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在python中自动删除图像中的热/死像素_Python_Image Processing_Numpy_Camera_Scipy - Fatal编程技术网

在python中自动删除图像中的热/死像素

在python中自动删除图像中的热/死像素,python,image-processing,numpy,camera,scipy,Python,Image Processing,Numpy,Camera,Scipy,我正在使用numpy和scipy处理用CCD相机拍摄的大量图像。这些图像有许多热(和死)像素,其值非常大(或很小)。这些会干扰其他图像处理,因此需要将其删除。不幸的是,尽管一些像素停留在0或255,并且在所有图像中始终处于相同的值,但仍有一些像素暂时停留在其他值上几分钟(数据跨越数小时) 我想知道是否有一种方法可以识别(和删除)python中已经实现的热点像素。如果没有,我想知道什么是一个有效的方法来这样做。通过与相邻像素进行比较,热/死像素相对容易识别。我可以看到写一个循环,查看每个像素,将其

我正在使用numpy和scipy处理用CCD相机拍摄的大量图像。这些图像有许多热(和死)像素,其值非常大(或很小)。这些会干扰其他图像处理,因此需要将其删除。不幸的是,尽管一些像素停留在0或255,并且在所有图像中始终处于相同的值,但仍有一些像素暂时停留在其他值上几分钟(数据跨越数小时)

我想知道是否有一种方法可以识别(和删除)python中已经实现的热点像素。如果没有,我想知道什么是一个有效的方法来这样做。通过与相邻像素进行比较,热/死像素相对容易识别。我可以看到写一个循环,查看每个像素,将其值与其8个最近邻的值进行比较。或者,使用某种卷积生成更平滑的图像,然后从包含热像素的图像中减去它,使它们更容易识别,这似乎更好

我在下面的代码中尝试过这种“模糊方法”,效果不错,但我怀疑它是否最快。此外,它在图像的边缘会变得混乱(可能是因为高斯滤波函数进行卷积,卷积在边缘附近变得奇怪)。那么,有没有更好的办法

示例代码:

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import scipy.ndimage

plt.figure(figsize=(8,4))
ax1 = plt.subplot(121)
ax2 = plt.subplot(122)

#make a sample image
x = np.linspace(-5,5,200)
X,Y = np.meshgrid(x,x)
Z = 255*np.cos(np.sqrt(x**2 + Y**2))**2


for i in range(0,11):
    #Add some hot pixels
    Z[np.random.randint(low=0,high=199),np.random.randint(low=0,high=199)]= np.random.randint(low=200,high=255)
    #and dead pixels
    Z[np.random.randint(low=0,high=199),np.random.randint(low=0,high=199)]= np.random.randint(low=0,high=10)

#Then plot it
ax1.set_title('Raw data with hot pixels')
ax1.imshow(Z,interpolation='nearest',origin='lower')

#Now we try to find the hot pixels
blurred_Z = scipy.ndimage.gaussian_filter(Z, sigma=2)
difference = Z - blurred_Z

ax2.set_title('Difference with hot pixels identified')
ax2.imshow(difference,interpolation='nearest',origin='lower')

threshold = 15
hot_pixels = np.nonzero((difference>threshold) | (difference<-threshold))

#Don't include the hot pixels that we found near the edge:
count = 0
for y,x in zip(hot_pixels[0],hot_pixels[1]):
    if (x != 0) and (x != 199) and (y != 0) and (y != 199):
        ax2.plot(x,y,'ro')
        count += 1

print 'Detected %i hot/dead pixels out of 20.'%count
ax2.set_xlim(0,200); ax2.set_ylim(0,200)


plt.show()
将numpy导入为np
将matplotlib.pyplot作为plt导入
导入scipy.ndimage
plt.图(figsize=(8,4))
ax1=plt.子批次(121)
ax2=plt.子批次(122)
#制作一个样本图像
x=np.linspace(-5,5200)
十、 Y=np.meshgrid(X,X)
Z=255*np.cos(np.sqrt(x**2+Y**2))**2
对于范围(0,11)内的i:
#添加一些热像素
Z[np.random.randint(低=0,高=199),np.random.randint(低=0,高=199)]=np.random.randint(低=200,高=255)
#和死像素
Z[np.random.randint(低=0,高=199),np.random.randint(低=0,高=199)]=np.random.randint(低=0,高=10)
#然后画出来
ax1.set_title('具有热像素的原始数据')
ax1.imshow(Z,插值='最近',原点='较低')
#现在,我们试图找到热点像素
模糊的高斯滤波器(Z,sigma=2)
差=Z-模糊
ax2.set_title('与识别的热像素的差异')
ax2.imshow(差分、插值=‘最近’、原点=‘较低’)
阈值=15

热像素=np。非零((差异>阈值)|(差异基本上,我认为处理热像素的最快方法就是使用大小=2的中值滤波器。然后,噗,你的热像素消失了,你还消除了相机中的其他各种高频传感器噪声

如果你真的只想删除热像素,那么替换你可以从原始图像中减去中值滤波器,就像我在问题中所做的那样,然后用中值滤波图像中的值只替换这些值。这在边缘不起作用,因此如果你可以忽略边缘的像素,那么这将使事情变得复杂容易多了

如果要处理边缘,可以使用下面的代码。但是,它不是最快的:

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import scipy.ndimage

plt.figure(figsize=(10,5))
ax1 = plt.subplot(121)
ax2 = plt.subplot(122)

#make some sample data
x = np.linspace(-5,5,200)
X,Y = np.meshgrid(x,x)
Z = 100*np.cos(np.sqrt(x**2 + Y**2))**2 + 50

np.random.seed(1)
for i in range(0,11):
    #Add some hot pixels
    Z[np.random.randint(low=0,high=199),np.random.randint(low=0,high=199)]= np.random.randint(low=200,high=255)
    #and dead pixels
    Z[np.random.randint(low=0,high=199),np.random.randint(low=0,high=199)]= np.random.randint(low=0,high=10)

#And some hot pixels in the corners and edges
Z[0,0]   =255
Z[-1,-1] =255
Z[-1,0]  =255
Z[0,-1]  =255
Z[0,100] =255
Z[-1,100]=255
Z[100,0] =255
Z[100,-1]=255

#Then plot it
ax1.set_title('Raw data with hot pixels')
ax1.imshow(Z,interpolation='nearest',origin='lower')

def find_outlier_pixels(data,tolerance=3,worry_about_edges=True):
    #This function finds the hot or dead pixels in a 2D dataset. 
    #tolerance is the number of standard deviations used to cutoff the hot pixels
    #If you want to ignore the edges and greatly speed up the code, then set
    #worry_about_edges to False.
    #
    #The function returns a list of hot pixels and also an image with with hot pixels removed

    from scipy.ndimage import median_filter
    blurred = median_filter(Z, size=2)
    difference = data - blurred
    threshold = 10*np.std(difference)

    #find the hot pixels, but ignore the edges
    hot_pixels = np.nonzero((np.abs(difference[1:-1,1:-1])>threshold) )
    hot_pixels = np.array(hot_pixels) + 1 #because we ignored the first row and first column

    fixed_image = np.copy(data) #This is the image with the hot pixels removed
    for y,x in zip(hot_pixels[0],hot_pixels[1]):
        fixed_image[y,x]=blurred[y,x]

    if worry_about_edges == True:
        height,width = np.shape(data)

        ###Now get the pixels on the edges (but not the corners)###

        #left and right sides
        for index in range(1,height-1):
            #left side:
            med  = np.median(data[index-1:index+2,0:2])
            diff = np.abs(data[index,0] - med)
            if diff>threshold: 
                hot_pixels = np.hstack(( hot_pixels, [[index],[0]]  ))
                fixed_image[index,0] = med

            #right side:
            med  = np.median(data[index-1:index+2,-2:])
            diff = np.abs(data[index,-1] - med)
            if diff>threshold: 
                hot_pixels = np.hstack(( hot_pixels, [[index],[width-1]]  ))
                fixed_image[index,-1] = med

        #Then the top and bottom
        for index in range(1,width-1):
            #bottom:
            med  = np.median(data[0:2,index-1:index+2])
            diff = np.abs(data[0,index] - med)
            if diff>threshold: 
                hot_pixels = np.hstack(( hot_pixels, [[0],[index]]  ))
                fixed_image[0,index] = med

            #top:
            med  = np.median(data[-2:,index-1:index+2])
            diff = np.abs(data[-1,index] - med)
            if diff>threshold: 
                hot_pixels = np.hstack(( hot_pixels, [[height-1],[index]]  ))
                fixed_image[-1,index] = med

        ###Then the corners###

        #bottom left
        med  = np.median(data[0:2,0:2])
        diff = np.abs(data[0,0] - med)
        if diff>threshold: 
            hot_pixels = np.hstack(( hot_pixels, [[0],[0]]  ))
            fixed_image[0,0] = med

        #bottom right
        med  = np.median(data[0:2,-2:])
        diff = np.abs(data[0,-1] - med)
        if diff>threshold: 
            hot_pixels = np.hstack(( hot_pixels, [[0],[width-1]]  ))
            fixed_image[0,-1] = med

        #top left
        med  = np.median(data[-2:,0:2])
        diff = np.abs(data[-1,0] - med)
        if diff>threshold: 
            hot_pixels = np.hstack(( hot_pixels, [[height-1],[0]]  ))
            fixed_image[-1,0] = med

        #top right
        med  = np.median(data[-2:,-2:])
        diff = np.abs(data[-1,-1] - med)
        if diff>threshold: 
            hot_pixels = np.hstack(( hot_pixels, [[height-1],[width-1]]  ))
            fixed_image[-1,-1] = med

    return hot_pixels,fixed_image


hot_pixels,fixed_image = find_outlier_pixels(Z)

for y,x in zip(hot_pixels[0],hot_pixels[1]):
    ax1.plot(x,y,'ro',mfc='none',mec='r',ms=10)

ax1.set_xlim(0,200)
ax1.set_ylim(0,200)

ax2.set_title('Image with hot pixels removed')
ax2.imshow(fixed_image,interpolation='nearest',origin='lower',clim=(0,255))

plt.show()
输出:

尝试一种更简单的情况:使用中值滤波(例如,通过3x3模式)生成另一幅图像,并计算图像与滤波图像之间差值的绝对值。将原始图像的像素替换为该差值的较大值(例如,100)通过过滤值。阈值的值可以通过差异统计自动获得。@Eddy_Em,感谢您建议使用中值滤波器-这似乎比高斯滤波器更好。此外,我喜欢使用差异数组的统计信息设置阈值的想法。我试着取标准差,这是eemed工作正常。(我将阈值设置为标准偏差的5倍。)但是,我对你的建议感到困惑,你建议将差分数组的倍数添加到图像数组中。这有什么作用?哦,不:我只是说你搜索像素,通过一些阈值在差分数组中进行清理。好的,这就是我现在正在做的。这似乎与中值滤波器配合得很好。仍然存在边缘效应中值滤波器在边缘附近产生不同的结果,因此它使那里看起来有很多热像素。知道如何使它在边缘附近工作吗?目前,我只是忽略边缘,但这似乎是一个不雅观的解决方案。好问题!有很多天文学策略可用,例如,你能使用边缘mi吗此处出错,以避免复杂的棱角处理?即:
模糊=中值滤波器(图像数据,大小=2,mode=“mirror”)