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C# 生成尾部调用操作码_C#_Recursion_F#_Tail Recursion_Cil - Fatal编程技术网
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C# 生成尾部调用操作码

c# recursion f#

C# 生成尾部调用操作码,c#,recursion,f#,tail-recursion,cil,C#,Recursion,F#,Tail Recursion,Cil,出于好奇，我试图用C#生成一个尾部调用操作码。Fibinaci很简单，因此我的c#示例如下所示： private static void Main(string[] args) { Console.WriteLine(Fib(int.MaxValue, 0)); } public static int Fib(int i, int acc) { if (i == 0) { retur

出于好奇，我试图用C#生成一个尾部调用操作码。Fibinaci很简单，因此我的c#示例如下所示：

    private static void Main(string[] args)
    {
        Console.WriteLine(Fib(int.MaxValue, 0));
    }

    public static int Fib(int i, int acc)
    {
        if (i == 0)
        {
            return acc;
        }

        return Fib(i - 1, acc + i);
    }

.method public hidebysig static int32 Fib(int32 i, int32 acc) cil managed
{
    // Method Start RVA 0x205e
    // Code Size 17 (0x11)
    .maxstack 8
    L_0000: ldarg.0 
    L_0001: brtrue.s L_0005
    L_0003: ldarg.1 
    L_0004: ret 
    L_0005: ldarg.0 
    L_0006: ldc.i4.1 
    L_0007: sub 
    L_0008: ldarg.1 
    L_0009: ldarg.0 
    L_000a: add 
    L_000b: call int32 [ConsoleApplication2]ConsoleApplication2.Program::Fib(int32,int32)
    L_0010: ret 
}

let rec fibb i acc =  
    if i = 0 then
        acc
    else 
        fibb (i-1) (acc + i)


Console.WriteLine (fibb 3 0)

.method public static int32 fibb(int32 i, int32 acc) cil managed
{
    // Method Start RVA 0x2068
    // Code Size 18 (0x12)
    .custom instance void [FSharp.Core]Microsoft.FSharp.Core.CompilationArgumentCountsAttribute::.ctor(int32[]) = { int32[](Mono.Cecil.CustomAttributeArgument[]) }
    .maxstack 5
    L_0000: nop 
    L_0001: ldarg.0 
    L_0002: brtrue.s L_0006
    L_0004: ldarg.1 
    L_0005: ret 
    L_0006: ldarg.0 
    L_0007: ldc.i4.1 
    L_0008: sub 
    L_0009: ldarg.1 
    L_000a: ldarg.0 
    L_000b: add 
    L_000c: starg.s acc
    L_000e: starg.s i
    L_0010: br.s L_0000
}

        public static int Fib(int i, int acc) {
            if (i == 0) {
00000000  test        ecx,ecx 
00000002  jne         0000000000000008 
                return acc;
00000004  mov         eax,edx 
00000006  jmp         0000000000000011 
            }

            return Fib(i - 1, acc + i);
00000008  lea         eax,[rcx-1] 
0000000b  add         edx,ecx 
0000000d  mov         ecx,eax 
0000000f  jmp         0000000000000000              // <== here!!!
00000011  rep ret  

IL_0000: ldarg.1
IL_0001: ldarg.0
IL_0002: ldc.i4.1
IL_0003: add
IL_0004: tail.                          // Here is the 'tail' opcode!
IL_0006: callvirt instance !1 
  class [FSharp.Core] Microsoft.FSharp.Core.FSharpFunc`2<int32, !!a>::Invoke(!0)
IL_000b: ret
若我在发行版中构建并运行它而不进行调试，我不会得到堆栈溢出。在没有优化的情况下调试或运行它，我确实会得到一个堆栈溢出，这意味着在有优化的版本中，tail调用可以工作（这是我所期望的）

用于此的MSIL如下所示：

    private static void Main(string[] args)
    {
        Console.WriteLine(Fib(int.MaxValue, 0));
    }

    public static int Fib(int i, int acc)
    {
        if (i == 0)
        {
            return acc;
        }

        return Fib(i - 1, acc + i);
    }

.method public hidebysig static int32 Fib(int32 i, int32 acc) cil managed
{
    // Method Start RVA 0x205e
    // Code Size 17 (0x11)
    .maxstack 8
    L_0000: ldarg.0 
    L_0001: brtrue.s L_0005
    L_0003: ldarg.1 
    L_0004: ret 
    L_0005: ldarg.0 
    L_0006: ldc.i4.1 
    L_0007: sub 
    L_0008: ldarg.1 
    L_0009: ldarg.0 
    L_000a: add 
    L_000b: call int32 [ConsoleApplication2]ConsoleApplication2.Program::Fib(int32,int32)
    L_0010: ret 
}

let rec fibb i acc =  
    if i = 0 then
        acc
    else 
        fibb (i-1) (acc + i)


Console.WriteLine (fibb 3 0)

.method public static int32 fibb(int32 i, int32 acc) cil managed
{
    // Method Start RVA 0x2068
    // Code Size 18 (0x12)
    .custom instance void [FSharp.Core]Microsoft.FSharp.Core.CompilationArgumentCountsAttribute::.ctor(int32[]) = { int32[](Mono.Cecil.CustomAttributeArgument[]) }
    .maxstack 5
    L_0000: nop 
    L_0001: ldarg.0 
    L_0002: brtrue.s L_0006
    L_0004: ldarg.1 
    L_0005: ret 
    L_0006: ldarg.0 
    L_0007: ldc.i4.1 
    L_0008: sub 
    L_0009: ldarg.1 
    L_000a: ldarg.0 
    L_000b: add 
    L_000c: starg.s acc
    L_000e: starg.s i
    L_0010: br.s L_0000
}

        public static int Fib(int i, int acc) {
            if (i == 0) {
00000000  test        ecx,ecx 
00000002  jne         0000000000000008 
                return acc;
00000004  mov         eax,edx 
00000006  jmp         0000000000000011 
            }

            return Fib(i - 1, acc + i);
00000008  lea         eax,[rcx-1] 
0000000b  add         edx,ecx 
0000000d  mov         ecx,eax 
0000000f  jmp         0000000000000000              // <== here!!!
00000011  rep ret  

IL_0000: ldarg.1
IL_0001: ldarg.0
IL_0002: ldc.i4.1
IL_0003: add
IL_0004: tail.                          // Here is the 'tail' opcode!
IL_0006: callvirt instance !1 
  class [FSharp.Core] Microsoft.FSharp.Core.FSharpFunc`2<int32, !!a>::Invoke(!0)
IL_000b: ret
我本来希望看到一个尾部操作码，但它不在那里。这让我想知道JIT编译器是否负责将它放在那里？我尝试将程序集加密（使用
ngen install
，导航到windows程序集列表以获取该程序集）并将其加载到ILSpy中，但在我看来是一样的：

.method public hidebysig static int32 Fib(int32 i, int32 acc) cil managed
{
    // Method Start RVA 0x3bfe
    // Code Size 17 (0x11)
    .maxstack 8
    L_0000: ldarg.0 
    L_0001: brtrue.s L_0005
    L_0003: ldarg.1 
    L_0004: ret 
    L_0005: ldarg.0 
    L_0006: ldc.i4.1 
    L_0007: sub 
    L_0008: ldarg.1 
    L_0009: ldarg.0 
    L_000a: add 
    L_000b: call int32 [ConsoleApplication2]ConsoleApplication2.Program::Fib(int32,int32)
    L_0010: ret 
}
我还是没看到

我知道F#很好地处理尾部调用，所以我想比较F#和C#所做的。我的F#示例如下所示：

    private static void Main(string[] args)
    {
        Console.WriteLine(Fib(int.MaxValue, 0));
    }

    public static int Fib(int i, int acc)
    {
        if (i == 0)
        {
            return acc;
        }

        return Fib(i - 1, acc + i);
    }

.method public hidebysig static int32 Fib(int32 i, int32 acc) cil managed
{
    // Method Start RVA 0x205e
    // Code Size 17 (0x11)
    .maxstack 8
    L_0000: ldarg.0 
    L_0001: brtrue.s L_0005
    L_0003: ldarg.1 
    L_0004: ret 
    L_0005: ldarg.0 
    L_0006: ldc.i4.1 
    L_0007: sub 
    L_0008: ldarg.1 
    L_0009: ldarg.0 
    L_000a: add 
    L_000b: call int32 [ConsoleApplication2]ConsoleApplication2.Program::Fib(int32,int32)
    L_0010: ret 
}

let rec fibb i acc =  
    if i = 0 then
        acc
    else 
        fibb (i-1) (acc + i)


Console.WriteLine (fibb 3 0)

.method public static int32 fibb(int32 i, int32 acc) cil managed
{
    // Method Start RVA 0x2068
    // Code Size 18 (0x12)
    .custom instance void [FSharp.Core]Microsoft.FSharp.Core.CompilationArgumentCountsAttribute::.ctor(int32[]) = { int32[](Mono.Cecil.CustomAttributeArgument[]) }
    .maxstack 5
    L_0000: nop 
    L_0001: ldarg.0 
    L_0002: brtrue.s L_0006
    L_0004: ldarg.1 
    L_0005: ret 
    L_0006: ldarg.0 
    L_0007: ldc.i4.1 
    L_0008: sub 
    L_0009: ldarg.1 
    L_000a: ldarg.0 
    L_000b: add 
    L_000c: starg.s acc
    L_000e: starg.s i
    L_0010: br.s L_0000
}

        public static int Fib(int i, int acc) {
            if (i == 0) {
00000000  test        ecx,ecx 
00000002  jne         0000000000000008 
                return acc;
00000004  mov         eax,edx 
00000006  jmp         0000000000000011 
            }

            return Fib(i - 1, acc + i);
00000008  lea         eax,[rcx-1] 
0000000b  add         edx,ecx 
0000000d  mov         ecx,eax 
0000000f  jmp         0000000000000000              // <== here!!!
00000011  rep ret  

IL_0000: ldarg.1
IL_0001: ldarg.0
IL_0002: ldc.i4.1
IL_0003: add
IL_0004: tail.                          // Here is the 'tail' opcode!
IL_0006: callvirt instance !1 
  class [FSharp.Core] Microsoft.FSharp.Core.FSharpFunc`2<int32, !!a>::Invoke(!0)
IL_000b: ret
fib方法生成的IL如下所示：

    private static void Main(string[] args)
    {
        Console.WriteLine(Fib(int.MaxValue, 0));
    }

    public static int Fib(int i, int acc)
    {
        if (i == 0)
        {
            return acc;
        }

        return Fib(i - 1, acc + i);
    }

.method public hidebysig static int32 Fib(int32 i, int32 acc) cil managed
{
    // Method Start RVA 0x205e
    // Code Size 17 (0x11)
    .maxstack 8
    L_0000: ldarg.0 
    L_0001: brtrue.s L_0005
    L_0003: ldarg.1 
    L_0004: ret 
    L_0005: ldarg.0 
    L_0006: ldc.i4.1 
    L_0007: sub 
    L_0008: ldarg.1 
    L_0009: ldarg.0 
    L_000a: add 
    L_000b: call int32 [ConsoleApplication2]ConsoleApplication2.Program::Fib(int32,int32)
    L_0010: ret 
}

let rec fibb i acc =  
    if i = 0 then
        acc
    else 
        fibb (i-1) (acc + i)


Console.WriteLine (fibb 3 0)

.method public static int32 fibb(int32 i, int32 acc) cil managed
{
    // Method Start RVA 0x2068
    // Code Size 18 (0x12)
    .custom instance void [FSharp.Core]Microsoft.FSharp.Core.CompilationArgumentCountsAttribute::.ctor(int32[]) = { int32[](Mono.Cecil.CustomAttributeArgument[]) }
    .maxstack 5
    L_0000: nop 
    L_0001: ldarg.0 
    L_0002: brtrue.s L_0006
    L_0004: ldarg.1 
    L_0005: ret 
    L_0006: ldarg.0 
    L_0007: ldc.i4.1 
    L_0008: sub 
    L_0009: ldarg.1 
    L_000a: ldarg.0 
    L_000b: add 
    L_000c: starg.s acc
    L_000e: starg.s i
    L_0010: br.s L_0000
}

        public static int Fib(int i, int acc) {
            if (i == 0) {
00000000  test        ecx,ecx 
00000002  jne         0000000000000008 
                return acc;
00000004  mov         eax,edx 
00000006  jmp         0000000000000011 
            }

            return Fib(i - 1, acc + i);
00000008  lea         eax,[rcx-1] 
0000000b  add         edx,ecx 
0000000d  mov         ecx,eax 
0000000f  jmp         0000000000000000              // <== here!!!
00000011  rep ret  

IL_0000: ldarg.1
IL_0001: ldarg.0
IL_0002: ldc.i4.1
IL_0003: add
IL_0004: tail.                          // Here is the 'tail' opcode!
IL_0006: callvirt instance !1 
  class [FSharp.Core] Microsoft.FSharp.Core.FSharpFunc`2<int32, !!a>::Invoke(!0)
IL_000b: ret
根据ILSpy的说法，这相当于：

[Microsoft.FSharp.Core.CompilationArgumentCounts(Mono.Cecil.CustomAttributeArgument[])]
public static int32 fibb(int32 i, int32 acc)
{
    label1:
    if !(((i != 0))) 
    {
        return acc;
    }
    (i - 1);
    i = acc = (acc + i);;
    goto label1;
}
那么F#使用goto语句生成尾部调用？这不是我所期望的

我不想在任何地方依赖尾部调用，但我只是好奇操作码到底设置在哪里？C#是如何做到这一点的？

与在.NET（Roslyn语言）中执行的所有优化一样，尾部调用优化是由抖动而不是编译器执行的工作。其原理是，将工作放在jitter上是有用的，因为任何语言都将从中受益，而编写和调试代码优化器这项通常很困难的工作在每个体系结构中只需完成一次

您必须查看生成的机器代码才能看到它的完成，即调试+Windows+反汇编。根据进一步的要求，您可以通过查看使用工具+选项、调试、常规、取消勾选的抑制JIT优化生成的发布构建代码来执行此操作

x64代码如下所示：

    private static void Main(string[] args)
    {
        Console.WriteLine(Fib(int.MaxValue, 0));
    }

    public static int Fib(int i, int acc)
    {
        if (i == 0)
        {
            return acc;
        }

        return Fib(i - 1, acc + i);
    }

.method public hidebysig static int32 Fib(int32 i, int32 acc) cil managed
{
    // Method Start RVA 0x205e
    // Code Size 17 (0x11)
    .maxstack 8
    L_0000: ldarg.0 
    L_0001: brtrue.s L_0005
    L_0003: ldarg.1 
    L_0004: ret 
    L_0005: ldarg.0 
    L_0006: ldc.i4.1 
    L_0007: sub 
    L_0008: ldarg.1 
    L_0009: ldarg.0 
    L_000a: add 
    L_000b: call int32 [ConsoleApplication2]ConsoleApplication2.Program::Fib(int32,int32)
    L_0010: ret 
}

let rec fibb i acc =  
    if i = 0 then
        acc
    else 
        fibb (i-1) (acc + i)


Console.WriteLine (fibb 3 0)

.method public static int32 fibb(int32 i, int32 acc) cil managed
{
    // Method Start RVA 0x2068
    // Code Size 18 (0x12)
    .custom instance void [FSharp.Core]Microsoft.FSharp.Core.CompilationArgumentCountsAttribute::.ctor(int32[]) = { int32[](Mono.Cecil.CustomAttributeArgument[]) }
    .maxstack 5
    L_0000: nop 
    L_0001: ldarg.0 
    L_0002: brtrue.s L_0006
    L_0004: ldarg.1 
    L_0005: ret 
    L_0006: ldarg.0 
    L_0007: ldc.i4.1 
    L_0008: sub 
    L_0009: ldarg.1 
    L_000a: ldarg.0 
    L_000b: add 
    L_000c: starg.s acc
    L_000e: starg.s i
    L_0010: br.s L_0000
}

        public static int Fib(int i, int acc) {
            if (i == 0) {
00000000  test        ecx,ecx 
00000002  jne         0000000000000008 
                return acc;
00000004  mov         eax,edx 
00000006  jmp         0000000000000011 
            }

            return Fib(i - 1, acc + i);
00000008  lea         eax,[rcx-1] 
0000000b  add         edx,ecx 
0000000d  mov         ecx,eax 
0000000f  jmp         0000000000000000              // <== here!!!
00000011  rep ret  

IL_0000: ldarg.1
IL_0001: ldarg.0
IL_0002: ldc.i4.1
IL_0003: add
IL_0004: tail.                          // Here is the 'tail' opcode!
IL_0006: callvirt instance !1 
  class [FSharp.Core] Microsoft.FSharp.Core.FSharpFunc`2<int32, !!a>::Invoke(!0)
IL_000b: ret

publicstaticintfib（inti，intacc）{
如果（i==0）{
00000000测试ecx，ecx
0000000 2 jne 0000000000008
返回acc；
0000000 4 mov eax，edx
0000000 6 jmp 00000000000000 11
}
返回Fib（i-1，acc+i）；
0000000 8 lea eax，[rcx-1]
0000000 B添加edx、ecx
0000000日移动ecx，eax
0000000 f jmp 000000000000/C#compiler不会为您提供任何关于尾部调用优化的保证，因为C#程序通常使用循环，因此它们不依赖尾部调用优化。因此，在C#中，这只是一种可能发生也可能不会发生的JIT优化（您不能依赖它）

F#compiler设计用于处理使用递归的函数代码，因此它确实为尾部调用提供了某些保证。这可以通过两种方式完成：


    

  • 如果编写一个调用自身的递归函数（如
    fib
    ），编译器会将其转换为一个在主体中使用循环的函数（这是一个简单的优化，生成的代码比使用尾部调用更快）
    • 

  • 如果在更复杂的位置使用递归调用（当使用延续传递样式时，函数作为参数传递），那么编译器将生成一条尾部调用指令，告诉JIT它必须使用尾部调用
    • 


作为第二种情况的示例，编译以下简单的F#函数（F#在调试模式下不这样做以简化调试，因此您可能需要发布模式或添加
--tailcalls+
）：

函数只调用函数
cont
，第一个参数递增1。在continuation-passing样式中，此类调用的序列很长，因此优化至关重要（如果不处理尾部调用，就无法使用此样式）。生成的IL代码如下所示：


    private static void Main(string[] args)
    {
        Console.WriteLine(Fib(int.MaxValue, 0));
    }

    public static int Fib(int i, int acc)
    {
        if (i == 0)
        {
            return acc;
        }

        return Fib(i - 1, acc + i);
    }



.method public hidebysig static int32 Fib(int32 i, int32 acc) cil managed
{
    // Method Start RVA 0x205e
    // Code Size 17 (0x11)
    .maxstack 8
    L_0000: ldarg.0 
    L_0001: brtrue.s L_0005
    L_0003: ldarg.1 
    L_0004: ret 
    L_0005: ldarg.0 
    L_0006: ldc.i4.1 
    L_0007: sub 
    L_0008: ldarg.1 
    L_0009: ldarg.0 
    L_000a: add 
    L_000b: call int32 [ConsoleApplication2]ConsoleApplication2.Program::Fib(int32,int32)
    L_0010: ret 
}



let rec fibb i acc =  
    if i = 0 then
        acc
    else 
        fibb (i-1) (acc + i)


Console.WriteLine (fibb 3 0)



.method public static int32 fibb(int32 i, int32 acc) cil managed
{
    // Method Start RVA 0x2068
    // Code Size 18 (0x12)
    .custom instance void [FSharp.Core]Microsoft.FSharp.Core.CompilationArgumentCountsAttribute::.ctor(int32[]) = { int32[](Mono.Cecil.CustomAttributeArgument[]) }
    .maxstack 5
    L_0000: nop 
    L_0001: ldarg.0 
    L_0002: brtrue.s L_0006
    L_0004: ldarg.1 
    L_0005: ret 
    L_0006: ldarg.0 
    L_0007: ldc.i4.1 
    L_0008: sub 
    L_0009: ldarg.1 
    L_000a: ldarg.0 
    L_000b: add 
    L_000c: starg.s acc
    L_000e: starg.s i
    L_0010: br.s L_0000
}



        public static int Fib(int i, int acc) {
            if (i == 0) {
00000000  test        ecx,ecx 
00000002  jne         0000000000000008 
                return acc;
00000004  mov         eax,edx 
00000006  jmp         0000000000000011 
            }

            return Fib(i - 1, acc + i);
00000008  lea         eax,[rcx-1] 
0000000b  add         edx,ecx 
0000000d  mov         ecx,eax 
0000000f  jmp         0000000000000000              // <== here!!!
00000011  rep ret  



IL_0000: ldarg.1
IL_0001: ldarg.0
IL_0002: ldc.i4.1
IL_0003: add
IL_0004: tail.                          // Here is the 'tail' opcode!
IL_0006: callvirt instance !1 
  class [FSharp.Core] Microsoft.FSharp.Core.FSharpFunc`2<int32, !!a>::Invoke(!0)
IL_000b: ret



IL_0000:ldarg.1
IL_0001:ldarg.0
IL_0002:ldc.i4.1
IL_0003：添加
IL_0004:tail//这是“tail”操作码！
IL_0006:callvirt实例！1
类[FSharp.Core]Microsoft.FSharp.Core.FSharpFunc`2:：Invoke（！0）
IL_000b:ret

在.Net中，尾部调用优化的情况相当复杂。据我所知，是这样的：


    private static void Main(string[] args)
    {
        Console.WriteLine(Fib(int.MaxValue, 0));
    }

    public static int Fib(int i, int acc)
    {
        if (i == 0)
        {
            return acc;
        }

        return Fib(i - 1, acc + i);
    }



.method public hidebysig static int32 Fib(int32 i, int32 acc) cil managed
{
    // Method Start RVA 0x205e
    // Code Size 17 (0x11)
    .maxstack 8
    L_0000: ldarg.0 
    L_0001: brtrue.s L_0005
    L_0003: ldarg.1 
    L_0004: ret 
    L_0005: ldarg.0 
    L_0006: ldc.i4.1 
    L_0007: sub 
    L_0008: ldarg.1 
    L_0009: ldarg.0 
    L_000a: add 
    L_000b: call int32 [ConsoleApplication2]ConsoleApplication2.Program::Fib(int32,int32)
    L_0010: ret 
}



let rec fibb i acc =  
    if i = 0 then
        acc
    else 
        fibb (i-1) (acc + i)


Console.WriteLine (fibb 3 0)



.method public static int32 fibb(int32 i, int32 acc) cil managed
{
    // Method Start RVA 0x2068
    // Code Size 18 (0x12)
    .custom instance void [FSharp.Core]Microsoft.FSharp.Core.CompilationArgumentCountsAttribute::.ctor(int32[]) = { int32[](Mono.Cecil.CustomAttributeArgument[]) }
    .maxstack 5
    L_0000: nop 
    L_0001: ldarg.0 
    L_0002: brtrue.s L_0006
    L_0004: ldarg.1 
    L_0005: ret 
    L_0006: ldarg.0 
    L_0007: ldc.i4.1 
    L_0008: sub 
    L_0009: ldarg.1 
    L_000a: ldarg.0 
    L_000b: add 
    L_000c: starg.s acc
    L_000e: starg.s i
    L_0010: br.s L_0000
}



        public static int Fib(int i, int acc) {
            if (i == 0) {
00000000  test        ecx,ecx 
00000002  jne         0000000000000008 
                return acc;
00000004  mov         eax,edx 
00000006  jmp         0000000000000011 
            }

            return Fib(i - 1, acc + i);
00000008  lea         eax,[rcx-1] 
0000000b  add         edx,ecx 
0000000d  mov         ecx,eax 
0000000f  jmp         0000000000000000              // <== here!!!
00000011  rep ret  



IL_0000: ldarg.1
IL_0001: ldarg.0
IL_0002: ldc.i4.1
IL_0003: add
IL_0004: tail.                          // Here is the 'tail' opcode!
IL_0006: callvirt instance !1 
  class [FSharp.Core] Microsoft.FSharp.Core.FSharpFunc`2<int32, !!a>::Invoke(!0)
IL_000b: ret



    

  • C#编译器永远不会发出
    尾部。
    操作码，它也永远不会自己进行尾部调用优化
    • 

  • F#编译器有时会发出
    尾部。
    操作码，有时会通过发出非递归的IL来自行执行尾部调用优化
    • 

  • CLR将尊重
    尾部。
    操作码（如果存在），并且即使操作码不存在，64位CLR有时也会进行尾部调用优化
    • 


因此，在您的例子中，您没有在C#编译器生成的IL中看到
尾部。
操作码，因为它没有这样做。但是该方法是尾部调用优化的，因为CLR有时即使没有操作码也会这样做


在F#的例子中，您观察到F#编译器是自己进行优化的。
我不相信C#曾经尾部调用过优化F#（比如IronScheme）使用尾部调用消除将“昂贵”的尾部调用更改为“便宜”的本地跳转。这是在编译器中完成的。@devshorts：优化称为尾部调用消除，因此您不会看到它（尾部操作码或调用）。您需要一个更复杂的示例来防止这种优化。@devshorts:JIT不会更改MSIL。它会生成机器代码。请参阅Hans的回答，其中他查看了JIT的输出，发现尾部调用已转换为跳转。有关F#如何处理尾部调用的详细信息，请参阅。我认为这个问题是特定的关于
尾部。
操作码，您甚至没有提到。这是一种法律优化吗？它改变了程序的可观察行为（关于stac）