Compiler construction 前瞻集的精确定义是什么？

我在玩弄编写编译器，学习语法分析背后的理论。我发现，尽管这是理解识别算法的一个关键概念，但网络上关于它的信息却相当贫乏。StackOverflow似乎处于解决此问题的独特位置。

语法的先行集是根据每个非终端的先行集定义的，而每个非终端又依赖于每个生产的先行集。确定先行集可以帮助我们确定语法是否是，如果是，我们需要什么信息来为它构造递归下降解析器

定义：前瞻（X->α）和前瞻（X）：

其中，FIRST（α）是α可以开始的一组终端，FOLLOW（X）是可以在语法中任何地方位于X之后的一组终端，NULLABLE（α）是α是否可以导出一个空的终端序列（表示为ε）。以下定义摘自托本·莫根森的自由书请参见下面的示例。

定义：可为空（X）：

定义：第一个（X）：

定义：遵循（X）：

当且仅当从语法的起始符号S派生出S时，终止符号A在FOLLOW（X）中⇒ αX aβ，其中α和β是（可能为空）语法符号序列

直觉：遵循（X）：

看看X在语法中的位置。所有可以跟随它的终端（直接或通过任何级别的递归）都在follow（X）中。此外，如果X出现在生产结束时（例如，

a->foox

），或者后面跟着其他可以减少到ε的东西（例如，

a->fooxb

和

B->ε

），那么无论a后面跟什么，X后面都可以跟（即，

FOLLOW（a））⊆ 遵循（X）

）

参见托本书中确定FOLLOW（X）的方法以及下面的演示

一个例子：

E -> n A
A -> E B
A -> ε
B -> + A
B -> * A

首先，可为空和第一和被确定为：

NULLABLE(E) = NULLABLE(n A) = NULLABLE(n) ∧ NULLABLE(A) = false
NULLABLE(A) = NULLABLE(E B) ∨ NULLABLE(ε) = true
NULLABLE(B) = NULLABLE(+ A) ∨ NULLABLE(* A) = false

FIRST(E) = FIRST(n A) = {n}
FIRST(A) = FIRST(E B) U FIRST(ε) = FIRST(E) U Ø = {n} (because E is not NULLABLE)
FIRST(B) = FIRST(+ A) U FIRST(* A) = FIRST(+) U FIRST(*) = {+, *}

FOLLOW(E): Let β = $, so add the constraint that FIRST($) = {$} ⊆ FOLLOW(E)
           Let β = B, so add the constraint that FIRST(B) = {+, *} ⊆ FOLLOW(E)
FOLLOW(A): Let β = ε, so add the constraint that FIRST(ε) = Ø ⊆ FOLLOW(A).
           Because NULLABLE(ε), add the constraint that FOLLOW(E) ⊆ FOLLOW(A).
           Let β = ε, so add the constraint that FIRST(ε) = Ø ⊆ FOLLOW(A).
           Because NULLABLE(ε), add the constraint that FOLLOW(B) ⊆ FOLLOW(A).
           Let β = ε, so add the constraint that FIRST(ε) = Ø ⊆ FOLLOW(A).
           Because NULLABLE(ε), add the constraint that FOLLOW(B) ⊆ FOLLOW(A).
FOLLOW(B): Let β = ε, so add the constraint that FIRST(ε) = Ø ⊆ FOLLOW(B).
           Because NULLABLE(ε), add the constraint that FOLLOW(A) ⊆ FOLLOW(B).

LOOKAHEAD(E -> n A) = FIRST(n A) = {n}     because ¬NULLABLE(n A)
LOOKAHEAD(A -> E B) = FIRST(E B)           because ¬NULLABLE(E B)
                    = FIRST(E) = {n}       because ¬NULLABLE(E)
LOOKAHEAD(A -> ε)   = FIRST(ε) U FOLLOW(A) because NULLABLE(ε)
                    = Ø U {+, *, $} = {+, *, $}
LOOKAHEAD(B -> + A) = FIRST(+ A)           because ¬NULLABLE(+ A)
                    = FIRST(+) = {+}       because ¬NULLABLE(+)
LOOKAHEAD(B -> * A) = {*}                  for the same reason

LOOKAHEAD(E) = LOOKAHEAD(E -> n A) = {n}
LOOKAHEAD(A) = LOOKAHEAD(A -> E B) U LOOKAHEAD(A -> ε)   = {n} U {+, *, $}
LOOKAHEAD(B) = LOOKAHEAD(B -> + A) U LOOKAHEAD(B -> * A) = {+, *}

在确定跟随之前，添加生产

E'->E$

，其中

$

被视为“文件结束”非终端。然后确定以下内容：

NULLABLE(E) = NULLABLE(n A) = NULLABLE(n) ∧ NULLABLE(A) = false
NULLABLE(A) = NULLABLE(E B) ∨ NULLABLE(ε) = true
NULLABLE(B) = NULLABLE(+ A) ∨ NULLABLE(* A) = false

FIRST(E) = FIRST(n A) = {n}
FIRST(A) = FIRST(E B) U FIRST(ε) = FIRST(E) U Ø = {n} (because E is not NULLABLE)
FIRST(B) = FIRST(+ A) U FIRST(* A) = FIRST(+) U FIRST(*) = {+, *}

FOLLOW(E): Let β = $, so add the constraint that FIRST($) = {$} ⊆ FOLLOW(E)
           Let β = B, so add the constraint that FIRST(B) = {+, *} ⊆ FOLLOW(E)
FOLLOW(A): Let β = ε, so add the constraint that FIRST(ε) = Ø ⊆ FOLLOW(A).
           Because NULLABLE(ε), add the constraint that FOLLOW(E) ⊆ FOLLOW(A).
           Let β = ε, so add the constraint that FIRST(ε) = Ø ⊆ FOLLOW(A).
           Because NULLABLE(ε), add the constraint that FOLLOW(B) ⊆ FOLLOW(A).
           Let β = ε, so add the constraint that FIRST(ε) = Ø ⊆ FOLLOW(A).
           Because NULLABLE(ε), add the constraint that FOLLOW(B) ⊆ FOLLOW(A).
FOLLOW(B): Let β = ε, so add the constraint that FIRST(ε) = Ø ⊆ FOLLOW(B).
           Because NULLABLE(ε), add the constraint that FOLLOW(A) ⊆ FOLLOW(B).

LOOKAHEAD(E -> n A) = FIRST(n A) = {n}     because ¬NULLABLE(n A)
LOOKAHEAD(A -> E B) = FIRST(E B)           because ¬NULLABLE(E B)
                    = FIRST(E) = {n}       because ¬NULLABLE(E)
LOOKAHEAD(A -> ε)   = FIRST(ε) U FOLLOW(A) because NULLABLE(ε)
                    = Ø U {+, *, $} = {+, *, $}
LOOKAHEAD(B -> + A) = FIRST(+ A)           because ¬NULLABLE(+ A)
                    = FIRST(+) = {+}       because ¬NULLABLE(+)
LOOKAHEAD(B -> * A) = {*}                  for the same reason

LOOKAHEAD(E) = LOOKAHEAD(E -> n A) = {n}
LOOKAHEAD(A) = LOOKAHEAD(A -> E B) U LOOKAHEAD(A -> ε)   = {n} U {+, *, $}
LOOKAHEAD(B) = LOOKAHEAD(B -> + A) U LOOKAHEAD(B -> * A) = {+, *}

解决这些约束（也可以通过定点迭代实现）

现在，可以确定每个生产的前瞻性：

NULLABLE(E) = NULLABLE(n A) = NULLABLE(n) ∧ NULLABLE(A) = false
NULLABLE(A) = NULLABLE(E B) ∨ NULLABLE(ε) = true
NULLABLE(B) = NULLABLE(+ A) ∨ NULLABLE(* A) = false

FIRST(E) = FIRST(n A) = {n}
FIRST(A) = FIRST(E B) U FIRST(ε) = FIRST(E) U Ø = {n} (because E is not NULLABLE)
FIRST(B) = FIRST(+ A) U FIRST(* A) = FIRST(+) U FIRST(*) = {+, *}

FOLLOW(E): Let β = $, so add the constraint that FIRST($) = {$} ⊆ FOLLOW(E)
           Let β = B, so add the constraint that FIRST(B) = {+, *} ⊆ FOLLOW(E)
FOLLOW(A): Let β = ε, so add the constraint that FIRST(ε) = Ø ⊆ FOLLOW(A).
           Because NULLABLE(ε), add the constraint that FOLLOW(E) ⊆ FOLLOW(A).
           Let β = ε, so add the constraint that FIRST(ε) = Ø ⊆ FOLLOW(A).
           Because NULLABLE(ε), add the constraint that FOLLOW(B) ⊆ FOLLOW(A).
           Let β = ε, so add the constraint that FIRST(ε) = Ø ⊆ FOLLOW(A).
           Because NULLABLE(ε), add the constraint that FOLLOW(B) ⊆ FOLLOW(A).
FOLLOW(B): Let β = ε, so add the constraint that FIRST(ε) = Ø ⊆ FOLLOW(B).
           Because NULLABLE(ε), add the constraint that FOLLOW(A) ⊆ FOLLOW(B).

LOOKAHEAD(E -> n A) = FIRST(n A) = {n}     because ¬NULLABLE(n A)
LOOKAHEAD(A -> E B) = FIRST(E B)           because ¬NULLABLE(E B)
                    = FIRST(E) = {n}       because ¬NULLABLE(E)
LOOKAHEAD(A -> ε)   = FIRST(ε) U FOLLOW(A) because NULLABLE(ε)
                    = Ø U {+, *, $} = {+, *, $}
LOOKAHEAD(B -> + A) = FIRST(+ A)           because ¬NULLABLE(+ A)
                    = FIRST(+) = {+}       because ¬NULLABLE(+)
LOOKAHEAD(B -> * A) = {*}                  for the same reason

LOOKAHEAD(E) = LOOKAHEAD(E -> n A) = {n}
LOOKAHEAD(A) = LOOKAHEAD(A -> E B) U LOOKAHEAD(A -> ε)   = {n} U {+, *, $}
LOOKAHEAD(B) = LOOKAHEAD(B -> + A) U LOOKAHEAD(B -> * A) = {+, *}

最后，可以确定每个非终端的前瞻性：

NULLABLE(E) = NULLABLE(n A) = NULLABLE(n) ∧ NULLABLE(A) = false
NULLABLE(A) = NULLABLE(E B) ∨ NULLABLE(ε) = true
NULLABLE(B) = NULLABLE(+ A) ∨ NULLABLE(* A) = false

FIRST(E) = FIRST(n A) = {n}
FIRST(A) = FIRST(E B) U FIRST(ε) = FIRST(E) U Ø = {n} (because E is not NULLABLE)
FIRST(B) = FIRST(+ A) U FIRST(* A) = FIRST(+) U FIRST(*) = {+, *}

FOLLOW(E): Let β = $, so add the constraint that FIRST($) = {$} ⊆ FOLLOW(E)
           Let β = B, so add the constraint that FIRST(B) = {+, *} ⊆ FOLLOW(E)
FOLLOW(A): Let β = ε, so add the constraint that FIRST(ε) = Ø ⊆ FOLLOW(A).
           Because NULLABLE(ε), add the constraint that FOLLOW(E) ⊆ FOLLOW(A).
           Let β = ε, so add the constraint that FIRST(ε) = Ø ⊆ FOLLOW(A).
           Because NULLABLE(ε), add the constraint that FOLLOW(B) ⊆ FOLLOW(A).
           Let β = ε, so add the constraint that FIRST(ε) = Ø ⊆ FOLLOW(A).
           Because NULLABLE(ε), add the constraint that FOLLOW(B) ⊆ FOLLOW(A).
FOLLOW(B): Let β = ε, so add the constraint that FIRST(ε) = Ø ⊆ FOLLOW(B).
           Because NULLABLE(ε), add the constraint that FOLLOW(A) ⊆ FOLLOW(B).

LOOKAHEAD(E -> n A) = FIRST(n A) = {n}     because ¬NULLABLE(n A)
LOOKAHEAD(A -> E B) = FIRST(E B)           because ¬NULLABLE(E B)
                    = FIRST(E) = {n}       because ¬NULLABLE(E)
LOOKAHEAD(A -> ε)   = FIRST(ε) U FOLLOW(A) because NULLABLE(ε)
                    = Ø U {+, *, $} = {+, *, $}
LOOKAHEAD(B -> + A) = FIRST(+ A)           because ¬NULLABLE(+ A)
                    = FIRST(+) = {+}       because ¬NULLABLE(+)
LOOKAHEAD(B -> * A) = {*}                  for the same reason

LOOKAHEAD(E) = LOOKAHEAD(E -> n A) = {n}
LOOKAHEAD(A) = LOOKAHEAD(A -> E B) U LOOKAHEAD(A -> ε)   = {n} U {+, *, $}
LOOKAHEAD(B) = LOOKAHEAD(B -> + A) U LOOKAHEAD(B -> * A) = {+, *}

根据这一知识，我们可以确定该语法不是LL（1），因为它的非终结符具有重叠的前瞻集。（也就是说，我们无法创建一个一次读取一个符号并明确决定使用哪个产品的程序。）

简单的答案是，“在某些上下文中，您接下来期望的一组标记”。