Python Django+；tox：应用程序不是'；还没装呢

我正在迁移一个Django项目以使用Tox和pytest。我在运行tox时得到以下信息

_________________________________________ ERROR collecting fixtureless/tests/test_django_project/test_app/tests/test_factory.py _________________________________________
fixtureless/tests/test_django_project/test_app/tests/test_factory.py:10: in <module>
    from test_app.models import ModelOne, ModelTwo
fixtureless/tests/test_django_project/test_app/models.py:11: in <module>
    class ModelOne(models.Model):
.tox/py36-django21/lib/python3.6/site-packages/django/db/models/base.py:87: in __new__
    app_config = apps.get_containing_app_config(module)
.tox/py36-django21/lib/python3.6/site-packages/django/apps/registry.py:249: in get_containing_app_config
    self.check_apps_ready()
.tox/py36-django21/lib/python3.6/site-packages/django/apps/registry.py:132: in check_apps_ready
    raise AppRegistryNotReady("Apps aren't loaded yet.")
E   django.core.exceptions.AppRegistryNotReady: Apps aren't loaded yet.

\uuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuu_________________________________________
无固定装置/tests/test_django_项目/test_应用程序/tests/test_工厂。py:10:in
从测试应用程序模型导入模型一、模型二
fixtureless/tests/test_django_project/test_app/models.py:11:in
ModelOne类（models.Model）：
.tox/py36-django21/lib/python3.6/site packages/django/db/models/base.py:87:in\uu new__
app\u config=apps.get\u包含app\u config（模块）
.tox/py36-django21/lib/python3.6/site packages/django/apps/registry.py:249:in-get_-containing_-app_-config
self.check_apps_ready（）
.tox/py36-django21/lib/python3.6/site packages/django/apps/registry.py:132:in check\u apps\u ready
raise AppRegistryNotReady（“应用程序尚未加载。”）
E django.core.exceptions.AppRegistryNotReady:尚未加载应用程序。

这是我的毒物档案

[tox]
skipsdist = true
envlist =
    py{36,37}-django21,
    py{36,37}-django22,

# Add environment to use the default python3 installation
[testenv]
setenv =
    PYTHONDONTWRITEBYTECODE=1
    PYTHONPATH = {toxinidir}:{toxinidir}/fixtureless/tests/test_django_project
    DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE = settings.postgres
deps =
    pillow
    psycopg2
    pytest
    django21: Django>=2.1,<2.2
    django22: Django>=2.2,<2.3
commands = pytest

[tox]
skipsdist=true
环境清单=
py{36,37}-django21，
py{36,37}-django22，
#添加环境以使用默认的python3安装
[测试]
塞滕夫=
PYTHONDONTWRITEBYTECODE=1
PYTHONPATH={toxinidir}:{toxinidir}/fixtureless/tests/test_django_项目
DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE=SETTINGS.postgres
副总裁=
枕头
psycopg2
皮特斯特
django21:Django>=2.1，=2.2，Django不知道如何运行
pytest
风格的测试函数。Plain
pytest
也不提供django集成。你也可以


编写自定义测试运行程序（一个简单的示例）：

并将应用程序配置为使用它，而不是默认的
DiscoveryRunner
：

# myapp/settings.py
TEST_RUNNER = 'myapp.runner.PytestRunner'

现在，
python manage.py test
将调用
pytest
，而不是默认的
unittest

或者使用插件。将其添加到
deps
：

deps =
    ...
    pytest
    pytest-django
    ...

这本身不提供与
manage.py test
的集成，但您可以通过
pytest
像往常一样调用测试：

$ pytest --ds=myapp.settings
...

该插件还提供了许多有用的装置来重新实现Django的测试助手（如
RequestFactory
，
Client
等），因此您可以将
unittest
样式的测试类完整地移植到
pytest
样式的测试函数。有关配置详细信息和代码示例，请参阅
pytest django

但是在dep列表中，
pytest-django
插件在哪里
pytest
本身并不能提供django测试运行程序，您需要一个能够提供该功能的插件。@hoefling这正是我的问题所在。如果你想发布答案，我很乐意为你赢得一些声誉。
$ pytest --ds=myapp.settings
...