如何为django可重用应用程序启动测试？

我可以为我的可重用Django应用程序启动测试，而不将此应用程序合并到项目中吗

我的应用程序使用了一些型号，因此有必要提供

（测试）数据库*

设置。我应该将它们存储在哪里以及如何启动测试

对于Django项目，我可以使用

manage.py test

运行测试；当我对我的独立应用程序使用

django-admin.py测试时，我得到：

错误：无法导入设置，
因为环境变量
DJANGO_设置_模块未定义

这里的最佳实践是什么？
对于我的可重用应用程序（），我使用buildout。我创建了
example\u项目
，将其与buildout一起使用，对其运行测试。我只需将我的应用程序放在
示例项目的设置中

当我想安装项目使用的所有依赖项并运行测试时，我只需要执行以下操作：


运行：python bootstrap.py
运行构建：

垃圾箱/建筑

为Django 1.1和Django 1.2运行测试：

箱子/试验-1.1
垃圾箱/测试-1.2


在这里，您可以找到如何配置可重用应用程序以使用buildout进行部署和运行测试的教程：

在这里，您可以找到我在项目中使用的构建配置示例：

我以这样的解决方案结束（它的灵感来自于django投票中的解决方案）：

在测试目录中创建文件，例如“runtests.py”，其中包含：

import os, sys
from django.conf import settings

DIRNAME = os.path.dirname(__file__)
settings.configure(DEBUG = True,
                   DATABASE_ENGINE = 'sqlite3',
                   DATABASE_NAME = os.path.join(DIRNAME, 'database.db'),
                   INSTALLED_APPS = ('django.contrib.auth',
                                     'django.contrib.contenttypes',
                                     'django.contrib.sessions',
                                     'django.contrib.admin',
                                     'myapp',
                                     'myapp.tests',))


from django.test.simple import run_tests

failures = run_tests(['myapp',], verbosity=1)
if failures:
    sys.exit(failures)

它允许通过
python runtests.py
命令运行测试。
它不需要安装依赖项（例如构建），并且在将应用程序合并到更大的项目中时不会损害测试运行。
Django（>=1.4）测试运行程序的正确用法如下所示：

import django, sys
from django.conf import settings

settings.configure(DEBUG=True,
               DATABASES={
                    'default': {
                        'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.sqlite3',
                    }
                },
               ROOT_URLCONF='myapp.urls',
               INSTALLED_APPS=('django.contrib.auth',
                              'django.contrib.contenttypes',
                              'django.contrib.sessions',
                              'django.contrib.admin',
                              'myapp',))

try:
    # Django < 1.8
    from django.test.simple import DjangoTestSuiteRunner
    test_runner = DjangoTestSuiteRunner(verbosity=1)
except ImportError:
    # Django >= 1.8
    django.setup()
    from django.test.runner import DiscoverRunner
    test_runner = DiscoverRunner(verbosity=1)

failures = test_runner.run_tests(['myapp'])
if failures:
    sys.exit(failures)

导入django，sys
从django.conf导入设置
configure（DEBUG=True，
数据库={
“默认值”：{
“引擎”：“django.db.backends.sqlite3”，
}
},
ROOT_URLCONF='myapp.url'，
已安装的应用程序=（'django.contrib.auth'，
“django.contrib.contenttypes”，
“django.contrib.sessions”，
“django.contrib.admin”，
‘我的应用’，））
尝试：
#Django<1.8
从django.test.simple导入DjangoTestSuiteRunner
测试运行程序=DjangoTestSuiteRunner（详细程度=1）
除恐怖外：
#Django>=1.8
django.setup（）
从django.test.runner导入DiscoveryRunner
测试运行程序=发现运行程序（详细程度=1）
失败=测试运行程序。运行测试（['myapp']）
如果出现故障：
系统退出（故障）

DjangoTestSuiteRunner和DiscoveryRunner具有大部分兼容的接口

有关更多信息，请参阅“定义测试运行程序”文档：

• （Django>=1.4，=1.8）

---

对于Django 1.7，它略有不同。假设你有以下几点 应用程序的目录结构

foo

：

foo
|── docs
|── foo
│   ├── __init__.py
│   ├── models.py
│   ├── urls.py
│   └── views.py
└── tests
    ├── foo_models
    │   ├── __init__.py
    │   ├── ...
    │   └── tests.py
    ├── foo_views 
    │   ├── __init__.py
    │   ├── ...
    │   └── tests.py
    ├── runtests.py
    └── urls.py

这就是Django项目本身构造其测试的方式

您希望使用以下命令运行

foo/tests/

中的所有测试：

python3 runtests.py

您还希望能够从

tests

的父目录运行该命令，例如通过Tox或Invoke，就像

python3foo/tests/runtests.py

我在这里介绍的解决方案是可重用的，只需调整应用程序的名称

foo

（如果需要，还可以调整其他应用程序）。无法通过安装，因为它将错过数据库设置

需要以下文件：

url.py

"""
This urlconf exists because Django expects ROOT_URLCONF to exist. URLs
should be added within the test folders, and use TestCase.urls to set them.
This helps the tests remain isolated.
"""

urlpatterns = []

#!/usr/bin/env python3
import glob
import os
import sys

import django
from django.conf import settings
from django.core.management import execute_from_command_line


BASE_DIR = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(__file__))
sys.path.append(os.path.abspath(os.path.join(BASE_DIR, '..')))

# Unfortunately, apps can not be installed via ``modify_settings``
# decorator, because it would miss the database setup.
CUSTOM_INSTALLED_APPS = (
    'foo',
    'django.contrib.admin',
)

ALWAYS_INSTALLED_APPS = (
    'django.contrib.auth',
    'django.contrib.contenttypes',
    'django.contrib.sessions',
    'django.contrib.messages',
    'django.contrib.staticfiles',
)

ALWAYS_MIDDLEWARE_CLASSES = (
    'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware',
    'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware',
    'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware',
    'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware',
    'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware',
    'django.middleware.clickjacking.XFrameOptionsMiddleware',
)


settings.configure(
    SECRET_KEY="django_tests_secret_key",
    DEBUG=False,
    TEMPLATE_DEBUG=False,
    ALLOWED_HOSTS=[],
    INSTALLED_APPS=ALWAYS_INSTALLED_APPS + CUSTOM_INSTALLED_APPS,
    MIDDLEWARE_CLASSES=ALWAYS_MIDDLEWARE_CLASSES,
    ROOT_URLCONF='tests.urls',
    DATABASES={
        'default': {
            'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.sqlite3',
        }
    },
    LANGUAGE_CODE='en-us',
    TIME_ZONE='UTC',
    USE_I18N=True,
    USE_L10N=True,
    USE_TZ=True,
    STATIC_URL='/static/',
    # Use a fast hasher to speed up tests.
    PASSWORD_HASHERS=(
        'django.contrib.auth.hashers.MD5PasswordHasher',
    ),
    FIXTURE_DIRS=glob.glob(BASE_DIR + '/' + '*/fixtures/')

)

django.setup()
args = [sys.argv[0], 'test']
# Current module (``tests``) and its submodules.
test_cases = '.'

# Allow accessing test options from the command line.
offset = 1
try:
    sys.argv[1]
except IndexError:
    pass
else:
    option = sys.argv[1].startswith('-')
    if not option:
        test_cases = sys.argv[1]
        offset = 2

args.append(test_cases)
# ``verbosity`` can be overwritten from command line.
args.append('--verbosity=2')
args.extend(sys.argv[offset:])

execute_from_command_line(args)

runtests.py

"""
This urlconf exists because Django expects ROOT_URLCONF to exist. URLs
should be added within the test folders, and use TestCase.urls to set them.
This helps the tests remain isolated.
"""

urlpatterns = []

#!/usr/bin/env python3
import glob
import os
import sys

import django
from django.conf import settings
from django.core.management import execute_from_command_line


BASE_DIR = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(__file__))
sys.path.append(os.path.abspath(os.path.join(BASE_DIR, '..')))

# Unfortunately, apps can not be installed via ``modify_settings``
# decorator, because it would miss the database setup.
CUSTOM_INSTALLED_APPS = (
    'foo',
    'django.contrib.admin',
)

ALWAYS_INSTALLED_APPS = (
    'django.contrib.auth',
    'django.contrib.contenttypes',
    'django.contrib.sessions',
    'django.contrib.messages',
    'django.contrib.staticfiles',
)

ALWAYS_MIDDLEWARE_CLASSES = (
    'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware',
    'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware',
    'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware',
    'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware',
    'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware',
    'django.middleware.clickjacking.XFrameOptionsMiddleware',
)


settings.configure(
    SECRET_KEY="django_tests_secret_key",
    DEBUG=False,
    TEMPLATE_DEBUG=False,
    ALLOWED_HOSTS=[],
    INSTALLED_APPS=ALWAYS_INSTALLED_APPS + CUSTOM_INSTALLED_APPS,
    MIDDLEWARE_CLASSES=ALWAYS_MIDDLEWARE_CLASSES,
    ROOT_URLCONF='tests.urls',
    DATABASES={
        'default': {
            'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.sqlite3',
        }
    },
    LANGUAGE_CODE='en-us',
    TIME_ZONE='UTC',
    USE_I18N=True,
    USE_L10N=True,
    USE_TZ=True,
    STATIC_URL='/static/',
    # Use a fast hasher to speed up tests.
    PASSWORD_HASHERS=(
        'django.contrib.auth.hashers.MD5PasswordHasher',
    ),
    FIXTURE_DIRS=glob.glob(BASE_DIR + '/' + '*/fixtures/')

)

django.setup()
args = [sys.argv[0], 'test']
# Current module (``tests``) and its submodules.
test_cases = '.'

# Allow accessing test options from the command line.
offset = 1
try:
    sys.argv[1]
except IndexError:
    pass
else:
    option = sys.argv[1].startswith('-')
    if not option:
        test_cases = sys.argv[1]
        offset = 2

args.append(test_cases)
# ``verbosity`` can be overwritten from command line.
args.append('--verbosity=2')
args.extend(sys.argv[offset:])

execute_from_command_line(args)

一些设置是可选的；它们可以提高速度或改善更真实的环境

---

第二个参数指向当前目录。它在纯粹的pytest环境中使用了

，为了提供足够的Django环境，以便在没有实际Django项目的情况下为我的可重用应用程序运行测试，我需要以下几点：

pytest.ini:

[pytest]
DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE = test_settings
python_files = tests.py test_*.py *_tests.py

# You may need more or less than what's shown here - this is a skeleton:

DATABASES = {
    'default': {
        'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.sqlite3',
    }
}

INSTALLED_APPS = (
    'django.contrib.admin',
    'django.contrib.auth',
    'django.contrib.contenttypes',
    'django.contrib.messages',
    'django.contrib.sessions',
    'django.contrib.sites',
    'django.contrib.staticfiles',
    'todo',
)

ROOT_URLCONF = 'base_urls'

TEMPLATES = [
    {
        'DIRS': ['path/to/your/templates'), ],
    }
]

MIDDLEWARE = [
    'django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware',
    'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware',
    'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware',
    'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware',
    'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware',
    'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware',
    'django.middleware.clickjacking.XFrameOptionsMiddleware',
]

"""
This urlconf exists so we can run tests without an actual
Django project (Django expects ROOT_URLCONF to exist.)
It is not used by installed instances of this app.
"""

from django.urls import include, path

urlpatterns = [
    path('foo/', include('myapp.urls')),
]

测试设置。py:

[pytest]
DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE = test_settings
python_files = tests.py test_*.py *_tests.py

# You may need more or less than what's shown here - this is a skeleton:

DATABASES = {
    'default': {
        'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.sqlite3',
    }
}

INSTALLED_APPS = (
    'django.contrib.admin',
    'django.contrib.auth',
    'django.contrib.contenttypes',
    'django.contrib.messages',
    'django.contrib.sessions',
    'django.contrib.sites',
    'django.contrib.staticfiles',
    'todo',
)

ROOT_URLCONF = 'base_urls'

TEMPLATES = [
    {
        'DIRS': ['path/to/your/templates'), ],
    }
]

MIDDLEWARE = [
    'django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware',
    'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware',
    'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware',
    'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware',
    'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware',
    'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware',
    'django.middleware.clickjacking.XFrameOptionsMiddleware',
]

"""
This urlconf exists so we can run tests without an actual
Django project (Django expects ROOT_URLCONF to exist.)
It is not used by installed instances of this app.
"""

from django.urls import include, path

urlpatterns = [
    path('foo/', include('myapp.urls')),
]

base\u url.py:

[pytest]
DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE = test_settings
python_files = tests.py test_*.py *_tests.py

# You may need more or less than what's shown here - this is a skeleton:

DATABASES = {
    'default': {
        'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.sqlite3',
    }
}

INSTALLED_APPS = (
    'django.contrib.admin',
    'django.contrib.auth',
    'django.contrib.contenttypes',
    'django.contrib.messages',
    'django.contrib.sessions',
    'django.contrib.sites',
    'django.contrib.staticfiles',
    'todo',
)

ROOT_URLCONF = 'base_urls'

TEMPLATES = [
    {
        'DIRS': ['path/to/your/templates'), ],
    }
]

MIDDLEWARE = [
    'django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware',
    'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware',
    'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware',
    'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware',
    'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware',
    'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware',
    'django.middleware.clickjacking.XFrameOptionsMiddleware',
]

"""
This urlconf exists so we can run tests without an actual
Django project (Django expects ROOT_URLCONF to exist.)
It is not used by installed instances of this app.
"""

from django.urls import include, path

urlpatterns = [
    path('foo/', include('myapp.urls')),
]

模板/base.html:

[pytest]
DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE = test_settings
python_files = tests.py test_*.py *_tests.py

# You may need more or less than what's shown here - this is a skeleton:

DATABASES = {
    'default': {
        'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.sqlite3',
    }
}

INSTALLED_APPS = (
    'django.contrib.admin',
    'django.contrib.auth',
    'django.contrib.contenttypes',
    'django.contrib.messages',
    'django.contrib.sessions',
    'django.contrib.sites',
    'django.contrib.staticfiles',
    'todo',
)

ROOT_URLCONF = 'base_urls'

TEMPLATES = [
    {
        'DIRS': ['path/to/your/templates'), ],
    }
]

MIDDLEWARE = [
    'django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware',
    'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware',
    'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware',
    'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware',
    'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware',
    'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware',
    'django.middleware.clickjacking.XFrameOptionsMiddleware',
]

"""
This urlconf exists so we can run tests without an actual
Django project (Django expects ROOT_URLCONF to exist.)
It is not used by installed instances of this app.
"""

from django.urls import include, path

urlpatterns = [
    path('foo/', include('myapp.urls')),
]

如果您的任何测试命中实际视图，您的应用程序的模板可能会扩展项目

base.html

，因此该文件必须存在。在我的例子中，我刚刚创建了一个空文件

templates/base.html

---

我现在可以从我的独立可重用应用程序目录运行

pytest-x-v

，而无需Django项目。

我知道这是一个旧线程，但我发现，如果您的可重用应用程序有一个文件“tests.py”，那么您可以在项目文件夹中创建一个tests.py，然后编写以下内容

from reusableapp.tests import *

---

当您调用“python manage.py test”时，Django将运行这些测试。

Django不需要项目。你在问什么？您是否运行了

django-admin.py测试

？您观察到了什么？对于django项目，我通过：manage.py test运行测试，当我使用django-admin.py时，我得到：Error:无法导入设置，因为环境变量django_Settings_MODULE未定义。我相信这必须是非常简单的，但我与这个结巴。感谢有用的信息。看看这是否解决了我的问题（乍一看似乎有很多麻烦），但在其他方面可能会很有趣。答案很好！我在

/tests/

中添加了一个

\uuuu init\uuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuupy

，使其正常工作。在大多数情况下，我能够避免在

tests

目录中为我的应用程序设置子目录，只需设置

test\u cases='..

（允许我遵循在应用程序文件夹中设置tests.py的惯例）。回答得很好！这适用于django 3.1.5。我将print（“running reusableapp tests…”）放在可重用应用程序tests.py的顶部，以便查看正在运行哪些测试。