Openssl 如何在两种公钥格式（一种“公钥”）之间进行转换；“开始RSA公钥”；，另一个是",；“开始公钥”；_Openssl_X509_Ssh Keys_Public Key_Pkcs#1

Openssl 如何在两种公钥格式（一种“公钥”）之间进行转换；“开始RSA公钥”；，另一个是",；“开始公钥”；

openssl

Openssl 如何在两种公钥格式（一种“公钥”）之间进行转换；“开始RSA公钥”；，另一个是",；“开始公钥”；,openssl,x509,ssh-keys,public-key,pkcs#1,Openssl,X509,Ssh Keys,Public Key,Pkcs#1,如何在两种公钥格式之间进行转换，一种格式是： -----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY----- ... -----END PUBLIC KEY----- -----BEGIN RSA PUBLIC KEY----- ... -----END RSA PUBLIC KEY----- 另一种格式是： -----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY----- ... -----END PUBLIC KEY----- -----BEGIN RSA PUBLIC KEY----- ... ----

如何在两种公钥格式之间进行转换，一种格式是：

-----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-----
...
-----END PUBLIC KEY-----

-----BEGIN RSA PUBLIC KEY-----
...
-----END RSA PUBLIC KEY-----

另一种格式是：

-----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-----
...
-----END PUBLIC KEY-----

-----BEGIN RSA PUBLIC KEY-----
...
-----END RSA PUBLIC KEY-----

例如，我使用ssh-keygen命令生成了id\u rsa/id\u rsa.pub对，我使用以下公式从id_rsa计算公钥：

openssl rsa -in id_rsa -pubout -out pub2

然后，我再次使用以下公式从id_rsa.pub计算公钥：

ssh-keygen -f id_rsa.pub -e -m pem > pub1

内容为pub1，内容为：

pub2的内容是：

据我了解，pub1和pub2包含相同的公钥信息，但格式不同，我想知道如何在这两种格式之间转换？有人能给我简单介绍一下这两种格式吗？

使用

除了页眉/页脚之外，pub1和pub2之间的唯一区别是pub2中的这个附加字符串：miibijanbgkqhkig9w0baqefaocaq8a
。如果将其删除，则基64与pub1中的基64相同
额外的字符串对应于根据的算法标识符。
我发现这个网站是对不同格式的一个很好的技术解释：
“BEGIN RSA公钥”是PKCS#1，它只能包含RSA密钥
“开始公钥”是PKCS#8，它可以包含多种格式
如果您只想用命令行转换它们，“openssl rsa”非常适合这样做
要将PKCS#8转换为PKCS#1：
openssl rsa-pubin-in-RSAPublicKey\u out

要将PKCS#1转换为PKCS#8：
openssl rsa-RSAPublicKey\u in-in-pubout
我想帮助解释一下这里发生了什么
RSA“公钥”由两个数字组成：

模数（例如2048位数字）
指数（通常为65537）

以RSA公钥为例，这两个数字是：

模数：297,056,429,939,040,947,991,047,334,197,581,225,628,107,021,573,849,359,042,679,698,093,131,908,015,712,695,688,944,173,317,630,555,849,768,647,118,986,535,684,992,447,654,339,728,777,985,990,170,679,511,111,819,558,063,246,667,855,023,730,127,805,401,069,042,322,764,200,545,883,378,826,983,730,553,730,138,478,384,327,116,513,143,842,816,383,440,639,376,515,039,682,874,046,227,217,032,079,079,790,098,143,158,087,443,017,552,531,393,264,852,461,292,775,129,262,080,851,633,535,934,010,704,122,673,027,067,442,627,059,982,393,297,716,922,243,940,155,855,127,430,302,323,883,824,137,412,883,916,794,359,982,603,439,112,095,116,831,297,809,626,059,569,444,750,808,699,678,211,904,501,083,183,234,32379714281015586255370557060002164994436972612399653487013700078498067984909570977377882585701
指数：65537

接下来的问题是，我们想如何将这些数字存储在计算机中。首先，我们将两者转换为十六进制：

模数：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
指数：010001

RSA发明了第一种格式
RSA首先发明了一种格式：
RSAPublicKey ::= SEQUENCE {
    modulus           INTEGER,  -- n
    publicExponent    INTEGER   -- e
}

他们选择使用ASN.1二进制编码标准的DER风格来表示两个数字：
ASN.1中的最终二进制编码是：
30 82 01 0A      ;sequence (0x10A bytes long)
   02 82 01 01   ;integer (0x101 bytes long)
      00 EB506399F5C612F5A67A09C1192B92FAB53DB28520D859CE0EF6B7D83D40AA1C1DCE2C0720D15A0F531595CAD81BA5D129F91CC6769719F1435872C4BCD0521150A0263B470066489B918BFCA03CE8A0E9FC2C0314C4B096EA30717C03C28CA29E678E63D78ACA1E9A63BDB1261EE7A0B041AB53746D68B57B68BEF37B71382838C95DA8557841A3CA58109F0B4F77A5E929B1A25DC2D6814C55DC0F81CD2F4E5DB95EE70C706FC02C4FCA358EA9A82D8043A47611195580F89458E3DAB5592DEFE06CDE1E516A6C61ED78C13977AE9660A9192CA75CD72967FD3AFAFA1F1A2FF6325A5064D847028F1E6B2329E8572F36E708A549DDA355FC74A32FDD8DBA65
   02 03         ;integer (3 bytes long)
      010001

30 82 01 22          ;SEQUENCE (0x122 bytes = 290 bytes)
|  30 0D             ;SEQUENCE (0x0d bytes = 13 bytes) 
|  |  06 09          ;OBJECT IDENTIFIER (0x09 = 9 bytes)
|  |  2A 86 48 86   
|  |  F7 0D 01 01 01 ;hex encoding of 1.2.840.113549.1.1
|  |  05 00          ;NULL (0 bytes)
|  03 82 01 0F 00    ;BIT STRING  (0x10f = 271 bytes)
|  |  30 82 01 0A       ;SEQUENCE (0x10a = 266 bytes)
|  |  |  02 82 01 01    ;INTEGER  (0x101 = 257 bytes)
|  |  |  |  00             ;leading zero of INTEGER
|  |  |  |  EB 50 63 99 F5 C6 12 F5  A6 7A 09 C1 19 2B 92 FA 
|  |  |  |  B5 3D B2 85 20 D8 59 CE  0E F6 B7 D8 3D 40 AA 1C 
|  |  |  |  1D CE 2C 07 20 D1 5A 0F  53 15 95 CA D8 1B A5 D1 
|  |  |  |  29 F9 1C C6 76 97 19 F1  43 58 72 C4 BC D0 52 11 
|  |  |  |  50 A0 26 3B 47 00 66 48  9B 91 8B FC A0 3C E8 A0
|  |  |  |  E9 FC 2C 03 14 C4 B0 96  EA 30 71 7C 03 C2 8C A2  
|  |  |  |  9E 67 8E 63 D7 8A CA 1E  9A 63 BD B1 26 1E E7 A0  
|  |  |  |  B0 41 AB 53 74 6D 68 B5  7B 68 BE F3 7B 71 38 28
|  |  |  |  38 C9 5D A8 55 78 41 A3  CA 58 10 9F 0B 4F 77 A5
|  |  |  |  E9 29 B1 A2 5D C2 D6 81  4C 55 DC 0F 81 CD 2F 4E 
|  |  |  |  5D B9 5E E7 0C 70 6F C0  2C 4F CA 35 8E A9 A8 2D 
|  |  |  |  80 43 A4 76 11 19 55 80  F8 94 58 E3 DA B5 59 2D
|  |  |  |  EF E0 6C DE 1E 51 6A 6C  61 ED 78 C1 39 77 AE 96 
|  |  |  |  60 A9 19 2C A7 5C D7 29  67 FD 3A FA FA 1F 1A 2F 
|  |  |  |  F6 32 5A 50 64 D8 47 02  8F 1E 6B 23 29 E8 57 2F 
|  |  |  |  36 E7 08 A5 49 DD A3 55  FC 74 A3 2F DD 8D BA 65
|  |  |  02 03          ;INTEGER (03 = 3 bytes)
|  |  |  |  010001

然后，如果将所有这些字节一起运行并对其进行Base64编码，则会得到：
MIIBCgKCAQEA61BjmfXGEvWmegnBGSuS+rU9soUg2FnODva32D1AqhwdziwHINFa
D1MVlcrYG6XRKfkcxnaXGfFDWHLEvNBSEVCgJjtHAGZIm5GL/KA86KDp/CwDFMSw
luowcXwDwoyinmeOY9eKyh6aY72xJh7noLBBq1N0bWi1e2i+83txOCg4yV2oVXhB
o8pYEJ8LT3el6Smxol3C1oFMVdwPgc0vTl25XucMcG/ALE/KNY6pqC2AQ6R2ERlV
gPiUWOPatVkt7+Bs3h5Ramxh7XjBOXeulmCpGSynXNcpZ/06+vofGi/2MlpQZNhH
Ao8eayMp6FcvNucIpUndo1X8dKMv3Y26ZQIDAQAB

RSA实验室接着说添加一个标题和尾部：
-----BEGIN RSA PUBLIC KEY-----
MIIBCgKCAQEA61BjmfXGEvWmegnBGSuS+rU9soUg2FnODva32D1AqhwdziwHINFa
D1MVlcrYG6XRKfkcxnaXGfFDWHLEvNBSEVCgJjtHAGZIm5GL/KA86KDp/CwDFMSw
luowcXwDwoyinmeOY9eKyh6aY72xJh7noLBBq1N0bWi1e2i+83txOCg4yV2oVXhB
o8pYEJ8LT3el6Smxol3C1oFMVdwPgc0vTl25XucMcG/ALE/KNY6pqC2AQ6R2ERlV
gPiUWOPatVkt7+Bs3h5Ramxh7XjBOXeulmCpGSynXNcpZ/06+vofGi/2MlpQZNhH
Ao8eayMp6FcvNucIpUndo1X8dKMv3Y26ZQIDAQAB
-----END RSA PUBLIC KEY-----

五个连字符，以及单词开头RSA公钥
。这是您的ASN.1 PKCS#1 RSA公钥

PEM：base64的同义词
DER：ASN.1编码的一种风格
ASN.1：使用的二进制编码方案
PKCS#1：一种形式规范，规定将公钥表示为由模和指数组成的结构
RSA公钥：使用的公钥算法

不仅仅是RSA
此后，出现了其他形式的公钥加密：

迪菲·赫尔曼
椭圆曲线

当需要创建一个标准来表示那些加密算法的参数时，人们采用了许多与RSA最初定义相同的想法：

使用ASN.1二进制编码
base64它
用五个连字符把它包起来
以及单词开始公钥

但不是使用：

----开始RSA公钥---
----开始DH公钥---
----开始EC公钥---

相反，他们决定包含接下来的对象标识符（OID）。对于RSA公钥，即：

RSA PKCS#1：1.2.840.113549.1.1.1

因此，对于RSA公钥，它本质上是：
public struct RSAPublicKey {
   INTEGER modulus,
   INTEGER publicExponent 
}

现在他们创建了SubjectPublicKeyInfo，基本上是：
public struct SubjectPublicKeyInfo {
   AlgorithmIdentifier algorithm,
   RSAPublicKey subjectPublicKey
}

在实际情况下，ASN.1的定义是：
SubjectPublicKeyInfo  ::=  SEQUENCE  {
    algorithm  ::=  SEQUENCE  {
        algorithm               OBJECT IDENTIFIER, -- 1.2.840.113549.1.1.1 rsaEncryption (PKCS#1 1)
        parameters              ANY DEFINED BY algorithm OPTIONAL  },
    subjectPublicKey     BIT STRING {
        RSAPublicKey ::= SEQUENCE {
            modulus            INTEGER,    -- n
            publicExponent     INTEGER     -- e
        }
}

这将为您提供以下ASN.1：
SEQUENCE (2 elements)
   SEQUENCE (2 elements)
      OBJECT IDENTIFIER 1.2.840.113549.1.1.1
      NULL
   BIT STRING (1 element)
      SEQUENCE (2 elements)
         INTEGER (2048 bit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
         INTEGER (24 bit): 010001

ASN.1中的最终二进制编码是：
30 82 01 0A      ;sequence (0x10A bytes long)
   02 82 01 01   ;integer (0x101 bytes long)
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
   02 03         ;integer (3 bytes long)
      010001

30 82 01 22          ;SEQUENCE (0x122 bytes = 290 bytes)
|  30 0D             ;SEQUENCE (0x0d bytes = 13 bytes) 
|  |  06 09          ;OBJECT IDENTIFIER (0x09 = 9 bytes)
|  |  2A 86 48 86   
|  |  F7 0D 01 01 01 ;hex encoding of 1.2.840.113549.1.1
|  |  05 00          ;NULL (0 bytes)
|  03 82 01 0F 00    ;BIT STRING  (0x10f = 271 bytes)
|  |  30 82 01 0A       ;SEQUENCE (0x10a = 266 bytes)
|  |  |  02 82 01 01    ;INTEGER  (0x101 = 257 bytes)
|  |  |  |  00             ;leading zero of INTEGER
|  |  |  |  EB 50 63 99 F5 C6 12 F5  A6 7A 09 C1 19 2B 92 FA 
|  |  |  |  B5 3D B2 85 20 D8 59 CE  0E F6 B7 D8 3D 40 AA 1C 
|  |  |  |  1D CE 2C 07 20 D1 5A 0F  53 15 95 CA D8 1B A5 D1 
|  |  |  |  29 F9 1C C6 76 97 19 F1  43 58 72 C4 BC D0 52 11 
|  |  |  |  50 A0 26 3B 47 00 66 48  9B 91 8B FC A0 3C E8 A0
|  |  |  |  E9 FC 2C 03 14 C4 B0 96  EA 30 71 7C 03 C2 8C A2  
|  |  |  |  9E 67 8E 63 D7 8A CA 1E  9A 63 BD B1 26 1E E7 A0  
|  |  |  |  B0 41 AB 53 74 6D 68 B5  7B 68 BE F3 7B 71 38 28
|  |  |  |  38 C9 5D A8 55 78 41 A3  CA 58 10 9F 0B 4F 77 A5
|  |  |  |  E9 29 B1 A2 5D C2 D6 81  4C 55 DC 0F 81 CD 2F 4E 
|  |  |  |  5D B9 5E E7 0C 70 6F C0  2C 4F CA 35 8E A9 A8 2D 
|  |  |  |  80 43 A4 76 11 19 55 80  F8 94 58 E3 DA B5 59 2D
|  |  |  |  EF E0 6C DE 1E 51 6A 6C  61 ED 78 C1 39 77 AE 96 
|  |  |  |  60 A9 19 2C A7 5C D7 29  67 FD 3A FA FA 1F 1A 2F 
|  |  |  |  F6 32 5A 50 64 D8 47 02  8F 1E 6B 23 29 E8 57 2F 
|  |  |  |  36 E7 08 A5 49 DD A3 55  FC 74 A3 2F DD 8D BA 65
|  |  |  02 03          ;INTEGER (03 = 3 bytes)
|  |  |  |  010001

如前所述，对所有字节进行Base64编码，最后得到第二个示例：
MIIBIjANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAAOCAQ8AMIIBCgKCAQEA61BjmfXGEvWmegnBGSuS
+rU9soUg2FnODva32D1AqhwdziwHINFaD1MVlcrYG6XRKfkcxnaXGfFDWHLEvNBS
EVCgJjtHAGZIm5GL/KA86KDp/CwDFMSwluowcXwDwoyinmeOY9eKyh6aY72xJh7n
oLBBq1N0bWi1e2i+83txOCg4yV2oVXhBo8pYEJ8LT3el6Smxol3C1oFMVdwPgc0v
Tl25XucMcG/ALE/KNY6pqC2AQ6R2ERlVgPiUWOPatVkt7+Bs3h5Ramxh7XjBOXeu
lmCpGSynXNcpZ/06+vofGi/2MlpQZNhHAo8eayMp6FcvNucIpUndo1X8dKMv3Y26
ZQIDAQAB   

添加稍微不同的标题和拖车，您将获得：
-----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-----
MIIBIjANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAAOCAQ8AMIIBCgKCAQEA61BjmfXGEvWmegnBGSuS
+rU9soUg2FnODva32D1AqhwdziwHINFaD1MVlcrYG6XRKfkcxnaXGfFDWHLEvNBS
EVCgJjtHAGZIm5GL/KA86KDp/CwDFMSwluowcXwDwoyinmeOY9eKyh6aY72xJh7n
oLBBq1N0bWi1e2i+83txOCg4yV2oVXhBo8pYEJ8LT3el6Smxol3C1oFMVdwPgc0v
Tl25XucMcG/ALE/KNY6pqC2AQ6R2ERlVgPiUWOPatVkt7+Bs3h5Ramxh7XjBOXeu
lmCpGSynXNcpZ/06+vofGi/2MlpQZNhHAo8eayMp6FcvNucIpUndo1X8dKMv3Y26
ZQIDAQAB   
-----END PUBLIC KEY-----

这是您的X.509主题PublicKeyInfo/OpenSSL PEM公钥
做对了，还是砍掉它
既然您知道编码不是魔术，那么就可以编写解析RSA模和指数所需的所有片段。或者您可以识别出前24个字节是j
30 82 01 22          ;SEQUENCE (0x122 bytes = 290 bytes)
|  30 0D             ;SEQUENCE (0x0d bytes = 13 bytes) 
|  |  06 09          ;OBJECT IDENTIFIER (0x09 = 9 bytes)
|  |  2A 86 48 86   
|  |  F7 0D 01 01 01 ;hex encoding of 1.2.840.113549.1.1
|  |  05 00          ;NULL (0 bytes)
|  03 82 01 0F 00    ;BIT STRING  (0x10f = 271 bytes)
|  |  ...

30 82 01 22 30 0D 06 09 2A 86 48 86 F7 0D 01 01 01 05 00 03 82 01 0F 00

30 82 01  22 30 0D  06 09 2A  86 48 86  F7 0D 01  01 01 05  00 03 82  01 0F 00
\______/  \______/  \______/  \______/  \______/  \______/  \______/  \______/
    |         |         |         |         |         |         |         |
  MIIB      IjAN      Bgkq      hkiG      9w0B      AQEF      AAOC      AQ8A

-----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-----
MIIBIjANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAAOCAQ8A
MIIBCgKCAQEA61BjmfXGEvWmegnBGSuS+rU9soUg2FnODva32D1AqhwdziwHINFa
D1MVlcrYG6XRKfkcxnaXGfFDWHLEvNBSEVCgJjtHAGZIm5GL/KA86KDp/CwDFMSw
luowcXwDwoyinmeOY9eKyh6aY72xJh7noLBBq1N0bWi1e2i+83txOCg4yV2oVXhB
o8pYEJ8LT3el6Smxol3C1oFMVdwPgc0vTl25XucMcG/ALE/KNY6pqC2AQ6R2ERlV
gPiUWOPatVkt7+Bs3h5Ramxh7XjBOXeulmCpGSynXNcpZ/06+vofGi/2MlpQZNhH
Ao8eayMp6FcvNucIpUndo1X8dKMv3Y26ZQIDAQAB
-----END PUBLIC KEY-----

-----BEGIN RSA PUBLIC KEY-----
MIIBCgKCAQEA61BjmfXGEvWmegnBGSuS+rU9soUg2FnODva32D1AqhwdziwHINFa
D1MVlcrYG6XRKfkcxnaXGfFDWHLEvNBSEVCgJjtHAGZIm5GL/KA86KDp/CwDFMSw
luowcXwDwoyinmeOY9eKyh6aY72xJh7noLBBq1N0bWi1e2i+83txOCg4yV2oVXhB
o8pYEJ8LT3el6Smxol3C1oFMVdwPgc0vTl25XucMcG/ALE/KNY6pqC2AQ6R2ERlV
gPiUWOPatVkt7+Bs3h5Ramxh7XjBOXeulmCpGSynXNcpZ/06+vofGi/2MlpQZNhH
Ao8eayMp6FcvNucIpUndo1X8dKMv3Y26ZQIDAQAB
-----END RSA PUBLIC KEY-----

>openssl rsa -in newclient_privatekey.pem  -check
RSA key ok
writing RSA key
-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----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-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----

>openssl rsa -in newclient_privatekey.pem -pubout
writing RSA key
-----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-----
MIGfMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBAQUAA4GNADCBiQKBgQCn/OlFk7vLRQ6dBiNQkvjnhm4p
OYWo+GeAEmU4N1HPZj1dxv704hm80eYc7h12xc7oVcDLBdHByGAGBpQfpjgdPyoz
C/zSqcuU6iBrvzDTpyG1zhIG76KrcjdbX6PlKAPO9r/dCRmUijFhVoUlY6ywGknm
LBrtZkLkBhchgYnMswIDAQAB
-----END PUBLIC KEY-----

>openssl rsa -in newclient_privatekey.pem -RSAPublicKey_out
writing RSA key
-----BEGIN RSA PUBLIC KEY-----
MIGJAoGBAKf86UWTu8tFDp0GI1CS+OeGbik5haj4Z4ASZTg3Uc9mPV3G/vTiGbzR
5hzuHXbFzuhVwMsF0cHIYAYGlB+mOB0/KjML/NKpy5TqIGu/MNOnIbXOEgbvoqty
N1tfo+UoA872v90JGZSKMWFWhSVjrLAaSeYsGu1mQuQGFyGBicyzAgMBAAE=
-----END RSA PUBLIC KEY-----

>openssl rsa -in newclient_publickey.pem -pubin -modulus
Modulus=
A7FCE94593BBCB450E9D06235092F8E7
866E293985A8F867801265383751CF66
3D5DC6FEF4E219BCD1E61CEE1D76C5CE
E855C0CB05D1C1C8600606941FA6381D
3F2A330BFCD2A9CB94EA206BBF30D3A7
21B5CE1206EFA2AB72375B5FA3E52803
CEF6BFDD0919948A316156852563ACB0
1A49E62C1AED6642E40617218189CCB3
writing RSA key
-----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-----
MIGfMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBAQUAA4GNADCBiQKBgQCn/OlFk7vLRQ6dBiNQkvjnhm4p
OYWo+GeAEmU4N1HPZj1dxv704hm80eYc7h12xc7oVcDLBdHByGAGBpQfpjgdPyoz
C/zSqcuU6iBrvzDTpyG1zhIG76KrcjdbX6PlKAPO9r/dCRmUijFhVoUlY6ywGknm
LBrtZkLkBhchgYnMswIDAQAB
-----END PUBLIC KEY-----

>openssl rsa -in newclient_rsapublickey.pem -RSAPublicKey_in -modulus
Modulus=
A7FCE94593BBCB450E9D06235092F8E7
866E293985A8F867801265383751CF66
3D5DC6FEF4E219BCD1E61CEE1D76C5CE
E855C0CB05D1C1C8600606941FA6381D
3F2A330BFCD2A9CB94EA206BBF30D3A7
21B5CE1206EFA2AB72375B5FA3E52803
CEF6BFDD0919948A316156852563ACB0
1A49E62C1AED6642E40617218189CCB3
writing RSA key
-----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-----
MIGfMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBAQUAA4GNADCBiQKBgQCn/OlFk7vLRQ6dBiNQkvjnhm4p
OYWo+GeAEmU4N1HPZj1dxv704hm80eYc7h12xc7oVcDLBdHByGAGBpQfpjgdPyoz
C/zSqcuU6iBrvzDTpyG1zhIG76KrcjdbX6PlKAPO9r/dCRmUijFhVoUlY6ywGknm
LBrtZkLkBhchgYnMswIDAQAB
-----END PUBLIC KEY-----

>openssl rsa -in newclient_rsapublickey.pem -RSAPublicKey_in -modulus -RSAPublicKey_out
Modulus=
A7FCE94593BBCB450E9D06235092F8E7
866E293985A8F867801265383751CF66
3D5DC6FEF4E219BCD1E61CEE1D76C5CE
E855C0CB05D1C1C8600606941FA6381D
3F2A330BFCD2A9CB94EA206BBF30D3A7
21B5CE1206EFA2AB72375B5FA3E52803
CEF6BFDD0919948A316156852563ACB0
1A49E62C1AED6642E40617218189CCB3
writing RSA key
-----BEGIN RSA PUBLIC KEY-----
MIGJAoGBAKf86UWTu8tFDp0GI1CS+OeGbik5haj4Z4ASZTg3Uc9mPV3G/vTiGbzR
5hzuHXbFzuhVwMsF0cHIYAYGlB+mOB0/KjML/NKpy5TqIGu/MNOnIbXOEgbvoqty
N1tfo+UoA872v90JGZSKMWFWhSVjrLAaSeYsGu1mQuQGFyGBicyzAgMBAAE=
-----END RSA PUBLIC KEY-----

>openssl rsa -in newclient_publickey.pem -pubin -RSAPublicKey_out
writing RSA key
-----BEGIN RSA PUBLIC KEY-----
MIGJAoGBAKf86UWTu8tFDp0GI1CS+OeGbik5haj4Z4ASZTg3Uc9mPV3G/vTiGbzR
5hzuHXbFzuhVwMsF0cHIYAYGlB+mOB0/KjML/NKpy5TqIGu/MNOnIbXOEgbvoqty
N1tfo+UoA872v90JGZSKMWFWhSVjrLAaSeYsGu1mQuQGFyGBicyzAgMBAAE=
-----END RSA PUBLIC KEY-----

>openssl rsa -in newclient_rsapublickey.pem -RSAPublicKey_in -pubout
writing RSA key
-----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-----
MIGfMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBAQUAA4GNADCBiQKBgQCn/OlFk7vLRQ6dBiNQkvjnhm4p
OYWo+GeAEmU4N1HPZj1dxv704hm80eYc7h12xc7oVcDLBdHByGAGBpQfpjgdPyoz
C/zSqcuU6iBrvzDTpyG1zhIG76KrcjdbX6PlKAPO9r/dCRmUijFhVoUlY6ywGknm
LBrtZkLkBhchgYnMswIDAQAB
-----END PUBLIC KEY-----

>openssl x509 -in newclient_cert.pem -pubkey -noout -modulus
-----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-----
MIGfMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBAQUAA4GNADCBiQKBgQCn/OlFk7vLRQ6dBiNQkvjnhm4p
OYWo+GeAEmU4N1HPZj1dxv704hm80eYc7h12xc7oVcDLBdHByGAGBpQfpjgdPyoz
C/zSqcuU6iBrvzDTpyG1zhIG76KrcjdbX6PlKAPO9r/dCRmUijFhVoUlY6ywGknm
LBrtZkLkBhchgYnMswIDAQAB
-----END PUBLIC KEY-----
Modulus=
A7FCE94593BBCB450E9D06235092F8E7
866E293985A8F867801265383751CF66
3D5DC6FEF4E219BCD1E61CEE1D76C5CE
E855C0CB05D1C1C8600606941FA6381D
3F2A330BFCD2A9CB94EA206BBF30D3A7
21B5CE1206EFA2AB72375B5FA3E52803
CEF6BFDD0919948A316156852563ACB0
1A49E62C1AED6642E40617218189CCB3