如何在C++；？ 什么是将字符串解析为一个int的C++方式？健壮而清晰的错误处理是一个优势（而不是）。

好的“旧C”方式仍然有效。我推荐strtol或strtoul。在返回状态和“endPtr”之间，可以提供良好的诊断输出。它还可以很好地处理多个碱基。

您可以使用

您可以在更通用的接口中使用。

---

lexical\u cast（Source）

在失败时抛出

bad\u lexical\u cast

。

这是一种比atoi（）更安全的C方式

C++标准库：（谢谢）

图书馆：（谢谢）

#包括
#包括
尝试
{
std:：string str=“123”；
int number=boost：：词法转换（str）；
}
catch（const boost:：bad_lexical_cast&）
{
//错误
}

---

编辑：修复了stringstream版本，使其能够处理错误。（感谢CMS和JK对原始帖子的评论）

< P>可以使用C++标准库中的A股流：

stringstream ss(str);
int x;
ss >> x;

if(ss) { // <-- error handling
  // use x
} else {
  // not a number
}

stringstreamss（str）；
int x；
ss>>x；
如果（ss）{/具有以下解决方案：

static const std::size_t digit_table_symbol_count = 256;
static const unsigned char digit_table[digit_table_symbol_count] = {
   0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, // 0xFF - 0x07
   0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, // 0x08 - 0x0F
   0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, // 0x10 - 0x17
   0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, // 0x18 - 0x1F
   0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, // 0x20 - 0x27
   0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, // 0x28 - 0x2F
   0x00, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04, 0x05, 0x06, 0x07, // 0x30 - 0x37
   0x08, 0x09, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, // 0x38 - 0x3F
   0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, // 0x40 - 0x47
   0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, // 0x48 - 0x4F
   0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, // 0x50 - 0x57
   0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, // 0x58 - 0x5F
   0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, // 0x60 - 0x67
   0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, // 0x68 - 0x6F
   0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, // 0x70 - 0x77
   0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, // 0x78 - 0x7F
   0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, // 0x80 - 0x87
   0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, // 0x88 - 0x8F
   0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, // 0x90 - 0x97
   0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, // 0x98 - 0x9F
   0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, // 0xA0 - 0xA7
   0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, // 0xA8 - 0xAF
   0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, // 0xB0 - 0xB7
   0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, // 0xB8 - 0xBF
   0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, // 0xC0 - 0xC7
   0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, // 0xC8 - 0xCF
   0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, // 0xD0 - 0xD7
   0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, // 0xD8 - 0xDF
   0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, // 0xE0 - 0xE7
   0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, // 0xE8 - 0xEF
   0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, // 0xF0 - 0xF7
   0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF  // 0xF8 - 0xFF
 };

template<typename InputIterator, typename T>
inline bool string_to_signed_type_converter_impl_itr(InputIterator begin, InputIterator end, T& v)
{
   if (0 == std::distance(begin,end))
      return false;
   v = 0;
   InputIterator it = begin;
   bool negative = false;
   if ('+' == *it)
      ++it;
   else if ('-' == *it)
   {
      ++it;
      negative = true;
   }
   if (end == it)
      return false;
   while(end != it)
   {
      const T digit = static_cast<T>(digit_table[static_cast<unsigned int>(*it++)]);
      if (0xFF == digit)
         return false;
      v = (10 * v) + digit;
   }
   if (negative)
      v *= -1;
   return true;
}

static const std:：size\t digital\u table\u symbol\u count=256；
静态常量无符号字符数字表[数字表符号计数]={
0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，//0xFF-0x07
0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，//0x08-0x0F
0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，//0x10-0x17
0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，//0x18-0x1F
0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，//0x20-0x27
0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，//0x28-0x2F
0x00、0x01、0x02、0x03、0x04、0x05、0x06、0x07、//0x30-0x37
0x08，0x09，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，//0x38-0x3F
0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，//0x40-0x47
0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，//0x48-0x4F
0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，//0x50-0x57
0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，//0x58-0x5F
0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，//0x60-0x67
0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，//0x68-0x6F
0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，//0x70-0x77
0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，//0x78-0x7F
0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，//0x80-0x87
0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，//0x88-0x8F
0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，//0x90-0x97
0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，//0x98-0x9F
0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，//0xA0-0xA7
0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，//0xA8-0xAF
0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，//0xB0-0xB7
0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，//0xB8-0xBF
0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，//0xC0-0xC7
0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，//0xC8-0xCF
0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，//0xD0-0xD7
0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，//0xD8-0xDF
0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，//0xE0-0xE7
0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，//0xE8-0xEF
0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，//0xF0-0xF7
0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF，0xFF//0xF8-0xFF
};
模板
内联布尔字符串\u到\u签名\u类型\u转换器\u执行\u itr（输入计数器开始、输入计数器结束、T&v）
{
如果（0==标准：：距离（开始，结束））
返回false；
v=0；
输入计算器it=begin；
布尔阴性=假；
如果（'+'==*它）
++它；
else if（'-'==*它）
{
++它；
负=真；
}
if（end==it）
返回false；
while（结束！=它）
{
常量T digit=静态转换（数字转换表[静态转换（*it++））；
如果（0xFF==数字）
返回false；
v=（10*v）+位数；
}
如果（否定）
v*=-1；
返回true；
}

InputIterator可以是unsigned char*、char*或std:：string迭代器，T应该是有符号的int，例如有符号的int、int或long，我认为这三个链接可以概括为：






stringstream和词法转换解决方案与使用stringstream的词法转换大致相同

词法转换的某些专门化使用了不同的方法。有关详细信息，请参见。整数和浮点现在专门用于整数到字符串的转换

一个人可以根据自己的需要进行专门化，并使之快速化。这将是满足各方的最终解决方案，简洁明了

前面提到的文章展示了转换整数字符串的不同方法之间的比较。以下方法很有意义：旧的c-way、spirit.karma、fastformat、简单的naive循环

词法转换在某些情况下是可以的，例如int到string的转换

使用词法转换将字符串转换为int不是一个好主意，因为它比atoi慢10-40倍，这取决于所使用的平台/编译器

Boost.Spirit.Karma似乎是将整数转换为字符串的最快库

ex.: generate(ptr_char, int_, integer_number);

上述文章中的基本简单循环是将字符串转换为int的最快方法，显然不是最安全的方法，strtol（）似乎是更安全的解决方案

int naive_char_2_int(const char *p) {
    int x = 0;
    bool neg = false;
    if (*p == '-') {
        neg = true;
        ++p;
    }
    while (*p >= '0' && *p <= '9') {
        x = (x*10) + (*p - '0');
        ++p;
    }
    if (neg) {
        x = -x;
    }
    return x;
}

int naive\u char\u 2\u int（const char*p）{
int x=0；
布尔负=假；
如果（*p=='-'）{
负=真；
++p；
}
而（*p>='0'&&&*p不做什么
这里是我的第一条建议：不要为此使用stringstream。虽然一开始使用起来可能很简单，但如果您想要健壮性和良好的错误处理，您会发现必须做大量额外的工作

这是一种直觉上看起来应该有效的方法：

bool str2int (int &i, char const *s)
{
    std::stringstream ss(s);
    ss >> i;
    if (ss.fail()) {
        // not an integer
        return false;
    }
    return true;
}

这有一个主要问题：
str2int（i，“1337h4x0r”）
将愉快地返回
true
，而
i
将获得
static const std::size_t digit_table_symbol_count = 256;
static const unsigned char digit_table[digit_table_symbol_count] = {
   0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, // 0xFF - 0x07
   0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, // 0x08 - 0x0F
   0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, // 0x10 - 0x17
   0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, // 0x18 - 0x1F
   0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, // 0x20 - 0x27
   0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, // 0x28 - 0x2F
   0x00, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04, 0x05, 0x06, 0x07, // 0x30 - 0x37
   0x08, 0x09, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, // 0x38 - 0x3F
   0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, // 0x40 - 0x47
   0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, // 0x48 - 0x4F
   0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, // 0x50 - 0x57
   0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, // 0x58 - 0x5F
   0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, // 0x60 - 0x67
   0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, // 0x68 - 0x6F
   0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, // 0x70 - 0x77
   0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, // 0x78 - 0x7F
   0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, // 0x80 - 0x87
   0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, // 0x88 - 0x8F
   0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, // 0x90 - 0x97
   0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, // 0x98 - 0x9F
   0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, // 0xA0 - 0xA7
   0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, // 0xA8 - 0xAF
   0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, // 0xB0 - 0xB7
   0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, // 0xB8 - 0xBF
   0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, // 0xC0 - 0xC7
   0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, // 0xC8 - 0xCF
   0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, // 0xD0 - 0xD7
   0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, // 0xD8 - 0xDF
   0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, // 0xE0 - 0xE7
   0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, // 0xE8 - 0xEF
   0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, // 0xF0 - 0xF7
   0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF  // 0xF8 - 0xFF
 };

template<typename InputIterator, typename T>
inline bool string_to_signed_type_converter_impl_itr(InputIterator begin, InputIterator end, T& v)
{
   if (0 == std::distance(begin,end))
      return false;
   v = 0;
   InputIterator it = begin;
   bool negative = false;
   if ('+' == *it)
      ++it;
   else if ('-' == *it)
   {
      ++it;
      negative = true;
   }
   if (end == it)
      return false;
   while(end != it)
   {
      const T digit = static_cast<T>(digit_table[static_cast<unsigned int>(*it++)]);
      if (0xFF == digit)
         return false;
      v = (10 * v) + digit;
   }
   if (negative)
      v *= -1;
   return true;
}

ex.: generate(ptr_char, int_, integer_number);

int naive_char_2_int(const char *p) {
    int x = 0;
    bool neg = false;
    if (*p == '-') {
        neg = true;
        ++p;
    }
    while (*p >= '0' && *p <= '9') {
        x = (x*10) + (*p - '0');
        ++p;
    }
    if (neg) {
        x = -x;
    }
    return x;
}

bool str2int (int &i, char const *s)
{
    std::stringstream ss(s);
    ss >> i;
    if (ss.fail()) {
        // not an integer
        return false;
    }
    return true;
}

bool str2int (int &i, char const *s)
{
    char              c;
    std::stringstream ss(s);
    ss >> i;
    if (ss.fail() || ss.get(c)) {
        // not an integer
        return false;
    }
    return true;
}

enum STR2INT_ERROR { SUCCESS, OVERFLOW, UNDERFLOW, INCONVERTIBLE };

STR2INT_ERROR str2int (int &i, char const *s, int base = 0)
{
    char *end;
    long  l;
    errno = 0;
    l = strtol(s, &end, base);
    if ((errno == ERANGE && l == LONG_MAX) || l > INT_MAX) {
        return OVERFLOW;
    }
    if ((errno == ERANGE && l == LONG_MIN) || l < INT_MIN) {
        return UNDERFLOW;
    }
    if (*s == '\0' || *end != '\0') {
        return INCONVERTIBLE;
    }
    i = l;
    return SUCCESS;
}

int myNr = std::stoi(myString);

#include <cstdlib>
#include <cerrno>
#include <climits>
#include <stdexcept>

int to_int(const std::string &s, int base = 0)
{
    char *end;
    errno = 0;
    long result = std::strtol(s.c_str(), &end, base);
    if (errno == ERANGE || result > INT_MAX || result < INT_MIN)
        throw std::out_of_range("toint: string is out of range");
    if (s.length() == 0 || *end != '\0')
        throw std::invalid_argument("toint: invalid string");
    return result;
}

#define toInt(x) {atoi(x.c_str())};

int main()
{
string test = "46", test2 = "56";
int a = toInt(test);
int b = toInt(test2);
cout<<a+b<<endl;
}

#include <cstdlib>
#include <cerrno>
#include <limits>
#include <stdexcept>
#include <sstream>

static const int DefaultBase = 10;

template<typename T>
static inline T CstrtoxllWrapper(const char *str, int base = DefaultBase)
{
    while (isspace(*str)) str++; // remove leading spaces; verify there's data
    if (*str == '\0') { throw std::invalid_argument("str; no data"); } // nothing to convert

    // NOTE:  for some reason strtoull allows a negative sign, we don't; if
    //          converting to an unsigned then it must always be positive!
    if (!std::numeric_limits<T>::is_signed && *str == '-')
    { throw std::invalid_argument("str; negative"); }

    // reset errno and call fn (either strtoll or strtoull)
    errno = 0;
    char *ePtr;
    T tmp = std::numeric_limits<T>::is_signed ? strtoll(str, &ePtr, base)
                                              : strtoull(str, &ePtr, base);

    // check for any C errors -- note these are range errors on T, which may
    //   still be out of the range of the actual type we're using; the caller
    //   may need to perform additional range checks.
    if (errno != 0) 
    {
            if (errno == ERANGE) { throw std::range_error("str; out of range"); }
            else if (errno == EINVAL) { throw std::invalid_argument("str; EINVAL"); }
            else { throw std::invalid_argument("str; unknown errno"); }
    }

    // verify everything converted -- extraneous spaces are allowed
    if (ePtr != NULL)
    {
            while (isspace(*ePtr)) ePtr++;
            if (*ePtr != '\0') { throw std::invalid_argument("str; bad data"); }
    }

    return tmp;
}

template<typename T>
T StringToSigned(const char *str, int base = DefaultBase)
{
    static const long long max = std::numeric_limits<T>::max();
    static const long long min = std::numeric_limits<T>::min();

    long long tmp = CstrtoxllWrapper<typeof(tmp)>(str, base); // use largest type

    // final range check -- only needed if not long long type; a smart compiler
    //   should optimize this whole thing out
    if (sizeof(T) == sizeof(tmp)) { return tmp; }

    if (tmp < min || tmp > max)
    {
            std::ostringstream err;
            err << "str; value " << tmp << " out of " << sizeof(T) * 8
                << "-bit signed range (";
            if (sizeof(T) != 1) err << min << ".." << max;
            else err << (int) min << ".." << (int) max;  // don't print garbage chars
            err << ")";
            throw std::range_error(err.str());
    }

    return tmp;
}

template<typename T>
T StringToUnsigned(const char *str, int base = DefaultBase)
{
    static const unsigned long long max = std::numeric_limits<T>::max();

    unsigned long long tmp = CstrtoxllWrapper<typeof(tmp)>(str, base); // use largest type

    // final range check -- only needed if not long long type; a smart compiler
    //   should optimize this whole thing out
    if (sizeof(T) == sizeof(tmp)) { return tmp; }

    if (tmp > max)
    {
            std::ostringstream err;
            err << "str; value " << tmp << " out of " << sizeof(T) * 8
                << "-bit unsigned range (0..";
            if (sizeof(T) != 1) err << max;
            else err << (int) max;  // don't print garbage chars
            err << ")";
            throw std::range_error(err.str());
    }

    return tmp;
}

template<typename T>
inline T
StringToDecimal(const char *str, int base = DefaultBase)
{
    return std::numeric_limits<T>::is_signed ? StringToSigned<T>(str, base)
                                             : StringToUnsigned<T>(str, base);
}

template<typename T>
inline T
StringToDecimal(T &out_convertedVal, const char *str, int base = DefaultBase)
{
    return out_convertedVal = StringToDecimal<T>(str, base);
}

/*============================== [ Test Strap ] ==============================*/ 

#include <inttypes.h>
#include <iostream>

static bool _g_anyFailed = false;

template<typename T>
void TestIt(const char *tName,
            const char *s, int base,
            bool successExpected = false, T expectedValue = 0)
{
    #define FAIL(s) { _g_anyFailed = true; std::cout << s; }

    T x;
    std::cout << "converting<" << tName << ">b:" << base << " [" << s << "]";
    try
    {
            StringToDecimal<T>(x, s, base);
            // get here on success only
            if (!successExpected)
            {
                    FAIL(" -- TEST FAILED; SUCCESS NOT EXPECTED!" << std::endl);
            }
            else
            {
                    std::cout << " -> ";
                    if (sizeof(T) != 1) std::cout << x;
                    else std::cout << (int) x;  // don't print garbage chars
                    if (x != expectedValue)
                    {
                            FAIL("; FAILED (expected value:" << expectedValue << ")!");
                    }
                    std::cout << std::endl;
            }
    }
    catch (std::exception &e)
    {
            if (successExpected)
            {
                    FAIL(   " -- TEST FAILED; EXPECTED SUCCESS!"
                         << " (got:" << e.what() << ")" << std::endl);
            }
            else
            {
                    std::cout << "; expected exception encounterd: [" << e.what() << "]" << std::endl;
            }
    }
}

#define TEST(t, s, ...) \
    TestIt<t>(#t, s, __VA_ARGS__);

int main()
{
    std::cout << "============ variable base tests ============" << std::endl;
    TEST(int, "-0xF", 0, true, -0xF);
    TEST(int, "+0xF", 0, true, 0xF);
    TEST(int, "0xF", 0, true, 0xF);
    TEST(int, "-010", 0, true, -010);
    TEST(int, "+010", 0, true, 010);
    TEST(int, "010", 0, true, 010);
    TEST(int, "-10", 0, true, -10);
    TEST(int, "+10", 0, true, 10);
    TEST(int, "10", 0, true, 10);

    std::cout << "============ base-10 tests ============" << std::endl;
    TEST(int, "-010", 10, true, -10);
    TEST(int, "+010", 10, true, 10);
    TEST(int, "010", 10, true, 10);
    TEST(int, "-10", 10, true, -10);
    TEST(int, "+10", 10, true, 10);
    TEST(int, "10", 10, true, 10);
    TEST(int, "00010", 10, true, 10);

    std::cout << "============ base-8 tests ============" << std::endl;
    TEST(int, "777", 8, true, 0777);
    TEST(int, "-0111 ", 8, true, -0111);
    TEST(int, "+0010 ", 8, true, 010);

    std::cout << "============ base-16 tests ============" << std::endl;
    TEST(int, "DEAD", 16, true, 0xDEAD);
    TEST(int, "-BEEF", 16, true, -0xBEEF);
    TEST(int, "+C30", 16, true, 0xC30);

    std::cout << "============ base-2 tests ============" << std::endl;
    TEST(int, "-10011001", 2, true, -153);
    TEST(int, "10011001", 2, true, 153);

    std::cout << "============ irregular base tests ============" << std::endl;
    TEST(int, "Z", 36, true, 35);
    TEST(int, "ZZTOP", 36, true, 60457993);
    TEST(int, "G", 17, true, 16);
    TEST(int, "H", 17);

    std::cout << "============ space deliminated tests ============" << std::endl;
    TEST(int, "1337    ", 10, true, 1337);
    TEST(int, "   FEAD", 16, true, 0xFEAD);
    TEST(int, "   0711   ", 0, true, 0711);

    std::cout << "============ bad data tests ============" << std::endl;
    TEST(int, "FEAD", 10);
    TEST(int, "1234 asdfklj", 10);
    TEST(int, "-0xF", 10);
    TEST(int, "+0xF", 10);
    TEST(int, "0xF", 10);
    TEST(int, "-F", 10);
    TEST(int, "+F", 10);
    TEST(int, "12.4", 10);
    TEST(int, "ABG", 16);
    TEST(int, "10011002", 2);

    std::cout << "============ int8_t range tests ============" << std::endl;
    TEST(int8_t, "7F", 16, true, std::numeric_limits<int8_t>::max());
    TEST(int8_t, "80", 16);
    TEST(int8_t, "-80", 16, true, std::numeric_limits<int8_t>::min());
    TEST(int8_t, "-81", 16);
    TEST(int8_t, "FF", 16);
    TEST(int8_t, "100", 16);

    std::cout << "============ uint8_t range tests ============" << std::endl;
    TEST(uint8_t, "7F", 16, true, std::numeric_limits<int8_t>::max());
    TEST(uint8_t, "80", 16, true, std::numeric_limits<int8_t>::max()+1);
    TEST(uint8_t, "-80", 16);
    TEST(uint8_t, "-81", 16);
    TEST(uint8_t, "FF", 16, true, std::numeric_limits<uint8_t>::max());
    TEST(uint8_t, "100", 16);

    std::cout << "============ int16_t range tests ============" << std::endl;
    TEST(int16_t, "7FFF", 16, true, std::numeric_limits<int16_t>::max());
    TEST(int16_t, "8000", 16);
    TEST(int16_t, "-8000", 16, true, std::numeric_limits<int16_t>::min());
    TEST(int16_t, "-8001", 16);
    TEST(int16_t, "FFFF", 16);
    TEST(int16_t, "10000", 16);

    std::cout << "============ uint16_t range tests ============" << std::endl;
    TEST(uint16_t, "7FFF", 16, true, std::numeric_limits<int16_t>::max());
    TEST(uint16_t, "8000", 16, true, std::numeric_limits<int16_t>::max()+1);
    TEST(uint16_t, "-8000", 16);
    TEST(uint16_t, "-8001", 16);
    TEST(uint16_t, "FFFF", 16, true, std::numeric_limits<uint16_t>::max());
    TEST(uint16_t, "10000", 16);

    std::cout << "============ int32_t range tests ============" << std::endl;
    TEST(int32_t, "7FFFFFFF", 16, true, std::numeric_limits<int32_t>::max());
    TEST(int32_t, "80000000", 16);
    TEST(int32_t, "-80000000", 16, true, std::numeric_limits<int32_t>::min());
    TEST(int32_t, "-80000001", 16);
    TEST(int32_t, "FFFFFFFF", 16);
    TEST(int32_t, "100000000", 16);

    std::cout << "============ uint32_t range tests ============" << std::endl;
    TEST(uint32_t, "7FFFFFFF", 16, true, std::numeric_limits<int32_t>::max());
    TEST(uint32_t, "80000000", 16, true, std::numeric_limits<int32_t>::max()+1);
    TEST(uint32_t, "-80000000", 16);
    TEST(uint32_t, "-80000001", 16);
    TEST(uint32_t, "FFFFFFFF", 16, true, std::numeric_limits<uint32_t>::max());
    TEST(uint32_t, "100000000", 16);

    std::cout << "============ int64_t range tests ============" << std::endl;
    TEST(int64_t, "7FFFFFFFFFFFFFFF", 16, true, std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::max());
    TEST(int64_t, "8000000000000000", 16);
    TEST(int64_t, "-8000000000000000", 16, true, std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::min());
    TEST(int64_t, "-8000000000000001", 16);
    TEST(int64_t, "FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF", 16);
    TEST(int64_t, "10000000000000000", 16);

    std::cout << "============ uint64_t range tests ============" << std::endl;
    TEST(uint64_t, "7FFFFFFFFFFFFFFF", 16, true, std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::max());
    TEST(uint64_t, "8000000000000000", 16, true, std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::max()+1);
    TEST(uint64_t, "-8000000000000000", 16);
    TEST(uint64_t, "-8000000000000001", 16);
    TEST(uint64_t, "FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF", 16, true, std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max());
    TEST(uint64_t, "10000000000000000", 16);

    std::cout << std::endl << std::endl
              << (_g_anyFailed ? "!! SOME TESTS FAILED !!" : "ALL TESTS PASSED")
              << std::endl;

    return _g_anyFailed;
}

int a; a = StringToDecimal<int>("100");

int a; StringToDecimal(a, "100");

int a; a = StringToDecimal("100");

    while (isspace(*end)) {
        end++;
    }

    if ((errno != 0) || (s == end)) {
        return INCONVERTIBLE;
    }

#include <cstdlib>
#include <cerrno>
#include <climits>
#include <stdexcept>

enum STR2INT_ERROR { SUCCESS, OVERFLOW, UNDERFLOW, INCONVERTIBLE };

STR2INT_ERROR str2long (long &l, char const *s, int base = 0)
{
    char *end = (char *)s;
    errno = 0;

    l = strtol(s, &end, base);

    if ((errno == ERANGE) && (l == LONG_MAX)) {
        return OVERFLOW;
    }
    if ((errno == ERANGE) && (l == LONG_MIN)) {
        return UNDERFLOW;
    }
    if ((errno != 0) || (s == end)) {
        return INCONVERTIBLE;
    }    
    while (isspace((unsigned char)*end)) {
        end++;
    }

    if (*s == '\0' || *end != '\0') {
        return INCONVERTIBLE;
    }

    return SUCCESS;
}

std::string s1 = "4533";
std::string s2 = "3.010101";
std::string s3 = "31337 with some string";

int myint1 = std::stoi(s1);
int myint2 = std::stoi(s2);
int myint3 = std::stoi(s3);

std::cout <<  s1 <<"=" << myint1 << '\n';
std::cout <<  s2 <<"=" << myint2 << '\n';
std::cout <<  s3 <<"=" << myint3 << '\n';

#include <string.h>
#include <sstream>
#include <iostream>
#include <cstring>
using namespace std;


int StringToInteger(string NumberAsString)
{
    int NumberAsInteger;
    stringstream ss;
    ss << NumberAsString;
    ss >> NumberAsInteger;
    return NumberAsInteger;
}
int main()
{
    string NumberAsString;
    cin >> NumberAsString;
    cout << StringToInteger(NumberAsString) << endl;
    return 0;
} 

std::string str4 = "453";
int i = 0, in=0; // 453 as on
for ( i = 0; i < str4.length(); i++)
{

    in = str4[i];
    cout <<in-48 ;

}

#include <iostream>
#include <charconv>
#include <array>

int main()
{
    char const * str = "42";
    int value = 0;

    std::from_chars_result result = std::from_chars(std::begin(str), std::end(str), value);

    if(result.error == std::errc::invalid_argument)
    {
      std::cout << "Error, invalid format";
    }
    else if(result.error == std::errc::result_out_of_range)
    {
      std::cout << "Error, value too big for int range";
    }
    else
    {
      std::cout << "Success: " << result;
    }
}