙。不过,谢天谢地,在ECMAScript 6中添加了一些语法糖(),使事情变得更漂亮。例如:

/**
 * Transform base class
 */
class Transform {
  constructor() {
    this.type = "2d";
  }

  toString() {
    return "Transform";
  } 
}

/**
 * Translation class.
 */
class Translation extends Transform {
  constructor(x, y) {
    super(); // Parent constructor

    // Public properties
    this.x = x;
    this.y = y;
  }

  toString() {
    return super(...arguments) + this.type + " Translation " + this.x + ":" + this.y;
  }
}

/**
 * Rotation class.
 */
class Rotation extends Transform {
  constructor(angle) {
    // Parent constructor
    super(...arguments);

    // Public properties
    this.angle = angle;
  }

  toString() {
    return super(...arguments) + this.type + " Rotation " + this.angle;
  }
}

// Tests
translation = new Translation(10, 15);

console.log(translation instanceof Transform); // true
console.log(translation instanceof Translation); // true
console.log(translation instanceof Rotation); // false

console.log(translation.toString()) // Transform2d Translation 10:15
请注意,ECMAScript 6目前仍处于起草阶段,据我所知,它没有在任何主要的web浏览器中实现。但是,如果您愿意,可以使用类似的东西编译
ECMAScript 6
到基于普通的
ECMAScript 5
的JavaScript。您可以看到上面使用Traceur编译的示例。

Basic原型继承 在JavaScript中执行继承的一种简单但有效的方法是使用以下两个线性函数:

B.prototype = Object.create(A.prototype);
B.prototype.constructor = B;
这类似于这样做:

B.prototype = new A();
两者之间的主要区别在于
A
的构造函数在使用时不运行,这更直观,更类似于基于类的继承

在创建
B
的新实例时,通过将其添加到
B
的构造函数中,您始终可以选择运行
A
的构造函数:

function B(arg1, arg2) {
    A(arg1, arg2); // This is optional
}
如果要将
B
的所有参数传递给
A
,还可以使用:

如果要将另一个对象混合到
B
的构造函数链中,可以将
对象与以下对象组合。创建

演示
函数A(名称){
this.name=名称;
}
A.prototype=Object.create(Object.prototype);
A.prototype.constructor=A;
函数B(){
A.应用(这个,论点);
this.street=“唐宁街10号”;
}
B.prototype=Object.create(A.prototype);
B.prototype.constructor=B;
函数mixin(){
}
mixin.prototype=Object.create(Object.prototype);
mixin.prototype.constructor=mixin;
mixin.prototype.getProperties=函数(){
返回{
姓名:this.name,
地址:这条街,
年份:今年
};
};
函数C(){
B.应用(此,论点);
本年=“2018”
}
C.prototype=Object.assign(Object.create(B.prototype),mixin.prototype);
C.prototype.constructor=C;
var实例=新的C(“弗兰克”);
console.log(实例);

log(instance.getProperties())Translation.prototype=Object.create(new Transform())?Translation.prototype=Object.create(Transform.prototype)@4esn0k是的,谢谢。为什么不干脆
Translation.prototype=new Transform()
?此外,由于答案目前不起作用,y
function B(arg1, arg2) {
    A(arg1, arg2); // This is optional
}
function B() {
    A.apply(this, arguments); // This is optional
}
B.prototype = Object.assign(Object.create(A.prototype), mixin.prototype);
B.prototype.constructor = B;