如何在Perl中执行内省？

在PerlOOP中，如何转储此类及其父类中的所有方法/字段

my ($self) = @_;

我见过很多这样的建筑工人。那么，什么是

@

我有Java/OOP的背景。如果你的解释能跟Java领域一样，我会更容易理解

什么是

@

？看

此外，请回答部分问题

我对这个问题的首选答案是：

---

Data:：Printer是一种快速获取当前类中可用方法列表的方法：

#!/usr/bin/env perl

use strict;
use warnings;
use DateTime;
use Data::Printer;

p( DateTime->now );

这将打印如下内容：

DateTime  {
    public methods (134) : add, add_duration, am_or_pm, bootstrap, ce_year, christian_era, clone, compare, compare_ignore_floating, date, datetime, day, day_abbr, day_name, day_of_month, day_of_month_0, day_of_quarter, day_of_quarter_0, day_of_week, day_of_week_0, day_of_year, day_of_year_0, day_0, DefaultLanguage, DefaultLocale, delta_days, delta_md, delta_ms, dmy, doq, doq_0, dow, dow_0, doy, doy_0, duration_class, epoch, era, era_abbr, era_name, format_cldr, formatter, fractional_second, from_day_of_year, from_epoch, from_object, hires_epoch, hms, hour, hour_1, hour_12, hour_12_0, INFINITY, is_dst, is_finite, is_infinite, is_leap_year, iso8601, jd, language, last_day_of_month, leap_seconds, local_day_of_week, local_rd_as_seconds, local_rd_values, locale, MAX_NANOSECONDS, mday, mday_0, mdy, microsecond, millisecond, min, minute, mjd, mon, mon_0, month, month_abbr, month_name, month_0, NAN, nanosecond, NEG_INFINITY, new, now, offset, quarter, quarter_abbr, quarter_name, quarter_0, sec, second, SECONDS_PER_DAY, secular_era, set, set_day, set_formatter, set_hour, set_locale, set_minute, set_month, set_nanosecond, set_second, set_time_zone, set_year, STORABLE_freeze, STORABLE_thaw, strftime, subtract, subtract_datetime, subtract_datetime_absolute, subtract_duration, time, time_zone, time_zone_long_name, time_zone_short_name, today, truncate, utc_rd_as_seconds, utc_rd_values, utc_year, wday, wday_0, week, week_number, week_of_month, week_year, weekday_of_month, year, year_with_christian_era, year_with_era, year_with_secular_era, ymd
    private methods (38) : _accumulated_leap_seconds, _add_overload, _adjust_for_positive_difference, _calc_local_components, _calc_local_rd, _calc_utc_components, _calc_utc_rd, _cldr_pattern, _compare, _compare_overload, _day_has_leap_second, _day_length, _era_index, _format_nanosecs, _handle_offset_modifier, _is_leap_year, _month_length, _new, _new_from_self, _normalize_leap_seconds, _normalize_nanoseconds, _normalize_seconds, _normalize_tai_seconds, _offset_for_local_datetime, _rd2ymd, _seconds_as_components, _space_padded_string, _string_compare_overload, _string_equals_overload, _string_not_equals_overload, _stringify, _subtract_overload, _time_as_seconds, _utc_hms, _utc_ymd, _weeks_in_year, _ymd2rd, _zero_padded_number 
    internals: {
        formatter   undef,
        local_c   {   
            day     13, 
            day_of_quarter   13, 
            day_of_week   5,  
            day_of_year   104,
            hour    15, 
            minute   5,  
            month   4,  
            quarter   2,  
            second   16, 
            year    2012
        },  
        local_rd_days   734606,
        local_rd_secs   54316,
        locale   DateTime::Locale::en_US,
        offset_modifier   0,  
        rd_nanosecs   0,  
        tz       DateTime::TimeZone::UTC,
        utc_rd_days   734606,
        utc_rd_secs   54316,
        utc_year   2013
    }   
}   

---

标准文档中至少有三个与OOP相关的教程：，和。您“看到了许多构造函数”（重点添加）将其第一个参数命名为

$self

？嗯，这不是不可想象的，但是典型的构造函数是类方法，它们命名它们的第一个参数

$class

或

$pkg

或

$type

或类似的，并且有很好的理由。

DateTime  {
    public methods (134) : add, add_duration, am_or_pm, bootstrap, ce_year, christian_era, clone, compare, compare_ignore_floating, date, datetime, day, day_abbr, day_name, day_of_month, day_of_month_0, day_of_quarter, day_of_quarter_0, day_of_week, day_of_week_0, day_of_year, day_of_year_0, day_0, DefaultLanguage, DefaultLocale, delta_days, delta_md, delta_ms, dmy, doq, doq_0, dow, dow_0, doy, doy_0, duration_class, epoch, era, era_abbr, era_name, format_cldr, formatter, fractional_second, from_day_of_year, from_epoch, from_object, hires_epoch, hms, hour, hour_1, hour_12, hour_12_0, INFINITY, is_dst, is_finite, is_infinite, is_leap_year, iso8601, jd, language, last_day_of_month, leap_seconds, local_day_of_week, local_rd_as_seconds, local_rd_values, locale, MAX_NANOSECONDS, mday, mday_0, mdy, microsecond, millisecond, min, minute, mjd, mon, mon_0, month, month_abbr, month_name, month_0, NAN, nanosecond, NEG_INFINITY, new, now, offset, quarter, quarter_abbr, quarter_name, quarter_0, sec, second, SECONDS_PER_DAY, secular_era, set, set_day, set_formatter, set_hour, set_locale, set_minute, set_month, set_nanosecond, set_second, set_time_zone, set_year, STORABLE_freeze, STORABLE_thaw, strftime, subtract, subtract_datetime, subtract_datetime_absolute, subtract_duration, time, time_zone, time_zone_long_name, time_zone_short_name, today, truncate, utc_rd_as_seconds, utc_rd_values, utc_year, wday, wday_0, week, week_number, week_of_month, week_year, weekday_of_month, year, year_with_christian_era, year_with_era, year_with_secular_era, ymd
    private methods (38) : _accumulated_leap_seconds, _add_overload, _adjust_for_positive_difference, _calc_local_components, _calc_local_rd, _calc_utc_components, _calc_utc_rd, _cldr_pattern, _compare, _compare_overload, _day_has_leap_second, _day_length, _era_index, _format_nanosecs, _handle_offset_modifier, _is_leap_year, _month_length, _new, _new_from_self, _normalize_leap_seconds, _normalize_nanoseconds, _normalize_seconds, _normalize_tai_seconds, _offset_for_local_datetime, _rd2ymd, _seconds_as_components, _space_padded_string, _string_compare_overload, _string_equals_overload, _string_not_equals_overload, _stringify, _subtract_overload, _time_as_seconds, _utc_hms, _utc_ymd, _weeks_in_year, _ymd2rd, _zero_padded_number 
    internals: {
        formatter   undef,
        local_c   {   
            day     13, 
            day_of_quarter   13, 
            day_of_week   5,  
            day_of_year   104,
            hour    15, 
            minute   5,  
            month   4,  
            quarter   2,  
            second   16, 
            year    2012
        },  
        local_rd_days   734606,
        local_rd_secs   54316,
        locale   DateTime::Locale::en_US,
        offset_modifier   0,  
        rd_nanosecs   0,  
        tz       DateTime::TimeZone::UTC,
        utc_rd_days   734606,
        utc_rd_secs   54316,
        utc_year   2013
    }   
}