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Algorithm 将二叉树转换为链表、宽度优先、恒定存储/破坏性_Algorithm_Tree_Binary Tree - Fatal编程技术网

Algorithm 将二叉树转换为链表、宽度优先、恒定存储/破坏性

Algorithm 将二叉树转换为链表、宽度优先、恒定存储/破坏性,algorithm,tree,binary-tree,Algorithm,Tree,Binary Tree,这不是家庭作业,我也不需要回答,但现在我变得痴迷了:) 问题是: 设计一种算法,将二叉树破坏性地展平为链表,宽度优先。好的,很简单。只要建立一个队列,然后做你必须做的事情 这就是热身。现在,用常量存储实现它(递归,如果你能用它找到答案的话,是对数存储,而不是常量) 大约一年前,我在互联网上找到了这个问题的解决方案,但现在我忘记了,我想知道:) 据我记忆所及,这个技巧涉及使用树来实现队列,利用算法的破坏性。链接列表时,也会将项目推入队列 每次尝试解决此问题时,我都会丢失节点(例如每次链接下一个

这不是家庭作业,我也不需要回答,但现在我变得痴迷了:)

问题是:

  • 设计一种算法,将二叉树破坏性地展平为链表,宽度优先。好的,很简单。只要建立一个队列,然后做你必须做的事情
  • 这就是热身。现在,用常量存储实现它(递归,如果你能用它找到答案的话,是对数存储,而不是常量)
大约一年前,我在互联网上找到了这个问题的解决方案,但现在我忘记了,我想知道:)

据我记忆所及,这个技巧涉及使用树来实现队列,利用算法的破坏性。链接列表时,也会将项目推入队列

每次尝试解决此问题时,我都会丢失节点(例如每次链接下一个节点/添加到队列时),我需要额外的存储,或者我无法找到返回到具有所需指针的节点所需的复杂方法

甚至连那篇原创文章/帖子的链接都会对我有用:)谷歌没有给我带来快乐

编辑:

Jérémie指出,如果您有一个父指针,那么有一个相当简单(也是众所周知的答案)。虽然我现在认为他对包含父指针的原始解决方案的看法是正确的,但我确实希望在没有父指针的情况下解决问题:)

细化的需求对节点使用此定义:

struct tree_node
{
  int value;
  tree_node* left;
  tree_node* right;
};

首先,我假设您的节点有一个指向其父节点的“parent”字段。要么就是这样,要么你需要一个堆栈,以便能够在树中向上移动(因此无法实现O(1)辅助内存需求)

在O(1)空间中有一个众所周知的有序迭代,它是迭代的。例如,假设您希望按顺序打印项目。基本上,当你遍历一棵二叉树时,你必须在任何给定的时刻,在任何给定的节点上,决定你是想向上移动(到父节点)、向左移动(到左子节点)还是向右移动。该算法的思想是根据您来自何处来做出决策:

  • 如果你是从父节点下来的,那么很明显你是第一次访问节点,所以你向左走
  • 如果您从左边的子节点开始,那么您已经访问了所有小于当前节点的节点,因此您可以打印(记住我们希望按顺序打印节点)当前节点,然后向右移动
  • 最后,如果您来自正确的子节点,这意味着您已经访问了这个特定节点上的整个子树,因此您可以备份到父节点
  • 好的:这就是你作为基数的算法。现在,很明显,如果您正在破坏性地将其修改为一个链表,您应该只在不再访问某个节点时修改它。那是你从右边上来的时候。此时,您必须决定该节点的后续节点是什么

    您需要始终跟踪两个指针:一个指向您访问过的最小节点,另一个指向当前根子树中您访问过的最大节点。当您从正确的子节点访问时,将最小的节点用作上次访问的节点的后续节点,并将最大的节点用作上次访问的其他节点的后续节点,因为它们碰巧没有正确的子节点

    <> > >编辑1 < /强>:我忘了说,我隐含地认为二叉树中的“父”字段成为链表中的“下一个”字段,这就是我在最后一步修改的。< /P> 编辑3:我回答的以下部分没有完全回答原来的问题(但前面的内容仍然相关)


    编辑2:根据Svante可以理解的愿望,我明确建议在一些代码中使用左旋转:

    #include <stdlib.h>
    #include <stdio.h>
    
    typedef struct node *node;
    
    struct node
    {
      int value;
      node left;
      node right;
    };
    
    node new_node(int value, node left, node right)
    {
        node n = (node) malloc(sizeof(struct node));
        n->value = value; n->left = left; n->right = right;
        return n;
    }
    
    int rotate_right(node tree)
    {
        if(tree != NULL && tree->left != NULL)
        {
            node
                a = tree->left->left,
                b = tree->left->right,
                c = tree->right;
            int tmp = tree->value;
            tree->value = tree->left->value;
            tree->left->value = tmp;
    
            tree->left->left = b;
            tree->left->right = c;
            tree->right = tree->left;
    
            tree->left = a;
            return 1;
        }
        return 0;
    }
    
    生成的树是一个已排序的链表,其中列表的下一个指针是树中的右指针。最后,这里是一个测试程序:

    int main()
    {
        node t =
            new_node(4,
                  new_node(2, NULL, new_node(3, NULL, NULL)),
                  new_node(8, new_node(5, NULL, NULL), NULL));
        convert_to_list(t);
        for(; t != NULL; t = t->right)
            printf("%d, ", t->value);
        return 0;
    }
    

    好吧,我现在不太清楚这在这种情况下有什么帮助,但它可能会给你一个线索。有一种称为“指针反转”的技术,用于迭代遍历树,而无需使用堆栈/队列来存储指针——它主要用于低内存开销的垃圾收集器。这背后的思想是,当您遍历到节点的子节点时,您将指向子节点的指针链接回父节点,以便在完成该节点时知道返回的位置。这样,通常保存在堆栈/队列中的回溯信息现在嵌入到树本身中


    我通过一个例子发现了以下内容(不幸的是,谷歌上没有更好的东西)。这里的示例演示了如何在没有额外存储的情况下遍历二叉树。

    我认为我们不需要父指针。归纳地假设级别0到k-1加上哨兵节点已转换为左子指针上的单链表,其右子指针指向级别k的节点。遍历列表,依次抓取每个“右子节点”(级别k节点),并将其插入列表的末尾,覆盖右指针,该指针随即将被覆盖的左子节点一起出现。当我们到达列表的起始端时,我们将归纳假设扩展到k+1

    编辑:代码

    #include <cstdio>
    
    struct TreeNode {
      int value;
      TreeNode *left;
      TreeNode *right;
    };
    
    // for simplicity, complete binary trees with 2^k - 1 nodes only
    void Flatten(TreeNode *root) {
      TreeNode sentinel;
      sentinel.right = root;
      TreeNode *tail = &sentinel;
      while (true) {
        TreeNode *p = &sentinel;
        TreeNode *old_tail = tail;
        while (true) {
          if ((tail->left = p->right) == NULL) {
            return;
          }
          tail = p->right;
          p->right = p->right->left;
          if (p == old_tail) {
            break;
          }
          p = p->left;
        }
      }
    }
    
    int main() {
      const int n = 31;
      static TreeNode node[1 + n];
      for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i) {
        node[i].value = i;
        if (i % 2 == 0) {
          node[i / 2].left = &node[i];
        } else {
          node[i / 2].right = &node[i];
        }
      }
      Flatten(&node[1]);
      for (TreeNode *p = &node[1]; p != NULL; p = p->left) {
        printf("%3d", p->value);
      }
      printf("\n");
    }
    
    #包括
    树状结构{
    int值;
    TreeNode*左;
    TreeNode*对;
    };
    //为简单起见,只使用2^k-1个节点的完整二叉树
    空洞展平(树形节点*根){
    树状哨兵;
    sentinel.right=根;
    TreeNode*tail=&sentinel;
    while(true){
    TreeNode*p=&sentinel;
    TreeNode*旧_尾=尾;
    while(true){
    如果((尾部->左=p->右)==NULL){
    返回;
    }
    尾部=p->右侧;
    p->righ
    
    #include <cstdio>
    
    struct TreeNode {
      int value;
      TreeNode *left;
      TreeNode *right;
    };
    
    // for simplicity, complete binary trees with 2^k - 1 nodes only
    void Flatten(TreeNode *root) {
      TreeNode sentinel;
      sentinel.right = root;
      TreeNode *tail = &sentinel;
      while (true) {
        TreeNode *p = &sentinel;
        TreeNode *old_tail = tail;
        while (true) {
          if ((tail->left = p->right) == NULL) {
            return;
          }
          tail = p->right;
          p->right = p->right->left;
          if (p == old_tail) {
            break;
          }
          p = p->left;
        }
      }
    }
    
    int main() {
      const int n = 31;
      static TreeNode node[1 + n];
      for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i) {
        node[i].value = i;
        if (i % 2 == 0) {
          node[i / 2].left = &node[i];
        } else {
          node[i / 2].right = &node[i];
        }
      }
      Flatten(&node[1]);
      for (TreeNode *p = &node[1]; p != NULL; p = p->left) {
        printf("%3d", p->value);
      }
      printf("\n");
    }
    
                  1
              /       \
          2               3
        /   \           /   \
      4       5       6       7
     / \     / \     / \     / \
    8   9   A   B   C   D   E   F
    
                    head
                      v
                      1
                   /    \
        tail    2         4
          v  /    \      / \
          3         5   8   9
        /   \      / \
      6       7   A   B
     / \     / \
    C   D   E   F
    
                       head
                         v
                         1
                      /     \
                   2          6
                 /   \       / \
               3       7    C   D
              / \     / \
             4   8   E   F
            / \
    tail > 5   9
          / \
         A   B
    
                           head
                             v
                             1
                            / \
                           2   B
                          / \
                         3   C
                        / \
                       4   D
                      / \
                     5   E
                    / \
                   6   F
                  /
                 7
                /
               8
              /
             9
            /
    tail > A
    
    (defclass node ()
      ((left :accessor left)
       (right :accessor right)
       (value :accessor value)))
    
    (defmacro swap (a b)
      `(psetf ,a ,b
              ,b ,a))
    
    (defun flatten-complete-tree (root)
      (loop for tail = (and root (left root)) then (left tail)
            while tail
            do (swap (left tail) (right root))
               (loop for bubble-to = root then (left bubble-to)
                     for bubble-from = (left bubble-to)
                     until (eq bubble-from tail)
                     do (swap (right bubble-to) (right bubble-from))))
      root)
    
    (defun flatten-tree (root)
    
      (loop for head = (loop for x = (or head root) then (left x)
                             do (when (and x (null (left x)))
                                  (swap (left x) (right x)))
                             until (or (null x) (right x))
                             finally (return x))
            for tail = (and head (left head)) then (left tail)
            while head
            do (swap (left tail) (right head))
    
               (loop for bubble-to = head then (left bubble-to)
                     for bubble-from = (left bubble-to)
                     until (eq bubble-from tail)
                     do (swap (right bubble-to) (right bubble-from))))
    
      root)
    
    public static Tree<T> Flatten(Tree<T> t, Tree<T> u = null)
    {
        if (t == null) return u;
        t.R = Flatten(t.L, Flatten(t.R, u));
        t.L = null;
        return t;
    }
    
    // Flatten a tree into place in BFS order using O(1) space and O(n) time.
    // Here is an example of the transformation (the top-row indicates the
    // flattened parts of the tree.
    //  
    //  a
    //  |---.
    //  b   c
    //  |-. |-.
    //  d e f g
    //  
    //  becomes
    //  
    //  a-b-c
    //  | | |-.
    //  d e f g
    //  
    //  becomes
    //  
    //  a-b-c-d-e-f-g
    //  
    public static void FlattenBFS(Tree<T> t)
    {
        var a = t; // We "append" newly flattened vertices after 'a'.
        var done = (t == null);
        while (!done)
        {
            done = true;
            var z = a; // This is the last vertex in the flattened part of the tree.
            var i = t;
            while (true)
            {
                if (i.L != null)
                {
                    var iL = i.L;
                    var iLL = iL.L;
                    var iLR = iL.R;
                    var aR = a.R;
                    i.L = iLL;
                    a.R = iL;
                    iL.L = iLR;
                    iL.R = aR;
                    a = iL;
                    done &= (iLL == null) & (iLR == null);
                }
                if (i == z)
                {
                    break; // We've flattened this level of the tree.
                }
                i = i.R;
            }
            a = (a.R ?? a); // The a.R item should also be considered flattened.
        }
    }
    
    temp=root;
    struct node*getleftmost(struct node* somenode)
    {
       while(somenode->left)
       somenode=somenode->left;
       return somenode;
    }
    
     while(temp)
     {
     if(temp->right){
     (getletfmost(temp))->left=temp->right;
     temp->right=NULL;}
     temp=temp->left;
     }
    
    struct TreeNode
    {
        TreeNode(int in) : data(in)
        {
            left = nullptr;
            right = nullptr;
        }
        int data;
        TreeNode* left;
        TreeNode* right;
    };
    
    
    //Converts left pointer to prev , right pointer to next
    // A tree which is like              5 
    //                                 11  12
    
    //will be converted to double linked list like 5 -> 12 -> 11 
    void finalize(TreeNode* current, TreeNode* parent)
    {
        if (parent == nullptr)
        {
            current->left = nullptr;
            return;
        }
    
        if (parent->left == current)
        {
            if (parent->right == nullptr)
            {
                parent->right = current;
                current->left = parent;
            }
            current->left = parent->right;
        }
        else
        {
            current->left = parent;
            parent->right = current;
            current->right = parent->left;
        }
    }
    
    
    void traverser(TreeNode* current, TreeNode* parent)
    {
        if (current->left != nullptr)
            traverser(current->left, current);
        if (current->right != nullptr)
            traverser(current->right, current);
    
        finalize(current, parent);
    }
    
    void start(TreeNode* head)
    {
        if (head == nullptr || (head->left == nullptr && head->right == nullptr))
            return;
    
        traverser(head, nullptr);
    }
    
    
    int main()
    {
        TreeNode* n1 = new TreeNode(5);
        TreeNode* n2 = new TreeNode(11);
        TreeNode* n3 = new TreeNode(12);
    
    
    
        n1->left = n2;
        n1->right = n3;
    
        start(n1);
    }