Python 求所有可逆方阵

我想写一个函数，其中给定两个整数“n”和“p”，它生成所有n阶可逆矩阵，其中元素来自{0,1，…，p-1}。 我有以下代码：

import itertools 
import numpy as np 

def invertible_matrices(n, p):
    invertibleMatrices = set()
    # generates all the possible matrices
    x = [y for y in range(p)]
    a = [j for j in itertools.product(x, repeat=n)]
    b = {k for k in itertools.product(a, repeat=n)}
    for each in b:
        if np.linalg.det(each) != 0:
            invertibleMatrices.add(each)
    return invertibleMatrices

对于

n=2

和

p=2

来说效果很好，但是对于

n=2

和

p=3

我得到

50

，而答案是

48

。 任何帮助都将不胜感激

---

p、 s：如果你熟悉群论，我想找到（有限域上p元素的一般线性群）的所有元素。

我想你想要的是行列式模p（它是GL（n，p）上下文中的行列式，即有限域上p元素的行列式）

注：+1是为了避免小数值错误的缠绕。

使用inspect_matrix（）进行调试，使用集合理解来确定所有可逆矩阵，使用get_Inversible_matrix（）来获得行列式为1的矩阵：

import itertools
import numpy as np


def inspect_matrix(n, p):
    """Examine a single, square matrix."""
    a = list(itertools.product(list(range(p)), repeat=n))
    matrices = {k
                for k in itertools.product(a, repeat=n)
               }
    matrix = next(iter(matrices))  # Inspect one of the matrices
    determinant = np.linalg.det(matrix)
    print(f"{matrix = }\n{determinant = }")
    print(f"inverse = {(inverse:=np.linalg.inv(matrix))}") if determinant != 0.0 else print("Matrix is not invertible")
    return inverse 


def get_invertible_matrices(n, p):
    """Generates all the possible matrices."""
    a = list(itertools.product(list(range(p)), repeat=n))
    invertible_matrices = {k
                           for k in itertools.product(a, repeat=n)
                           if not np.isclose((np.linalg.det(k) + 1) % p, 1)
                           }
    print(f"{len(invertible_matrices) = }")
    return invertible_matrices


def get_determinant_1_matrices(n, p):
    """Generates all the square matrices with determinant 1."""
    a = list(itertools.product(list(range(p)), repeat=n))
    if p==2:
            det_1_matrices = {k
                              for k in itertools.product(a, repeat=n)
                              if np.isclose((np.linalg.det(k))%p,1)
                              }
    else:
            det_1_matrices = {k
                              for k in itertools.product(a, repeat=n)
                              if np.isclose((np.linalg.det(k)+1)%p,2)
                              }
    print(f"{len(det_1_matrices) = }")
    return det_1_matrices


def main():
    print(get_invertible_matrices(n=2, p=2))
    print(get_invertible_matrices(n=2, p=3))
    print(get_determinant_1_matrices(n=2, p=2))
    print(get_determinant_1_matrices(n=2, p=3))


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

返回：

len(invertible_matrices) = 6
{((1, 1), (0, 1)), ((1, 0), (0, 1)), ((1, 0), (1, 1)), ((0, 1), (1, 0)), ((0, 1), (1, 1)), ((1, 1), (1, 0))}
len(invertible_matrices) = 48
{((1, 0), (0, 1)), ((1, 2), (0, 2)), ((2, 1), (1, 0)), ((0, 2), (2, 0)), ((0, 1), (2, 0)), ((1, 1), (1, 0)), ((2, 1), (1, 1)), ((2, 2), (2, 0)), ((1, 1), (2, 1)), ((1, 2), (1, 0)), ((2, 1), (2, 2)), ((2, 0), (0, 2)), ((1, 2), (1, 1)), ((2, 2), (0, 2)), ((1, 0), (0, 2)), ((1, 1), (1, 2)), ((1, 2), (2, 2)), ((2, 1), (0, 1)), ((1, 1), (0, 1)), ((0, 2), (1, 0)), ((0, 1), (1, 0)), ((2, 0), (2, 1)), ((0, 2), (2, 1)), ((2, 2), (1, 0)), ((0, 1), (2, 1)), ((1, 2), (0, 1)), ((0, 2), (1, 1)), ((2, 0), (1, 1)), ((0, 1), (1, 1)), ((2, 2), (2, 1)), ((2, 0), (2, 2)), ((0, 2), (2, 2)), ((2, 1), (2, 0)), ((0, 1), (2, 2)), ((1, 0), (2, 1)), ((1, 0), (1, 1)), ((1, 1), (2, 0)), ((2, 0), (1, 2)), ((0, 2), (1, 2)), ((0, 1), (1, 2)), ((1, 0), (2, 2)), ((2, 0), (0, 1)), ((1, 2), (2, 0)), ((2, 2), (1, 2)), ((2, 1), (0, 2)), ((1, 0), (1, 2)), ((2, 2), (0, 1)), ((1, 1), (0, 2))}
len(det_1_matrices) = 6
{((0, 1), (1, 1)), ((0, 1), (1, 0)), ((1, 0), (0, 1)), ((1, 0), (1, 1)), ((1, 1), (0, 1)), ((1, 1), (1, 0))}
len(det_1_matrices) = 24
{((2, 2), (0, 2)), ((0, 2), (1, 2)), ((1, 1), (0, 1)), ((1, 2), (2, 2)), ((2, 1), (2, 0)), ((1, 0), (0, 1)), ((2, 0), (2, 2)), ((2, 1), (1, 1)), ((1, 1), (2, 0)), ((1, 0), (2, 1)), ((1, 2), (0, 1)), ((1, 2), (1, 0)), ((2, 0), (0, 2)), ((1, 0), (1, 1)), ((1, 1), (1, 2)), ((0, 2), (1, 0)), ((0, 1), (2, 2)), ((0, 2), (1, 1)), ((0, 1), (2, 1)), ((2, 0), (1, 2)), ((0, 1), (2, 0)), ((2, 2), (2, 1)), ((2, 2), (1, 0)), ((2, 1), (0, 2))}

---

整整一学期我都没有意识到这一点，我觉得自己很愚蠢。非常感谢。如果我理解正确的话——这是因为GL（n，p）中的“可逆”表示“在有限域上具有p个元素的可逆”，而“det！=0”表示“在R^n上可逆”（我已经编辑以解释这一点，如果我弄错了，请还原或重新编辑）@ItamarMushkin我认为更正确的说法是（实际的）det是来自有限域的矩阵元素中的多项式。因此，从技术上讲，det只能取0和p-1之间的值。或者更简洁地说，det模p是有限域中的det（其余的都是隐式的）。为什么我们需要

x=[y代表范围（p）]

？在itertools.product（list（range（p）），repeat=n）中使用

a=[j代表j会不会起作用？

？非常感谢。我对numpy非常陌生，我知道

np。isclose（a，b）

用于比较两个矩阵，但我不明白它在这里是如何工作的？如果我想将条件从“可逆矩阵”更改为“行列式等于1的矩阵”我应该如何改变你对集合的理解？@ladypary我重新编写了代码，这样你就可以更容易地得到行列式==1或可逆矩阵，只需更新你在新的主函数中的调用。我修复了它为“.”生成所有带有行列式1的方阵。“@ladypary干得好！我在顶部添加了一个辅助函数，inspect\u matrix（），可用于一次测试一个矩阵。

len(invertible_matrices) = 6
{((1, 1), (0, 1)), ((1, 0), (0, 1)), ((1, 0), (1, 1)), ((0, 1), (1, 0)), ((0, 1), (1, 1)), ((1, 1), (1, 0))}
len(invertible_matrices) = 48
{((1, 0), (0, 1)), ((1, 2), (0, 2)), ((2, 1), (1, 0)), ((0, 2), (2, 0)), ((0, 1), (2, 0)), ((1, 1), (1, 0)), ((2, 1), (1, 1)), ((2, 2), (2, 0)), ((1, 1), (2, 1)), ((1, 2), (1, 0)), ((2, 1), (2, 2)), ((2, 0), (0, 2)), ((1, 2), (1, 1)), ((2, 2), (0, 2)), ((1, 0), (0, 2)), ((1, 1), (1, 2)), ((1, 2), (2, 2)), ((2, 1), (0, 1)), ((1, 1), (0, 1)), ((0, 2), (1, 0)), ((0, 1), (1, 0)), ((2, 0), (2, 1)), ((0, 2), (2, 1)), ((2, 2), (1, 0)), ((0, 1), (2, 1)), ((1, 2), (0, 1)), ((0, 2), (1, 1)), ((2, 0), (1, 1)), ((0, 1), (1, 1)), ((2, 2), (2, 1)), ((2, 0), (2, 2)), ((0, 2), (2, 2)), ((2, 1), (2, 0)), ((0, 1), (2, 2)), ((1, 0), (2, 1)), ((1, 0), (1, 1)), ((1, 1), (2, 0)), ((2, 0), (1, 2)), ((0, 2), (1, 2)), ((0, 1), (1, 2)), ((1, 0), (2, 2)), ((2, 0), (0, 1)), ((1, 2), (2, 0)), ((2, 2), (1, 2)), ((2, 1), (0, 2)), ((1, 0), (1, 2)), ((2, 2), (0, 1)), ((1, 1), (0, 2))}
len(det_1_matrices) = 6
{((0, 1), (1, 1)), ((0, 1), (1, 0)), ((1, 0), (0, 1)), ((1, 0), (1, 1)), ((1, 1), (0, 1)), ((1, 1), (1, 0))}
len(det_1_matrices) = 24
{((2, 2), (0, 2)), ((0, 2), (1, 2)), ((1, 1), (0, 1)), ((1, 2), (2, 2)), ((2, 1), (2, 0)), ((1, 0), (0, 1)), ((2, 0), (2, 2)), ((2, 1), (1, 1)), ((1, 1), (2, 0)), ((1, 0), (2, 1)), ((1, 2), (0, 1)), ((1, 2), (1, 0)), ((2, 0), (0, 2)), ((1, 0), (1, 1)), ((1, 1), (1, 2)), ((0, 2), (1, 0)), ((0, 1), (2, 2)), ((0, 2), (1, 1)), ((0, 1), (2, 1)), ((2, 0), (1, 2)), ((0, 1), (2, 0)), ((2, 2), (2, 1)), ((2, 2), (1, 0)), ((2, 1), (0, 2))}