C++ 为什么会有这种特殊的特征<;uint8_t>;和编解码器vt<;uint8_t>;用于基本\u ifstream模板throw std::bad \u cast?

C++ 为什么会有这种特殊的特征<;uint8_t>;和编解码器vt<;uint8_t>;用于基本\u ifstream模板throw std::bad \u cast?,c++,visual-studio,c++11,g++,char-traits,C++,Visual Studio,C++11,G++,Char Traits,这里是Stackoverflow,询问为什么

这里是Stackoverflow,询问为什么
不起作用。答案是,
char\u traits
只专门用于
char
wchar\u t
(加上
char16\u t
char32\u t
在C++11中),你应该坚持使用
basic\u fstream
读取二进制数据并在需要时强制转换

好吧,该死,这还不够好!:)

没有一个答案(我能找到)说如何专门化
char\u traits
并将其与
basic\u fstream
模板一起使用,或者如果可能的话。所以我想我应该试着自己实现它

在Windows 7 64位上使用Visual Studio Express 2013 RC时,以及在Kubuntu GNU/Linux 13.04 64位上使用g++-4.7时,以下代码编译无误。但是,它在运行时抛出std::bad_cast异常。我没有访问带有libc++的clang++来测试这种组合

#include <cinttypes>
#include <cstring>

#include <algorithm>
#include <fstream>
#include <iostream>
#include <locale>

#ifdef _WIN32
    #define constexpr
    #define NOEXCEPT throw()
#else
    #define NOEXCEPT noexcept
#endif

// Change this to char and it works.
using byte_type = std::uint8_t;

namespace std
{
    // Specialization of std::char_traits
    template <> struct char_traits< std::uint8_t >
    {
        using char_type = std::uint8_t;
        using int_type = int;
        using off_type = std::streamoff;
        using pos_type = std::streampos;
        using state_type = std::mbstate_t;

        static void assign(char_type& value1, const char_type& value2)
        {
            value1 = value2;
        }

        static char_type* assign(char_type* ptr, std::size_t count, char_type value)
        {
            return static_cast<char_type*>(std::memset(ptr, value, count));
        }

        static constexpr bool eq(const char_type& value1, const char_type& value2) NOEXCEPT
        {
            return value1 == value2;
        }

        static constexpr bool lt(const char_type value1, const char_type value2) NOEXCEPT
        {
            return value1 < value2;
        }

        static std::size_t length(const char_type* ptr)
        {
            std::size_t i = 0;
            while (!eq(ptr[i], char_type()))
            {
                ++i;
            }
            return i;
        }

        static int compare(const char_type* ptr1, const char_type* ptr2, std::size_t count)
        {
            return std::memcmp(ptr1, ptr2, count);
        }

        static const char_type* find(const char_type* ptr, std::size_t count, const char_type& value)
        {
            return static_cast<const char_type*>(std::memchr(ptr, value, count));
        }

        static char_type* move(char_type* dest, const char_type* src, std::size_t count)
        {
            return static_cast<char_type*>(std::memmove(dest, src, count));
        }

        static char_type* copy(char_type* dest, const char_type* src, std::size_t count)
        {
            return static_cast<char_type*>(std::memcpy(dest, src, count));
        }

        static constexpr char_type to_char_type(const int_type& value) NOEXCEPT
        {
            return static_cast<char_type>(value);
        }

        static constexpr int_type to_int_type(const char_type& value) NOEXCEPT
        {
            return static_cast<int_type>(value);
        }

        static constexpr bool eq_int_type(const int_type& value1, const int_type& value2) NOEXCEPT
        {
            return value1 == value2;
        }

        static constexpr int_type eof() NOEXCEPT
        {
            return static_cast<int_type>(std::char_traits<char>::eof());
        }

        static constexpr int_type not_eof(const int_type& value) NOEXCEPT
        {
            return (value == eof()) ? 0 : value;
        }
    };

    // Specialization of std::codecvt
    template<> class codecvt< std::uint8_t, char, std::mbstate_t > : public locale::facet, public codecvt_base
    {
    public:
        using internal_type = std::uint8_t;
        using external_type = char;
        using state_type = std::mbstate_t;

        static std::locale::id id;

        codecvt(std::size_t refs = 0)
            : locale::facet(refs)
        {}

        std::codecvt_base::result out(state_type& state, const internal_type* from, const internal_type* from_end, const internal_type*& from_next, external_type* to, external_type* to_end, external_type*& to_next) const
        {
            return do_out(state, from, from_end, from_next, to, to_end, to_next);
        }

        std::codecvt_base::result in(state_type& state, const external_type* from, const external_type* from_end, const external_type*& from_next, internal_type* to, internal_type* to_end, internal_type*& to_next) const
        {
            return do_in(state, from, from_end, from_next, to, to_end, to_next);
        }

        std::codecvt_base::result unshift(state_type& state, external_type* to, external_type* to_end, external_type*& to_next) const
        {
            return do_unshift(state, to, to_end, to_next);
        }

        int length(state_type& state, const external_type* from, const external_type* from_end, std::size_t max) const
        {
            return do_length(state, from, from_end, max);
        }

        int max_length() const NOEXCEPT
        {
            return do_max_length();
        }

        int encoding() const NOEXCEPT
        {
            return do_encoding();
        }

        bool always_noconv() const NOEXCEPT
        {
            return do_always_noconv();
        }

    protected:
        virtual ~codecvt() {}
        virtual std::codecvt_base::result do_out(state_type& state, const internal_type* from, const internal_type* from_end, const internal_type*& from_next, external_type* to, external_type* to_end, external_type*& to_next) const;
        virtual std::codecvt_base::result do_in(state_type& state, const external_type* from, const external_type* from_end, const external_type*& from_next, internal_type* to, internal_type* to_end, internal_type*& to_next) const;
        virtual std::codecvt_base::result do_unshift(state_type& state, external_type* to, external_type* to_end, external_type*& to_next) const;
        virtual int do_length(state_type& state, const external_type* from, const external_type* from_end, std::size_t max) const;
        virtual int do_max_length() const NOEXCEPT;
        virtual int do_encoding() const NOEXCEPT;
        virtual bool do_always_noconv() const NOEXCEPT;
    }; // class codecvt

    locale::id codecvt< std::uint8_t, char, std::mbstate_t >::id;

    codecvt_base::result codecvt< std::uint8_t, char, std::mbstate_t >::do_out(state_type& state, const internal_type* from, const internal_type* from_end, const internal_type*& from_next, external_type* to, external_type* to_end, external_type*& to_next) const
    {
        (void) state; (void) from_end; (void) to_end; // Unused parameters
        from_next = from;
        to_next = to;
       return codecvt_base::noconv;
    }

    codecvt_base::result codecvt< std::uint8_t, char, std::mbstate_t >::do_in(state_type& state, const external_type* from, const external_type* from_end, const external_type*& from_next, internal_type* to, internal_type* to_end, internal_type*& to_next) const
    {
        (void) state; (void) from_end; (void) to_end; // Unused parameters
        from_next = from;
        to_next = to;
        return std::codecvt_base::noconv;
    }

    codecvt_base::result codecvt< std::uint8_t, char, std::mbstate_t >::do_unshift(state_type& state, external_type* to, external_type* to_end, external_type*& to_next) const
    {
        (void) state; (void) to_end; // Unused perameters
        to_next = to;
        return std::codecvt_base::noconv;
    }

    int codecvt< std::uint8_t, char, std::mbstate_t >::do_length(state_type& state, const external_type* from, const external_type* from_end, std::size_t max) const
    {
        (void) state; // Unused parameter
        return static_cast<int>(std::min< std::size_t >(max, static_cast<std::size_t>(from_end - from)));
    }

    int codecvt< std::uint8_t, char, std::mbstate_t >::do_max_length() const NOEXCEPT
    {
        return 1;
    }

    int codecvt< std::uint8_t, char, std::mbstate_t >::do_encoding() const NOEXCEPT
    {
        return 1;
    }

    bool codecvt< std::uint8_t, char, std::mbstate_t >::do_always_noconv() const NOEXCEPT
    {
        return true;
    }
} // namespace std


int main(int argc, char *argv [])
{
    if (argc < 2)
    {
        std::cerr << argv[0] << " {file to read}" << std::endl;
        return EXIT_FAILURE;
    }

    using stream_type = std::basic_ifstream< byte_type, std::char_traits<byte_type> >;

    stream_type stream(argv[1], std::ifstream::in | std::ifstream::binary);
    if (stream.is_open() == false)
    {
        std::cerr << "file not found" << std::endl;
        return EXIT_FAILURE;
    }
    stream.exceptions(std::ifstream::badbit);

    static const auto read_size = 4;
    stream_type::char_type buffer[read_size];

    stream.read(buffer, read_size);

    std::cout << "Got:" << stream.gcount() << std::endl;

    return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}
使用Visual Studio Express RC 2013:

First-chance exception at 0x76A6C41F in traits test.exe: Microsoft C++ exception: std::bad_cast at memory location 0x0038F978.
Unhandled exception at 0x76A6C41F in traits test.exe: Microsoft C++ exception: std::bad_cast at memory location 0x0038F978.
byte_type
更改为
char
将提供预期的输出:

$ g++ -std=c++11 -Wall -Wextra -pedantic stream.cpp -o stream && ./stream /dev/random 
Got:4

为什么会抛出std::bad_cast?我如何修复它?

我能够在我的gcc(AIX上的4.7.2)上复制一个bad_cast

得到它的原因是,gcc库实现人员优化了
basic_filebuf::xsgetn
(从basic_istream::read中称为
),以便在流的区域设置未转换时调用普通C
fread
从文件中读取(也就是说,您没有试图将UTF-8或GB18030文件读入UTF-32字符串或其他内容),这绝对是正确的做法。要确定它是否未转换,它会检查流中嵌入的区域设置的codevt方面……它不存在

您可以通过执行

std::cout << std::use_facet<
                     std::codecvt<std::uint8_t, char, std::mbstate_t>
             >(stream.getloc()).always_noconv() << '\n';

stream.read
之前的任何位置,或者插入全局:
std::locale::global(std::locale(std::locale(),new std::codecvt))
在构建
基本IFU流之前的任何地方

谢谢您的建议。我已经更新了代码,以包含一个专门的编解码器VT,但现在它在g++和Visual Studio上都会抛出std::bad_强制转换。@DrTwox在添加imbue后适用于我的gcc(请参见编辑)我面临的问题和你一样,这篇文章的答案是@Cubbi,非常有用!只是一个旁注:在我看来,即使没有
std::char_traits
的专门化,也能完成整个工作,即
std::codevt
的专门化和
imbue
技巧就足够了。我错了吗?
std::cout << std::use_facet<
                     std::codecvt<std::uint8_t, char, std::mbstate_t>
             >(stream.getloc()).always_noconv() << '\n';
stream.imbue(std::locale(stream.getloc(), 
             new std::codecvt<uint8_t, char, std::mbstate_t>));