C++ C++；DirectX11窗口颜色未更改

我正在使用DX11开发一个游戏引擎。我正在学习一门教程。我已经完成了教程2。问题是，当我尝试更改颜色值时，窗口仍然是黑色的。有关守则如下：

Graphics.cpp

bool Graphics::Initialize(int screenWidth, int screenHeight, HWND hwnd)
{
    bool result;

    m_D3D = new D3DClass;

    if (!m_D3D)
        return false;

    result = m_D3D->Initialize(screenWidth, screenHeight, hwnd, VSYNC_ENABLED, FULL_SCREEN, SCREEN_DEPTH, SCREEN_NEAR);
    if (!result)
    {
        MessageBox(hwnd, "Could not initialize Direct3D", "Error", MB_OK);
        return false;
    }

    return true;
}

bool Graphics::Render()
{
    m_D3D->BeginScene(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
    m_D3D->EndScene();
    return true;
}

bool D3DClass::Initialize(int screenWidth, int screenHeight, HWND hwnd, bool vsync, bool fullscreen, float screenDepth, float screenNear)
{
    HRESULT result;
    IDXGIFactory* factory;
    IDXGIAdapter* adapter;
    IDXGIOutput* adapterOutput;
    unsigned int numModes, i, numerator, denominator, stringLength;
    DXGI_MODE_DESC* displayModeList;
    DXGI_ADAPTER_DESC adapterDesc;
    int error;
    DXGI_SWAP_CHAIN_DESC swapChainDesc;
    D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL featureLevel;
    ID3D11Texture2D* backBufferPtr;
    D3D11_TEXTURE2D_DESC depthBufferDesc;
    D3D11_DEPTH_STENCIL_DESC depthStencilDesc;
    D3D11_DEPTH_STENCIL_VIEW_DESC depthStencilViewDesc;
    D3D11_RASTERIZER_DESC rasterDesc;
    D3D11_VIEWPORT viewport;
    float fieldOfView, screenAspect;

    m_vsync_enabled = vsync;


    result = CreateDXGIFactory(__uuidof(IDXGIFactory), (void**)&factory);
    if (FAILED(result))
        return false;

    result = factory->EnumAdapters(0, &adapter);
    if (FAILED(result))
        return false;


    result = adapter->EnumOutputs(0, &adapterOutput);
    if (FAILED(result))
        return false;


    result = adapterOutput->GetDisplayModeList(DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM, DXGI_ENUM_MODES_INTERLACED, &numModes, NULL);
    if (FAILED(result))
        return false;


    displayModeList = new DXGI_MODE_DESC[numModes];
    if (!displayModeList)
        return false;


    result = adapterOutput->GetDisplayModeList(DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM, DXGI_ENUM_MODES_INTERLACED, &numModes, displayModeList);
    if(FAILED(result))
        return false;


    for (int i = 0; i < numModes; i++)
    {
        if (displayModeList[i].Height == (unsigned int)screenHeight && displayModeList[i].Width == (unsigned int)screenWidth)
        {
            numerator = displayModeList[i].RefreshRate.Numerator;
            denominator = displayModeList[i].RefreshRate.Denominator;
            break;
        }
    }


    result = adapter->GetDesc(&adapterDesc);
    if (FAILED(result))
        return false;


    m_videoCardMemory = (int)(adapterDesc.DedicatedVideoMemory / 1048576); //MB

    error = wcstombs_s(&stringLength, m_videoCardDescription, 128, adapterDesc.Description, 128);
    if (error != 0)
        return false;


    delete[] displayModeList;
    displayModeList = 0;

    adapterOutput->Release();
    adapterOutput = 0;

    adapter->Release();
    adapter = 0;

    factory->Release();
    factory = 0;


    ZeroMemory(&swapChainDesc, sizeof(swapChainDesc));
    swapChainDesc.BufferCount = 1;

    swapChainDesc.BufferDesc.Width = screenWidth;
    swapChainDesc.BufferDesc.Height = screenHeight;
    swapChainDesc.BufferDesc.Format = DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM;

    if (m_vsync_enabled)
    {
        swapChainDesc.BufferDesc.RefreshRate.Numerator = numerator;
        swapChainDesc.BufferDesc.RefreshRate.Denominator = denominator;
    }
    else
    {
        swapChainDesc.BufferDesc.RefreshRate.Numerator = 0;
        swapChainDesc.BufferDesc.RefreshRate.Denominator = 1;
    }

    swapChainDesc.BufferUsage = DXGI_USAGE_RENDER_TARGET_OUTPUT;
    swapChainDesc.OutputWindow = hwnd;

    //MultiSampling Off
    swapChainDesc.SampleDesc.Count = 1;
    swapChainDesc.SampleDesc.Quality = 0;

    swapChainDesc.Windowed = !fullscreen;

    swapChainDesc.BufferDesc.ScanlineOrdering = DXGI_MODE_SCANLINE_ORDER_UNSPECIFIED;
    swapChainDesc.BufferDesc.Scaling = DXGI_MODE_SCALING_UNSPECIFIED;

    swapChainDesc.SwapEffect = DXGI_SWAP_EFFECT_DISCARD;
    swapChainDesc.Flags = 0;

    featureLevel = D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_11_0;

    result = D3D11CreateDeviceAndSwapChain(NULL, D3D_DRIVER_TYPE_HARDWARE, NULL, 0, &featureLevel, 1, D3D11_SDK_VERSION, &swapChainDesc, &m_swapChain, &m_device, NULL, &m_deviceContext);
    if (FAILED(result))
        return false;

    result = m_swapChain->GetBuffer(0, __uuidof(ID3D11Texture2D), (LPVOID*)&backBufferPtr);
    if (FAILED(result))
        return false;

    backBufferPtr->Release();
    backBufferPtr = 0;

    ZeroMemory(&depthBufferDesc, sizeof(depthBufferDesc));

    depthBufferDesc.Width = screenWidth;
    depthBufferDesc.Height = screenHeight;
    depthBufferDesc.MipLevels = 1;
    depthBufferDesc.ArraySize = 1;
    depthBufferDesc.Format = DXGI_FORMAT_D24_UNORM_S8_UINT;
    //Multisampling off
    depthBufferDesc.SampleDesc.Count = 1;
    depthBufferDesc.SampleDesc.Quality = 0;
    depthBufferDesc.Usage = D3D11_USAGE_DEFAULT;
    depthBufferDesc.BindFlags = D3D11_BIND_DEPTH_STENCIL;
    depthBufferDesc.CPUAccessFlags = 0;
    depthBufferDesc.MiscFlags = 0;

    result = m_device->CreateTexture2D(&depthBufferDesc, NULL, &m_depthStencilBuffer);
    if (FAILED(result))
        return false;


    ZeroMemory(&depthStencilDesc, sizeof(depthStencilDesc));
    depthStencilDesc.DepthEnable = true;
    depthStencilDesc.DepthWriteMask = D3D11_DEPTH_WRITE_MASK_ALL;
    depthStencilDesc.DepthFunc = D3D11_COMPARISON_LESS;
    depthStencilDesc.StencilEnable = true;
    depthStencilDesc.StencilReadMask = 0xFF;
    depthStencilDesc.StencilWriteMask = 0xFF;
    depthStencilDesc.FrontFace.StencilFailOp = D3D11_STENCIL_OP_KEEP;
    depthStencilDesc.FrontFace.StencilDepthFailOp = D3D11_STENCIL_OP_INCR;
    depthStencilDesc.FrontFace.StencilPassOp = D3D11_STENCIL_OP_KEEP;
    depthStencilDesc.FrontFace.StencilFunc = D3D11_COMPARISON_ALWAYS;
    depthStencilDesc.BackFace.StencilFailOp = D3D11_STENCIL_OP_KEEP;
    depthStencilDesc.BackFace.StencilDepthFailOp = D3D11_STENCIL_OP_DECR;
    depthStencilDesc.BackFace.StencilPassOp = D3D11_STENCIL_OP_KEEP;
    depthStencilDesc.BackFace.StencilFunc = D3D11_COMPARISON_ALWAYS;

    result = m_device->CreateDepthStencilState(&depthStencilDesc, &m_depthStencilState);
    if (FAILED(result))
        return false;


    m_deviceContext->OMSetDepthStencilState(m_depthStencilState, 1);

    ZeroMemory(&depthStencilViewDesc, sizeof(depthStencilViewDesc));
    depthStencilViewDesc.Format = DXGI_FORMAT_D24_UNORM_S8_UINT;
    depthStencilViewDesc.ViewDimension = D3D11_DSV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE2D;
    depthStencilViewDesc.Texture2D.MipSlice = 0;

    result = m_device->CreateDepthStencilView(m_depthStencilBuffer, &depthStencilViewDesc, &m_depthStencilView);
    if (FAILED(result))
        return false;

    m_deviceContext->OMSetRenderTargets(1, &m_renderTargetView, m_depthStencilView);

    //TODO::CUSTOMIZE USER PRESETS
    rasterDesc.AntialiasedLineEnable = false;
    rasterDesc.CullMode = D3D11_CULL_BACK;
    rasterDesc.DepthBias = 0;
    rasterDesc.DepthBiasClamp = 0.0f;
    rasterDesc.DepthClipEnable = true;
    rasterDesc.FillMode = D3D11_FILL_SOLID;
    rasterDesc.FrontCounterClockwise = false;
    rasterDesc.MultisampleEnable = false;
    rasterDesc.ScissorEnable = false;
    rasterDesc.SlopeScaledDepthBias = 0.0f;

    result = m_device->CreateRasterizerState(&rasterDesc, &m_rasterState);
    if (FAILED(result))
        return false;

    m_deviceContext->RSSetState(m_rasterState);

    viewport.Width = (float)screenWidth;
    viewport.Height = (float)screenHeight;
    viewport.MinDepth = 0.0f;
    viewport.MaxDepth = 1.0f;
    viewport.TopLeftX = 0.0f;
    viewport.TopLeftY = 0.0f;

    m_deviceContext->RSSetViewports(1, &viewport);

    //TODO:: FOV SETTINGS
    fieldOfView = (float)D3DX_PI / 4.0f;
    screenAspect = (float)screenWidth / (float)screenHeight;

    D3DXMatrixPerspectiveFovLH(&m_projectionMatrix, fieldOfView, screenAspect, screenNear, screenDepth);
    D3DXMatrixIdentity(&m_worldMatrix);
    D3DXMatrixOrthoLH(&m_orthoMatrix, (float)screenWidth, (float)screenHeight, screenNear, screenDepth);

    return true;
}
void D3DClass::BeginScene(float red, float green, float blue, float alpha)
{

    m_deviceContext->ClearRenderTargetView(m_renderTargetView, D3DXCOLOR(red, green, blue, alpha));

    m_deviceContext->ClearDepthStencilView(m_depthStencilView, D3D11_CLEAR_DEPTH, 1.0f, 0);
    return;
}

void D3DClass::EndScene()
{
    if (m_vsync_enabled)
        m_swapChain->Present(1, 0);
    else
        m_swapChain->Present(0, 0);

    return;
}

void Framework::InitializeWindows(int& screenWidth, int& screenHeight)
{
    WNDCLASSEX wc;
    DEVMODE dmScreenSettings;

    int posX, posY;

    m_application = this;
    m_hinstance = GetModuleHandle(NULL);

    m_applicationName = "Racing Game";

    wc.style = CS_HREDRAW | CS_VREDRAW | CS_OWNDC;
    wc.lpfnWndProc = WndProc;
    wc.cbClsExtra = 0;
    wc.cbWndExtra = 0;
    wc.hInstance = m_hinstance;
    wc.hIcon = LoadIcon(NULL, IDI_WINLOGO);
    wc.hIconSm = wc.hIcon;
    wc.hCursor = LoadCursor(NULL, IDC_ARROW);
    wc.hbrBackground = (HBRUSH)GetStockObject(BLACK_BRUSH);
    wc.lpszMenuName = NULL;
    wc.lpszClassName = m_applicationName;
    wc.cbSize = sizeof(WNDCLASSEX);

    RegisterClassEx(&wc);

    screenWidth = GetSystemMetrics(SM_CXSCREEN);
    screenHeight = GetSystemMetrics(SM_CYSCREEN);

    if (FULL_SCREEN)
    {
        memset(&dmScreenSettings, 0, sizeof(dmScreenSettings));
        dmScreenSettings.dmSize = sizeof(dmScreenSettings);
        dmScreenSettings.dmPelsWidth = (unsigned long)screenWidth;
        dmScreenSettings.dmPelsHeight = (unsigned long)screenHeight;
        dmScreenSettings.dmBitsPerPel = 32;
        dmScreenSettings.dmFields = DM_BITSPERPEL | DM_PELSWIDTH | DM_PELSHEIGHT;

        ChangeDisplaySettings(&dmScreenSettings, CDS_FULLSCREEN);

        posX = posY = 0;
    }
    else
    {
        screenWidth = 800;
        screenHeight = 600;

        posX = (GetSystemMetrics(SM_CXSCREEN) - screenWidth) / 2;
        posY = (GetSystemMetrics(SM_CYSCREEN) - screenHeight) / 2;
    }

    m_hwnd = CreateWindowEx(WS_EX_APPWINDOW, m_applicationName, m_applicationName, WS_CLIPSIBLINGS | WS_CLIPCHILDREN | WS_POPUP, posX, posY, screenWidth, screenHeight, NULL, NULL, m_hinstance, NULL);
    ShowWindow(m_hwnd, SW_SHOW);
    SetForegroundWindow(m_hwnd);
    SetFocus(m_hwnd);

    ShowCursor(false);
    return;
}

D3DClass.cpp

bool Graphics::Initialize(int screenWidth, int screenHeight, HWND hwnd)
{
    bool result;

    m_D3D = new D3DClass;

    if (!m_D3D)
        return false;

    result = m_D3D->Initialize(screenWidth, screenHeight, hwnd, VSYNC_ENABLED, FULL_SCREEN, SCREEN_DEPTH, SCREEN_NEAR);
    if (!result)
    {
        MessageBox(hwnd, "Could not initialize Direct3D", "Error", MB_OK);
        return false;
    }

    return true;
}

bool Graphics::Render()
{
    m_D3D->BeginScene(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
    m_D3D->EndScene();
    return true;
}

bool D3DClass::Initialize(int screenWidth, int screenHeight, HWND hwnd, bool vsync, bool fullscreen, float screenDepth, float screenNear)
{
    HRESULT result;
    IDXGIFactory* factory;
    IDXGIAdapter* adapter;
    IDXGIOutput* adapterOutput;
    unsigned int numModes, i, numerator, denominator, stringLength;
    DXGI_MODE_DESC* displayModeList;
    DXGI_ADAPTER_DESC adapterDesc;
    int error;
    DXGI_SWAP_CHAIN_DESC swapChainDesc;
    D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL featureLevel;
    ID3D11Texture2D* backBufferPtr;
    D3D11_TEXTURE2D_DESC depthBufferDesc;
    D3D11_DEPTH_STENCIL_DESC depthStencilDesc;
    D3D11_DEPTH_STENCIL_VIEW_DESC depthStencilViewDesc;
    D3D11_RASTERIZER_DESC rasterDesc;
    D3D11_VIEWPORT viewport;
    float fieldOfView, screenAspect;

    m_vsync_enabled = vsync;


    result = CreateDXGIFactory(__uuidof(IDXGIFactory), (void**)&factory);
    if (FAILED(result))
        return false;

    result = factory->EnumAdapters(0, &adapter);
    if (FAILED(result))
        return false;


    result = adapter->EnumOutputs(0, &adapterOutput);
    if (FAILED(result))
        return false;


    result = adapterOutput->GetDisplayModeList(DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM, DXGI_ENUM_MODES_INTERLACED, &numModes, NULL);
    if (FAILED(result))
        return false;


    displayModeList = new DXGI_MODE_DESC[numModes];
    if (!displayModeList)
        return false;


    result = adapterOutput->GetDisplayModeList(DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM, DXGI_ENUM_MODES_INTERLACED, &numModes, displayModeList);
    if(FAILED(result))
        return false;


    for (int i = 0; i < numModes; i++)
    {
        if (displayModeList[i].Height == (unsigned int)screenHeight && displayModeList[i].Width == (unsigned int)screenWidth)
        {
            numerator = displayModeList[i].RefreshRate.Numerator;
            denominator = displayModeList[i].RefreshRate.Denominator;
            break;
        }
    }


    result = adapter->GetDesc(&adapterDesc);
    if (FAILED(result))
        return false;


    m_videoCardMemory = (int)(adapterDesc.DedicatedVideoMemory / 1048576); //MB

    error = wcstombs_s(&stringLength, m_videoCardDescription, 128, adapterDesc.Description, 128);
    if (error != 0)
        return false;


    delete[] displayModeList;
    displayModeList = 0;

    adapterOutput->Release();
    adapterOutput = 0;

    adapter->Release();
    adapter = 0;

    factory->Release();
    factory = 0;


    ZeroMemory(&swapChainDesc, sizeof(swapChainDesc));
    swapChainDesc.BufferCount = 1;

    swapChainDesc.BufferDesc.Width = screenWidth;
    swapChainDesc.BufferDesc.Height = screenHeight;
    swapChainDesc.BufferDesc.Format = DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM;

    if (m_vsync_enabled)
    {
        swapChainDesc.BufferDesc.RefreshRate.Numerator = numerator;
        swapChainDesc.BufferDesc.RefreshRate.Denominator = denominator;
    }
    else
    {
        swapChainDesc.BufferDesc.RefreshRate.Numerator = 0;
        swapChainDesc.BufferDesc.RefreshRate.Denominator = 1;
    }

    swapChainDesc.BufferUsage = DXGI_USAGE_RENDER_TARGET_OUTPUT;
    swapChainDesc.OutputWindow = hwnd;

    //MultiSampling Off
    swapChainDesc.SampleDesc.Count = 1;
    swapChainDesc.SampleDesc.Quality = 0;

    swapChainDesc.Windowed = !fullscreen;

    swapChainDesc.BufferDesc.ScanlineOrdering = DXGI_MODE_SCANLINE_ORDER_UNSPECIFIED;
    swapChainDesc.BufferDesc.Scaling = DXGI_MODE_SCALING_UNSPECIFIED;

    swapChainDesc.SwapEffect = DXGI_SWAP_EFFECT_DISCARD;
    swapChainDesc.Flags = 0;

    featureLevel = D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_11_0;

    result = D3D11CreateDeviceAndSwapChain(NULL, D3D_DRIVER_TYPE_HARDWARE, NULL, 0, &featureLevel, 1, D3D11_SDK_VERSION, &swapChainDesc, &m_swapChain, &m_device, NULL, &m_deviceContext);
    if (FAILED(result))
        return false;

    result = m_swapChain->GetBuffer(0, __uuidof(ID3D11Texture2D), (LPVOID*)&backBufferPtr);
    if (FAILED(result))
        return false;

    backBufferPtr->Release();
    backBufferPtr = 0;

    ZeroMemory(&depthBufferDesc, sizeof(depthBufferDesc));

    depthBufferDesc.Width = screenWidth;
    depthBufferDesc.Height = screenHeight;
    depthBufferDesc.MipLevels = 1;
    depthBufferDesc.ArraySize = 1;
    depthBufferDesc.Format = DXGI_FORMAT_D24_UNORM_S8_UINT;
    //Multisampling off
    depthBufferDesc.SampleDesc.Count = 1;
    depthBufferDesc.SampleDesc.Quality = 0;
    depthBufferDesc.Usage = D3D11_USAGE_DEFAULT;
    depthBufferDesc.BindFlags = D3D11_BIND_DEPTH_STENCIL;
    depthBufferDesc.CPUAccessFlags = 0;
    depthBufferDesc.MiscFlags = 0;

    result = m_device->CreateTexture2D(&depthBufferDesc, NULL, &m_depthStencilBuffer);
    if (FAILED(result))
        return false;


    ZeroMemory(&depthStencilDesc, sizeof(depthStencilDesc));
    depthStencilDesc.DepthEnable = true;
    depthStencilDesc.DepthWriteMask = D3D11_DEPTH_WRITE_MASK_ALL;
    depthStencilDesc.DepthFunc = D3D11_COMPARISON_LESS;
    depthStencilDesc.StencilEnable = true;
    depthStencilDesc.StencilReadMask = 0xFF;
    depthStencilDesc.StencilWriteMask = 0xFF;
    depthStencilDesc.FrontFace.StencilFailOp = D3D11_STENCIL_OP_KEEP;
    depthStencilDesc.FrontFace.StencilDepthFailOp = D3D11_STENCIL_OP_INCR;
    depthStencilDesc.FrontFace.StencilPassOp = D3D11_STENCIL_OP_KEEP;
    depthStencilDesc.FrontFace.StencilFunc = D3D11_COMPARISON_ALWAYS;
    depthStencilDesc.BackFace.StencilFailOp = D3D11_STENCIL_OP_KEEP;
    depthStencilDesc.BackFace.StencilDepthFailOp = D3D11_STENCIL_OP_DECR;
    depthStencilDesc.BackFace.StencilPassOp = D3D11_STENCIL_OP_KEEP;
    depthStencilDesc.BackFace.StencilFunc = D3D11_COMPARISON_ALWAYS;

    result = m_device->CreateDepthStencilState(&depthStencilDesc, &m_depthStencilState);
    if (FAILED(result))
        return false;


    m_deviceContext->OMSetDepthStencilState(m_depthStencilState, 1);

    ZeroMemory(&depthStencilViewDesc, sizeof(depthStencilViewDesc));
    depthStencilViewDesc.Format = DXGI_FORMAT_D24_UNORM_S8_UINT;
    depthStencilViewDesc.ViewDimension = D3D11_DSV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE2D;
    depthStencilViewDesc.Texture2D.MipSlice = 0;

    result = m_device->CreateDepthStencilView(m_depthStencilBuffer, &depthStencilViewDesc, &m_depthStencilView);
    if (FAILED(result))
        return false;

    m_deviceContext->OMSetRenderTargets(1, &m_renderTargetView, m_depthStencilView);

    //TODO::CUSTOMIZE USER PRESETS
    rasterDesc.AntialiasedLineEnable = false;
    rasterDesc.CullMode = D3D11_CULL_BACK;
    rasterDesc.DepthBias = 0;
    rasterDesc.DepthBiasClamp = 0.0f;
    rasterDesc.DepthClipEnable = true;
    rasterDesc.FillMode = D3D11_FILL_SOLID;
    rasterDesc.FrontCounterClockwise = false;
    rasterDesc.MultisampleEnable = false;
    rasterDesc.ScissorEnable = false;
    rasterDesc.SlopeScaledDepthBias = 0.0f;

    result = m_device->CreateRasterizerState(&rasterDesc, &m_rasterState);
    if (FAILED(result))
        return false;

    m_deviceContext->RSSetState(m_rasterState);

    viewport.Width = (float)screenWidth;
    viewport.Height = (float)screenHeight;
    viewport.MinDepth = 0.0f;
    viewport.MaxDepth = 1.0f;
    viewport.TopLeftX = 0.0f;
    viewport.TopLeftY = 0.0f;

    m_deviceContext->RSSetViewports(1, &viewport);

    //TODO:: FOV SETTINGS
    fieldOfView = (float)D3DX_PI / 4.0f;
    screenAspect = (float)screenWidth / (float)screenHeight;

    D3DXMatrixPerspectiveFovLH(&m_projectionMatrix, fieldOfView, screenAspect, screenNear, screenDepth);
    D3DXMatrixIdentity(&m_worldMatrix);
    D3DXMatrixOrthoLH(&m_orthoMatrix, (float)screenWidth, (float)screenHeight, screenNear, screenDepth);

    return true;
}
void D3DClass::BeginScene(float red, float green, float blue, float alpha)
{

    m_deviceContext->ClearRenderTargetView(m_renderTargetView, D3DXCOLOR(red, green, blue, alpha));

    m_deviceContext->ClearDepthStencilView(m_depthStencilView, D3D11_CLEAR_DEPTH, 1.0f, 0);
    return;
}

void D3DClass::EndScene()
{
    if (m_vsync_enabled)
        m_swapChain->Present(1, 0);
    else
        m_swapChain->Present(0, 0);

    return;
}

void Framework::InitializeWindows(int& screenWidth, int& screenHeight)
{
    WNDCLASSEX wc;
    DEVMODE dmScreenSettings;

    int posX, posY;

    m_application = this;
    m_hinstance = GetModuleHandle(NULL);

    m_applicationName = "Racing Game";

    wc.style = CS_HREDRAW | CS_VREDRAW | CS_OWNDC;
    wc.lpfnWndProc = WndProc;
    wc.cbClsExtra = 0;
    wc.cbWndExtra = 0;
    wc.hInstance = m_hinstance;
    wc.hIcon = LoadIcon(NULL, IDI_WINLOGO);
    wc.hIconSm = wc.hIcon;
    wc.hCursor = LoadCursor(NULL, IDC_ARROW);
    wc.hbrBackground = (HBRUSH)GetStockObject(BLACK_BRUSH);
    wc.lpszMenuName = NULL;
    wc.lpszClassName = m_applicationName;
    wc.cbSize = sizeof(WNDCLASSEX);

    RegisterClassEx(&wc);

    screenWidth = GetSystemMetrics(SM_CXSCREEN);
    screenHeight = GetSystemMetrics(SM_CYSCREEN);

    if (FULL_SCREEN)
    {
        memset(&dmScreenSettings, 0, sizeof(dmScreenSettings));
        dmScreenSettings.dmSize = sizeof(dmScreenSettings);
        dmScreenSettings.dmPelsWidth = (unsigned long)screenWidth;
        dmScreenSettings.dmPelsHeight = (unsigned long)screenHeight;
        dmScreenSettings.dmBitsPerPel = 32;
        dmScreenSettings.dmFields = DM_BITSPERPEL | DM_PELSWIDTH | DM_PELSHEIGHT;

        ChangeDisplaySettings(&dmScreenSettings, CDS_FULLSCREEN);

        posX = posY = 0;
    }
    else
    {
        screenWidth = 800;
        screenHeight = 600;

        posX = (GetSystemMetrics(SM_CXSCREEN) - screenWidth) / 2;
        posY = (GetSystemMetrics(SM_CYSCREEN) - screenHeight) / 2;
    }

    m_hwnd = CreateWindowEx(WS_EX_APPWINDOW, m_applicationName, m_applicationName, WS_CLIPSIBLINGS | WS_CLIPCHILDREN | WS_POPUP, posX, posY, screenWidth, screenHeight, NULL, NULL, m_hinstance, NULL);
    ShowWindow(m_hwnd, SW_SHOW);
    SetForegroundWindow(m_hwnd);
    SetFocus(m_hwnd);

    ShowCursor(false);
    return;
}

---

每次我在

BeginScene（）

调用中更改参数时，无论这些参数是什么（我尝试了从1.0f到256.0f的红色值），窗口总是黑色的，并且没有窗口顶部的三个按钮（关闭、最小化、展开）。我做错了什么？感谢您的帮助。

我正在学习相同的教程

它是介于0和1之间的浮点值

所以在你的例子中，红色是

bool Graphics::Render()
{
    m_D3D->BeginScene(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f);
    m_D3D->EndScene();
    return true;
}

不要忘记将“不透明度”设置为1.0（最后一个值）

---

祝下一个教程好运。

Rastertek教程仍然有效，但它们使用了很多传统的东西，所以请记住这一点。您可能需要查看教程以了解更多信息