Ruby on rails 错误配置的Rails模型关联导致测试失败

我已经学习过Michael Hartl的rails教程好几次了，现在我正在使用它作为基础来创建我自己的应用程序。用户将是大学的员工，大部分数据将由大学在视图中呈现，而不仅仅由用户呈现。出于这个原因，我创建了一个大学模型，在universions表中植入了一些大学名称，在新用户表单中使用collection\u select允许用户选择他们的大学，并在我的Users表中添加了一列University\u id。我配置的关联是，用户属于university，university有很多用户。（在我想象的用例中，一所大学将有多个用户，他们可以登录并查看他们的个人数据，也可以查看整个大学的数据）

注册表单似乎可以根据需要运行，允许用户选择他们的大学、注册并保存到模型中

问题是，我在教程中构建的测试套件现在抛出了多个错误，我在几个小时的修改后无法解决这些错误。当我注释掉时，错误就解决了 所属：大学 从models/user.rb

class User < ApplicationRecord
  has_many :referral_requests
  belongs_to :university
  attr_accessor :remember_token, :activation_token, :reset_token
  before_save   :downcase_email
  before_create :create_activation_digest
  validates :name,  presence: true, length: { maximum: 50 }
  VALID_EMAIL_REGEX = /\A[\w+\-.]+@[a-z\d\-]+(\.[a-z\d\-]+)*\.[a-z]+\z/i
  validates :email, presence: true, length: { maximum: 255 },
                    format: { with: VALID_EMAIL_REGEX },
                    uniqueness: { case_sensitive: false }
  validates :university_id, presence: true
  has_secure_password
  validates :password, presence: true, length: { minimum: 6 }, allow_nil: true


  # Returns the hash digest of the given string.
  def User.digest(string)
    cost = ActiveModel::SecurePassword.min_cost ? BCrypt::Engine::MIN_COST :
                                                  BCrypt::Engine.cost
    BCrypt::Password.create(string, cost: cost)
  end

  # Returns a random token.
  def User.new_token
    SecureRandom.urlsafe_base64
  end

  # Remembers a user in the database for use in persistent sessions.
  def remember
    self.remember_token = User.new_token
    update_attribute(:remember_digest, User.digest(remember_token))
  end

  # Returns true if the given token matches the digest.
  def authenticated?(remember_token)
        return false if remember_digest.nil?
    BCrypt::Password.new(remember_digest).is_password?(remember_token)
  end


  # Forgets a user.
  def forget
    update_attribute(:remember_digest, nil)
  end

    # Returns true if the given token matches the digest.
  def authenticated?(attribute, token)
    digest = send("#{attribute}_digest")
    return false if digest.nil?
    BCrypt::Password.new(digest).is_password?(token)
  end

  # Activates an account.
  def activate
    update_attribute(:activated,    true)
    update_attribute(:activated_at, Time.zone.now)
  end

  # Sends activation email.
  def send_activation_email
    UserMailer.account_activation(self).deliver_now
  end

 # Sets the password reset attributes.
  def create_reset_digest
    self.reset_token = User.new_token
    update_attribute(:reset_digest,  User.digest(reset_token))
    update_attribute(:reset_sent_at, Time.zone.now)
  end

  # Sends password reset email.
  def send_password_reset_email
    UserMailer.password_reset(self).deliver_now
  end

   # Returns true if a password reset has expired.
  def password_reset_expired?
    reset_sent_at < 2.hours.ago
  end

 def feed
    ReferralRequest.where("user_id = ?", id)
  end


 private

    # Converts email to all lower-case.
    def downcase_email
    self.email = email.downcase
    end

    # Creates and assigns the activation token and digest.
    def create_activation_digest
      self.activation_token  = User.new_token
      self.activation_digest = User.digest(activation_token)
    end
end

我做错了什么？任何和所有的反馈，让我摆脱困境，继续前进，将不胜感激

Rails 5.0.1

测试失败：

FAIL["test_password_resets", PasswordResetsTest, 1.204568000001018]
 test_password_resets#PasswordResetsTest (1.20s)
        Expected false to be truthy.
        test/integration/password_resets_test.rb:58:in `block in <class:PasswordResetsTest>'

/Users/MichaelBaker/.rvm/gems/ruby-2.4.0/gems/will_paginate-3.1.5/lib/will_paginate/view_helpers/link_renderer.rb:27: warning: constant ::Fixnum is deprecated                                                                     ] 48% Time: 00:00:01,  ETA: 00:00:02
/Users/MichaelBaker/.rvm/gems/ruby-2.4.0/gems/will_paginate-3.1.5/lib/will_paginate/view_helpers/link_renderer.rb:91: warning: constant ::Fixnum is deprecated
 FAIL["test_valid_signup_information_with_account_activation", UsersSignupTest, 2.8807119999983115]
 test_valid_signup_information_with_account_activation#UsersSignupTest (2.88s)
        "User.count" didn't change by 1.
        Expected: 35
          Actual: 34
        test/integration/users_signup_test.rb:25:in `block in <class:UsersSignupTest>'

 FAIL["test_successful_edit", UsersEditTest, 3.048766000007163]
 test_successful_edit#UsersEditTest (3.05s)
        Expected true to be nil or false
        test/integration/users_edit_test.rb:31:in `block in <class:UsersEditTest>'

 FAIL["test_successful_edit_with_friendly_forwarding", UsersEditTest, 3.1065749999979744]
 test_successful_edit_with_friendly_forwarding#UsersEditTest (3.11s)
        Expected response to be a <3XX: redirect>, but was a <200: OK>
        test/integration/users_edit_test.rb:49:in `block in <class:UsersEditTest>'

 FAIL["test_should_be_valid", UserTest, 3.363870000001043]
 test_should_be_valid#UserTest (3.36s)
        Expected false to be truthy.
        test/models/user_test.rb:11:in `block in <class:UserTest>'

routes.rb

Rails.application.routes.draw do
  post 'universities/create'

  get 'password_resets/new'

  get 'password_resets/edit'

  root 'static_pages#home'
  get  '/help',    to: 'static_pages#help'
  get  '/about',   to: 'static_pages#about'
  get  '/contact', to: 'static_pages#contact'
  get '/signup', to: 'users#new'
  get '/login', to: 'sessions#new'
  post '/login', to: 'sessions#create'
  delete '/logout', to: 'sessions#destroy'
  resources :users
  resources :account_activations, only: [:edit]
  resources :password_resets,     only: [:new, :create, :edit, :update]
  resources :referral_requests, only: [:index, :new, :create, :show, :edit, :update, :destroy]

end

---

我需要修改config/initializers中的new_framework_defaults.rb，并将以下语句从true更改为false：

Rails.application.config.active_record.belongs_to_required_by_default = false

class User < ApplicationRecord
  has_many :referral_requests
  belongs_to :university
  attr_accessor :remember_token, :activation_token, :reset_token
  before_save   :downcase_email
  before_create :create_activation_digest
  validates :name,  presence: true, length: { maximum: 50 }
  VALID_EMAIL_REGEX = /\A[\w+\-.]+@[a-z\d\-]+(\.[a-z\d\-]+)*\.[a-z]+\z/i
  validates :email, presence: true, length: { maximum: 255 },
                    format: { with: VALID_EMAIL_REGEX },
                    uniqueness: { case_sensitive: false }
  validates :university_id, presence: true
  has_secure_password
  validates :password, presence: true, length: { minimum: 6 }, allow_nil: true


  # Returns the hash digest of the given string.
  def User.digest(string)
    cost = ActiveModel::SecurePassword.min_cost ? BCrypt::Engine::MIN_COST :
                                                  BCrypt::Engine.cost
    BCrypt::Password.create(string, cost: cost)
  end

  # Returns a random token.
  def User.new_token
    SecureRandom.urlsafe_base64
  end

  # Remembers a user in the database for use in persistent sessions.
  def remember
    self.remember_token = User.new_token
    update_attribute(:remember_digest, User.digest(remember_token))
  end

  # Returns true if the given token matches the digest.
  def authenticated?(remember_token)
        return false if remember_digest.nil?
    BCrypt::Password.new(remember_digest).is_password?(remember_token)
  end


  # Forgets a user.
  def forget
    update_attribute(:remember_digest, nil)
  end

    # Returns true if the given token matches the digest.
  def authenticated?(attribute, token)
    digest = send("#{attribute}_digest")
    return false if digest.nil?
    BCrypt::Password.new(digest).is_password?(token)
  end

  # Activates an account.
  def activate
    update_attribute(:activated,    true)
    update_attribute(:activated_at, Time.zone.now)
  end

  # Sends activation email.
  def send_activation_email
    UserMailer.account_activation(self).deliver_now
  end

 # Sets the password reset attributes.
  def create_reset_digest
    self.reset_token = User.new_token
    update_attribute(:reset_digest,  User.digest(reset_token))
    update_attribute(:reset_sent_at, Time.zone.now)
  end

  # Sends password reset email.
  def send_password_reset_email
    UserMailer.password_reset(self).deliver_now
  end

   # Returns true if a password reset has expired.
  def password_reset_expired?
    reset_sent_at < 2.hours.ago
  end

 def feed
    ReferralRequest.where("user_id = ?", id)
  end


 private

    # Converts email to all lower-case.
    def downcase_email
    self.email = email.downcase
    end

    # Creates and assigns the activation token and digest.
    def create_activation_digest
      self.activation_token  = User.new_token
      self.activation_digest = User.digest(activation_token)
    end
end

class University < ApplicationRecord
    has_many :users
end

<% provide(:title, 'Sign up') %>
<h1>Sign up</h1>

<div class="row">
  <div class="col-md-6 col-md-offset-3">
    <%= form_for(@user) do |f| %>
      <%= render 'shared/error_messages', object: f.object %>
      <%= f.label :name %>
      <%= f.text_field :name, class: 'form-control' %>

      <%= f.label :email %>
      <%= f.email_field :email, class: 'form-control' %>

      <%= f.label :university%>
      <%= collection_select( :user, :university_id, University.all, :id, :name, prompt: true) %>

      <%= f.label :password %>
      <%= f.password_field :password, class: 'form-control' %>

      <%= f.label :password_confirmation, "Confirmation" %>
      <%= f.password_field :password_confirmation, class: 'form-control' %>

      <%= f.submit "Create my account", class: "btn btn-primary" %>
    <% end %>
  </div>
</div>

class UsersController < ApplicationController
  before_action :logged_in_user, only: [:show, :index, :edit, :update, :destroy]
  before_action :correct_user,   only: [:edit, :update]
  before_action :admin_user,     only: :destroy

  def index
    @users = User.paginate(page: params[:page])
  end

   def show
    @user = User.find(params[:id])
    @referral_requests = @user.referral_requests.paginate(page: params[:page])
  end

  def new
    @user = User.new
  end

  def create
    @user = User.new(user_params)
    if @user.save
      @user.send_activation_email
      flash[:info] = "Please check your email to activate your account."
      redirect_to root_url
    else
        render 'new'
    end
  end

  def edit
  end

  def update
    if @user.update_attributes(user_params)
      flash[:success] = "Profile updated"
      redirect_to @user
    else
      render 'edit'
    end
  end

def destroy
  User.find(params[:id]).destroy
  flash[:success] = "User deleted"
  redirect_to users_url
end

    private

        def user_params
            params.require(:user).permit(:name, :email, :university_id, :password, :password_confirmation)

  end

    # Before filters


    # Confirms the correct user.
    def correct_user
      @user = User.find(params[:id])
      redirect_to(root_url) unless current_user?(@user)
    end

    def admin_user
      redirect_to(root_url) unless current_user.admin?
  end
end

class UniversitiesController < ApplicationController
end

ActiveRecord::Schema.define(version: 20170622190254) do

  create_table "referral_requests", force: :cascade do |t|
    t.text     "content"
    t.string   "gender"
    t.string   "preferred_gender"
    t.string   "insurance"
    t.integer  "user_id"
    t.datetime "created_at",       null: false
    t.datetime "updated_at",       null: false
    t.index ["user_id", "created_at"], name: "index_referral_requests_on_user_id_and_created_at"
    t.index ["user_id"], name: "index_referral_requests_on_user_id"
  end

  create_table "universities", force: :cascade do |t|
    t.string   "name"
    t.datetime "created_at", null: false
    t.datetime "updated_at", null: false
  end

  create_table "users", force: :cascade do |t|
    t.string   "name"
    t.string   "email"
    t.datetime "created_at",                        null: false
    t.datetime "updated_at",                        null: false
    t.string   "password_digest"
    t.string   "remember_digest"
    t.boolean  "admin",             default: false
    t.string   "activation_digest"
    t.boolean  "activated",         default: false
    t.datetime "activated_at"
    t.string   "reset_digest"
    t.datetime "reset_sent_at"
    t.integer  "university_id"
    t.index ["email"], name: "index_users_on_email", unique: true
  end

end

Rails.application.routes.draw do
  post 'universities/create'

  get 'password_resets/new'

  get 'password_resets/edit'

  root 'static_pages#home'
  get  '/help',    to: 'static_pages#help'
  get  '/about',   to: 'static_pages#about'
  get  '/contact', to: 'static_pages#contact'
  get '/signup', to: 'users#new'
  get '/login', to: 'sessions#new'
  post '/login', to: 'sessions#create'
  delete '/logout', to: 'sessions#destroy'
  resources :users
  resources :account_activations, only: [:edit]
  resources :password_resets,     only: [:new, :create, :edit, :update]
  resources :referral_requests, only: [:index, :new, :create, :show, :edit, :update, :destroy]

end

Rails.application.config.active_record.belongs_to_required_by_default = false