Python 查找曲线上坡度变化的位置

我有数据点的时间和电压，创造曲线如下所示

时间

数据为

array([  0.10810811,   0.75675676,   1.62162162,   2.59459459,
         3.56756757,   4.21621622,   4.97297297,   4.97297297,
         4.97297297,   4.97297297,   4.97297297,   4.97297297,
         4.97297297,   4.97297297,   5.08108108,   5.18918919,
         5.2972973 ,   5.51351351,   5.72972973,   5.94594595,
         6.27027027,   6.59459459,   7.13513514,   7.67567568,
         8.32432432,   9.18918919,  10.05405405,  10.91891892,
        11.78378378,  12.64864865,  13.51351351,  14.37837838,
        15.35135135,  16.32432432,  17.08108108,  18.16216216,
        19.02702703,  20.        ,  20.        ,  20.        ,
        20.        ,  20.        ,  20.        ,  20.        ,
        20.10810811,  20.21621622,  20.43243243,  20.64864865,
        20.97297297,  21.40540541,  22.05405405,  22.91891892,
        23.78378378,  24.86486486,  25.83783784,  26.7027027 ,
        27.56756757,  28.54054054,  29.51351351,  30.48648649,
        31.56756757,  32.64864865,  33.62162162,  34.59459459,
        35.67567568,  36.64864865,  37.62162162,  38.59459459,
        39.67567568,  40.75675676,  41.83783784,  42.81081081,
        43.89189189,  44.97297297,  46.05405405,  47.02702703,
        48.10810811,  49.18918919,  50.27027027,  51.35135135,
        52.43243243,  53.51351351,  54.48648649,  55.56756757,
        56.75675676,  57.72972973,  58.81081081,  59.89189189])

array([ 4.11041056,  4.11041056,  4.11041056,  4.11041056,  4.11041056,
        4.11041056,  4.11041056,  4.10454545,  4.09794721,  4.09208211,
        4.08621701,  4.07961877,  4.07228739,  4.06568915,  4.05909091,
        4.05175953,  4.04516129,  4.03782991,  4.03123167,  4.02463343,
        4.01803519,  4.01217009,  4.00557185,  3.99970674,  3.99384164,
        3.98797654,  3.98284457,  3.97771261,  3.97331378,  3.96891496,
        3.96451613,  3.96085044,  3.95645161,  3.95205279,  3.9483871 ,
        3.94398827,  3.94032258,  3.93665689,  3.94325513,  3.94985337,
        3.95645161,  3.96378299,  3.97038123,  3.97624633,  3.98284457,
        3.98944282,  3.99604106,  4.0026393 ,  4.00923754,  4.01510264,
        4.02096774,  4.02609971,  4.02903226,  4.03196481,  4.03416422,
        4.0356305 ,  4.03709677,  4.03856305,  4.03929619,  4.04002933,
        4.04076246,  4.04222874,  4.04296188,  4.04296188,  4.04369501,
        4.04442815,  4.04516129,  4.04516129,  4.04589443,  4.04589443,
        4.04662757,  4.04662757,  4.0473607 ,  4.0473607 ,  4.04809384,
        4.04809384,  4.04809384,  4.04882698,  4.04882698,  4.04882698,
        4.04956012,  4.04956012,  4.04956012,  4.04956012,  4.05029326,
        4.05029326,  4.05029326,  4.05029326])

并且

volts

数据为

array([  0.10810811,   0.75675676,   1.62162162,   2.59459459,
         3.56756757,   4.21621622,   4.97297297,   4.97297297,
         4.97297297,   4.97297297,   4.97297297,   4.97297297,
         4.97297297,   4.97297297,   5.08108108,   5.18918919,
         5.2972973 ,   5.51351351,   5.72972973,   5.94594595,
         6.27027027,   6.59459459,   7.13513514,   7.67567568,
         8.32432432,   9.18918919,  10.05405405,  10.91891892,
        11.78378378,  12.64864865,  13.51351351,  14.37837838,
        15.35135135,  16.32432432,  17.08108108,  18.16216216,
        19.02702703,  20.        ,  20.        ,  20.        ,
        20.        ,  20.        ,  20.        ,  20.        ,
        20.10810811,  20.21621622,  20.43243243,  20.64864865,
        20.97297297,  21.40540541,  22.05405405,  22.91891892,
        23.78378378,  24.86486486,  25.83783784,  26.7027027 ,
        27.56756757,  28.54054054,  29.51351351,  30.48648649,
        31.56756757,  32.64864865,  33.62162162,  34.59459459,
        35.67567568,  36.64864865,  37.62162162,  38.59459459,
        39.67567568,  40.75675676,  41.83783784,  42.81081081,
        43.89189189,  44.97297297,  46.05405405,  47.02702703,
        48.10810811,  49.18918919,  50.27027027,  51.35135135,
        52.43243243,  53.51351351,  54.48648649,  55.56756757,
        56.75675676,  57.72972973,  58.81081081,  59.89189189])

array([ 4.11041056,  4.11041056,  4.11041056,  4.11041056,  4.11041056,
        4.11041056,  4.11041056,  4.10454545,  4.09794721,  4.09208211,
        4.08621701,  4.07961877,  4.07228739,  4.06568915,  4.05909091,
        4.05175953,  4.04516129,  4.03782991,  4.03123167,  4.02463343,
        4.01803519,  4.01217009,  4.00557185,  3.99970674,  3.99384164,
        3.98797654,  3.98284457,  3.97771261,  3.97331378,  3.96891496,
        3.96451613,  3.96085044,  3.95645161,  3.95205279,  3.9483871 ,
        3.94398827,  3.94032258,  3.93665689,  3.94325513,  3.94985337,
        3.95645161,  3.96378299,  3.97038123,  3.97624633,  3.98284457,
        3.98944282,  3.99604106,  4.0026393 ,  4.00923754,  4.01510264,
        4.02096774,  4.02609971,  4.02903226,  4.03196481,  4.03416422,
        4.0356305 ,  4.03709677,  4.03856305,  4.03929619,  4.04002933,
        4.04076246,  4.04222874,  4.04296188,  4.04296188,  4.04369501,
        4.04442815,  4.04516129,  4.04516129,  4.04589443,  4.04589443,
        4.04662757,  4.04662757,  4.0473607 ,  4.0473607 ,  4.04809384,
        4.04809384,  4.04809384,  4.04882698,  4.04882698,  4.04882698,
        4.04956012,  4.04956012,  4.04956012,  4.04956012,  4.05029326,
        4.05029326,  4.05029326,  4.05029326])

我想确定标记为A、B、C、D和E的点的位置。点A是斜率从零到未定义的第一个位置。点B是直线不再垂直的位置。点C是曲线的最小值。点D是曲线不再垂直的位置。点E是斜率再次接近零的位置。下面的Python代码确定点A和C的位置

tdiff = np.diff(time)
vdiff = np.diff(volts)

# point A
idxA = np.where(vdiff < 0)[0][0]
timeA = time[idxA]
voltA = volts[idxA]

# point C
idxC = volts.idxmin()
timeC = time[idxC]
voltC = volts[idxC]

tdiff=np.diff（时间）
vdiff=np.差值（伏特）
#A点
idxA=np.where（vdiff<0）[0][0]
timeA=时间[idxA]
伏特=伏特[idxA]
#C点
idxC=volts.idxmin（）
timeC=时间[idxC]
伏特c=伏特[idxC]

---

如何确定曲线上由点B、D和E表示的其他位置？

您正在查找标记坡度变为零或无穷大的任何位置的点。实际上，我们不需要在任何地方计算斜率：

yn-yn-1==0

和

yn+1-yn！=0

，反之亦然，或与

x

相同

我们可以取

x

的差值。如果两个连续元素中的一个为零，则该点处的差异将为差异或负差异。所以我们只想找到并标记

diff（x）=diff（diff（x））

和

diff（x）！=0

，当然，针对阵列之间的大小差异进行了适当调整。我们还需要

y

中相同的所有点

用numpy术语来说，这可以写成如下

def masks(vec):
    d = np.diff(vec)
    dd = np.diff(d)

    # Mask of locations where graph goes to vertical or horizontal, depending on vec
    to_mask = ((d[:-1] != 0) & (d[:-1] == -dd))
    # Mask of locations where graph comes from vertical or horizontal, depending on vec
    from_mask = ((d[1:] != 0) & (d[1:] == dd))
    return to_mask, from_mask

to_vert_mask, from_vert_mask = masks(time)
to_horiz_mask, from_horiz_mask = masks(volts)

请记住，掩码是根据二阶差计算的，因此它们比输入短两个元素。掩码中的元素对应于输入数组中的元素，其前缘和后缘上有一个元素边框（因此下面的索引

[1:-1]

）。可以使用将遮罩转换为索引，也可以直接使用遮罩作为索引来获取x值和y值：

def apply_mask(mask, x, y):
    return x[1:-1][mask], y[1:-1][mask]

to_vert_t, to_vert_v = apply_mask(to_vert_mask, time, volts)
from_vert_t, from_vert_v = apply_mask(from_vert_mask, time, volts)
to_horiz_t, to_horiz_v = apply_mask(to_horiz_mask, time, volts)
from_horiz_t, from_horiz_v = apply_mask(from_horiz_mask, time, volts)

plt.plot(time, volts, 'b-')
plt.plot(to_vert_t, to_vert_v, 'r^', label='Plot goes vertical')
plt.plot(from_vert_t, from_vert_v, 'kv', label='Plot stops being vertical')
plt.plot(to_horiz_t, to_horiz_v, 'r>', label='Plot goes horizontal')
plt.plot(from_horiz_t, from_horiz_v, 'k<', label='Plot stops being horizontal')
plt.legend()
plt.show()

我将此用作展示

apply\u mask

结果的星形扩展。结果图为：

这正是你要找的情节。从_horiz中丢弃

，

也会使“点A”仅被标识为垂直下降，这很好

---

正如

至_horiz

中的多个值所示，该方法对数据中的噪声非常敏感。您的数据非常平滑，但这种方法不太可能适用于未经过滤的原始测量值。

是什么决定了这些点？您既没有提供数据，也没有明确定义要做什么。如果你不能清楚地定义你真正想要的东西，那么使用“拐点”这个词是没有任何帮助的。这些点当然不像数学上的拐点。当你们来到熊猫社区时，别忘了带一些数据。数据决定答案。那么这些点有什么特别之处呢？请把它编辑成一个非常详细的问题。如果你做对了，你可能会回答你自己的问题。仅仅实现数学定义有什么错：二阶导数在哪里改变符号？@Bharath。垂直的字面意思是共享相同的时间值。谢谢你的深入回答。@wigging。很高兴你喜欢它。我更新了图片，让它看起来更干净。