在Java中，如何创建与ApacheAvro容器文件等效的文件，而不必强制使用文件作为介质？

如果熟悉ApacheAvro的Java实现的任何人都在阅读本文，那么这有点像是瞎猜

我的高层次目标是通过网络传输一系列avro数据（比如说HTTP，但特定的协议对此并不重要）。在我的上下文中，我有一个HttpServletResponse，我需要以某种方式将此数据写入其中

我最初试图将数据写入avro容器文件的虚拟版本（假设“response”的类型为HttpServletResponse）：

鉴于上述限制条件，我不确定这是否是实现这一点的最佳方式，但看起来这可能会奏效。我将把模式（例如上面的“schema someSchema”）作为字符串放在“schema”字段中，然后将符合该模式的记录的avro二进制序列化形式（即“GenericRecord someRecord”）放在“data”字段中

事实上，我想知道下面描述的具体细节，但我认为也有必要给出更大的背景，因此，如果有更好的高层方法，我可以采取（这种方法可行，但感觉不太理想），请一定让我知道

我的问题是，假设我使用这种基于JSON的方法，我如何将记录的avro二进制表示写入AvroContainer模式的“数据”字段？例如，我到了这里：

ByteArrayOutputStream baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
GenericDatumWriter<GenericRecord> datumWriter = new GenericDatumWriter<GenericRecord>(someSchema);
Encoder e = new BinaryEncoder(baos);
datumWriter.write(resultsRecord, e);
e.flush();

GenericRecord someRecord = new GenericData.Record(someSchema);
someRecord.put("schema", someSchema.toString());
someRecord.put("data", ByteBuffer.wrap(baos.toByteArray()));
datumWriter = new GenericDatumWriter<GenericRecord>(WRAPPER_SCHEMA);
JsonGenerator jsonGenerator = new JsonFactory().createJsonGenerator(baos, JsonEncoding.UTF8);
e = new JsonEncoder(WRAPPER_SCHEMA, jsonGenerator);
datumWriter.write(someRecord, e);
e.flush();

PrintWriter printWriter = response.getWriter(); // recall that response is the HttpServletResponse
response.setContentType("text/plain");
response.setCharacterEncoding("UTF-8");
printWriter.print(baos.toString("UTF-8"));

引发异常，无法将字节数组强制转换为ByteBuffer。公平地说，当调用Encoder类（JSONECODER是其子类）来编写avro字节对象时，它需要一个ByteBuffer作为参数。因此，我尝试用java.nio.ByteBuffer.wrap封装字节[]，但当数据打印出来时，它被打印为一系列直接的字节，而没有通过avro十六进制表示：

"data": {"bytes": ".....some gibberish other than the expected format...}

这似乎不对。根据avro文档，他们给出的示例bytes对象表示我需要放入一个json对象，该对象的示例看起来像“\u00FF”，而我在其中放入的显然不是那种格式。我现在想知道的是：

• avro字节格式的示例是什么？它看起来像“\uDEADBEEFDEADBEEF…”吗
• 如何将二进制avro数据（由BinaryEncoder输出到byte[]数组中）强制转换为一种格式，使其能够粘贴到GenericRecord对象中并以JSON格式正确打印？例如，我想要一个对象数据，我可以调用一些GenericRecord“someRecord.put（“DATA”，DATA）；”，其中包含我的avro序列化数据
• 当数据被赋予文本JSON表示并希望重新创建AvroContainer格式JSON表示的GenericRecord时，我如何将数据读回另一端（使用者）的字节数组
• （重申之前的问题）我有没有更好的办法来做这一切

---

正如克努特所说，如果您想使用文件以外的内容，您可以：

• 正如克努特所说，使用SeekableByteArrayInput可以将horn放入字节数组
• 以您自己的方式实现SeekablInput——例如，如果您是从某种奇怪的数据库结构中获得它的话
• 或者只是使用一个文件。为什么不呢

---

这些是您的答案。

我解决这个问题的方法是将模式与数据分开发送。我设置了一个连接握手，从服务器向下传输模式，然后来回发送编码数据。必须创建如下所示的外部包装器对象：

{'name':'Wrapper','type':'record','fields':[
  {'name':'schemaName','type':'string'},
  {'name':'records','type':{'type':'array','items':'bytes'}}
]}

首先将记录数组逐个编码为编码字节数组。一个数组中的所有内容都应该具有相同的架构。然后用上面的模式对包装器对象进行编码——将“schemaName”设置为用于编码数组的模式的名称

在服务器上，您将首先解码包装器对象。一旦您解码了包装器对象，您就知道了模式名，并且您有了一个对象数组，您知道如何解码——可以随意使用

---

请注意，如果您使用类似于

WebSockets

的协议，并且类似于（for）Socket.io的引擎为您提供了浏览器和服务器之间基于通道的通信层，则无需使用wrapper对象即可。在这种情况下，只需为每个通道使用特定的模式，在发送消息之前对每个消息进行编码。当连接启动时，您仍然必须共享模式——但是如果您使用的是

WebSockets

，这很容易实现。完成后，客户机和服务器之间有任意数量的强类型双向流。

在Java和Scala下，我们尝试通过使用Scala nitro codegen生成的代码使用inception。《盗梦空间》是Javascript库解决这个问题的方法。然而，我们在使用Java库时遇到了几个序列化问题，在这些问题中，错误的字节始终被注入到字节流中，我们无法确定这些字节来自何处

当然，这意味着我们要用之字形编码构建自己的Varint实现。嗯

这是：

package com.terradatum.query

import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream
import java.nio.ByteBuffer
import java.security.MessageDigest
import java.util.UUID

import akka.actor.ActorSystem
import akka.stream.stage._
import akka.stream.{Attributes, FlowShape, Inlet, Outlet}
import com.nitro.scalaAvro.runtime.GeneratedMessage
import com.terradatum.diagnostics.AkkaLogging
import org.apache.avro.Schema
import org.apache.avro.generic.{GenericDatumWriter, GenericRecord}
import org.apache.avro.io.EncoderFactory
import org.elasticsearch.search.SearchHit

import scala.collection.mutable.ArrayBuffer
import scala.reflect.ClassTag

/*
* The original implementation of this helper relied exclusively on using the Header Avro record and inception to create
* the header. That didn't work for us because somehow erroneous bytes were injected into the output.
*
* Specifically:
* 1. 0x08 prepended to the magic
* 2. 0x0020 between the header and the sync marker
*
* Rather than continue to spend a large number of hours trying to troubleshoot why the Avro library was producing such
* erroneous output, we build the Avro Container File using a combination of our own code and Avro library code.
*
* This means that Terradatum code is responsible for the Avro Container File header (including magic, file metadata and
* sync marker) and building the blocks. We only use the Avro library code to build the binary encoding of the Avro
* records.
*
* @see https://avro.apache.org/docs/1.8.1/spec.html#Object+Container+Files
*/
object AvroContainerFileHelpers {

  val magic: ByteBuffer = {
    val magicBytes = "Obj".getBytes ++ Array[Byte](1.toByte)
    val mg = ByteBuffer.allocate(magicBytes.length).put(magicBytes)
    mg.position(0)
    mg
  }

  def makeSyncMarker(): Array[Byte] = {
    val digester = MessageDigest.getInstance("MD5")
    digester.update(s"${UUID.randomUUID}@${System.currentTimeMillis()}".getBytes)
    val marker = ByteBuffer.allocate(16).put(digester.digest()).compact()
    marker.position(0)
    marker.array()
  }

  /*
  * Note that other implementations of avro container files, such as the javascript library
  * mtth/avsc uses "inception" to encode the header, that is, a datum following a header
  * schema should produce valid headers. We originally had attempted to do the same but for
  * an unknown reason two bytes wore being inserted into our header, one at the very beginning
  * of the header before the MAGIC marker, and one right before the syncmarker of the header.
  * We were unable to determine why this wasn't working, and so this solution was used instead
  * where the record/map is encoded per the avro spec manually without the use of "inception."
  */
  def header(schema: Schema, syncMarker: Array[Byte]): Array[Byte] = {
    def avroMap(map: Map[String, ByteBuffer]): Array[Byte] = {
      val mapBytes = map.flatMap {
        case (k, vBuff) =>
          val v = vBuff.array()
          val byteStr = k.getBytes()
          Varint.encodeLong(byteStr.length) ++ byteStr ++ Varint.encodeLong(v.length) ++ v
      }
      Varint.encodeLong(map.size.toLong) ++ mapBytes ++ Varint.encodeLong(0)
    }

    val schemaBytes = schema.toString.getBytes
    val schemaBuffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(schemaBytes.length).put(schemaBytes)
    schemaBuffer.position(0)
    val metadata = Map("avro.schema" -> schemaBuffer)
    magic.array() ++ avroMap(metadata) ++ syncMarker
  }

  def block(binaryRecords: Seq[Array[Byte]], syncMarker: Array[Byte]): Array[Byte] = {
    val countBytes = Varint.encodeLong(binaryRecords.length.toLong)
    val sizeBytes = Varint.encodeLong(binaryRecords.foldLeft(0)(_+_.length).toLong)

    val buff: ArrayBuffer[Byte] = new scala.collection.mutable.ArrayBuffer[Byte]()

    buff.append(countBytes:_*)
    buff.append(sizeBytes:_*)
    binaryRecords.foreach { rec =>
      buff.append(rec:_*)
    }
    buff.append(syncMarker:_*)

    buff.toArray
  }

  def encodeBlock[T](schema: Schema, records: Seq[GenericRecord], syncMarker: Array[Byte]): Array[Byte] = {
    //block(records.map(encodeRecord(schema, _)), syncMarker)
    val writer = new GenericDatumWriter[GenericRecord](schema)
    val out = new ByteArrayOutputStream()
    val binaryEncoder = EncoderFactory.get().binaryEncoder(out, null)
    records.foreach(record => writer.write(record, binaryEncoder))
    binaryEncoder.flush()
    val flattenedRecords = out.toByteArray
    out.close()

    val buff: ArrayBuffer[Byte] = new scala.collection.mutable.ArrayBuffer[Byte]()

    val countBytes = Varint.encodeLong(records.length.toLong)
    val sizeBytes = Varint.encodeLong(flattenedRecords.length.toLong)

    buff.append(countBytes:_*)
    buff.append(sizeBytes:_*)
    buff.append(flattenedRecords:_*)
    buff.append(syncMarker:_*)

    buff.toArray
  }

  def encodeRecord[R <: GeneratedMessage with com.nitro.scalaAvro.runtime.Message[R]: ClassTag](
      entity: R
  ): Array[Byte] =
    encodeRecord(entity.companion.schema, entity.toMutable)

  def encodeRecord(schema: Schema, record: GenericRecord): Array[Byte] = {
    val writer = new GenericDatumWriter[GenericRecord](schema)
    val out = new ByteArrayOutputStream()
    val binaryEncoder = EncoderFactory.get().binaryEncoder(out, null)
    writer.write(record, binaryEncoder)
    binaryEncoder.flush()
    val bytes = out.toByteArray
    out.close()
    bytes
  }
}

/**
  * Encoding of integers with variable-length encoding.
  *
  * The avro specification uses a variable length encoding for integers and longs.
  * If the most significant bit in a integer or long byte is 0 then it knows that no
  * more bytes are needed, if the most significant bit is 1 then it knows that at least one
  * more byte is needed. In signed ints and longs the most significant bit is traditionally
  * used to represent the sign of the integer or long, but for us it's used to encode whether
  * more bytes are needed. To get around this limitation we zig-zag through whole numbers such that
  * negatives are odd numbers and positives are even numbers:
  *
  * i.e. -1, -2, -3 would be encoded as 1, 3, 5, and so on
  * while 1,  2,  3 would be encoded as 2, 4, 6, and so on.
  *
  * More information is available in the avro specification here:
  * @see http://lucene.apache.org/core/3_5_0/fileformats.html#VInt
  *      https://developers.google.com/protocol-buffers/docs/encoding?csw=1#types
  */
object Varint {

  import scala.collection.mutable

  def encodeLong(longVal: Long): Array[Byte] = {
    val buff = new ArrayBuffer[Byte]()
    Varint.zigZagSignedLong(longVal, buff)
    buff.toArray[Byte]
  }

  def encodeInt(intVal: Int): Array[Byte] = {
    val buff = new ArrayBuffer[Byte]()
    Varint.zigZagSignedInt(intVal, buff)
    buff.toArray[Byte]
  }

  def zigZagSignedLong[T <: mutable.Buffer[Byte]](x: Long, dest: T): Unit = {
    // sign to even/odd mapping: http://code.google.com/apis/protocolbuffers/docs/encoding.html#types
    writeUnsignedLong((x << 1) ^ (x >> 63), dest)
  }

  def writeUnsignedLong[T <: mutable.Buffer[Byte]](v: Long, dest: T): Unit = {
    var x = v
    while ((x & 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFF80L) != 0L) {
      dest += ((x & 0x7F) | 0x80).toByte
      x >>>= 7
    }
    dest += (x & 0x7F).toByte
  }

  def zigZagSignedInt[T <: mutable.Buffer[Byte]](x: Int, dest: T): Unit = {
    writeUnsignedInt((x << 1) ^ (x >> 31), dest)
  }

  def writeUnsignedInt[T <: mutable.Buffer[Byte]](v: Int, dest: T): Unit = {
    var x = v
    while ((x & 0xFFFFF80) != 0L) {
      dest += ((x & 0x7F) | 0x80).toByte
      x >>>= 7
    }
    dest += (x & 0x7F).toByte
  }
}

package com.terradatam.query
导入java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream
导入java.nio.ByteBuffer
导入java.security.MessageDigest
导入java.util.UUID
导入akka.actor.ActorSystem
导入akka.stream.stage_
导入akka.stream.{属性，流形状，入口，出口}
导入com.nitro.scalaAvro.runtime.GeneratedMessage
导入com.terradatam.diagnostics.AkkaLogging
导入org.apache.avro.Schema
导入org.apache.avro.generic.{GenericDatumWriter，GenericRecord}
导入org.apache.avro.io.EncoderFactory
导入org.elasticsearch.search.SearchHit
导入scala.collection.mutable.ArrayBuffer
导入scala.reflect.ClassTag
/*
*T
ByteArrayOutputStream baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
GenericDatumWriter<GenericRecord> datumWriter = new GenericDatumWriter<GenericRecord>(someSchema);
Encoder e = new BinaryEncoder(baos);
datumWriter.write(resultsRecord, e);
e.flush();

GenericRecord someRecord = new GenericData.Record(someSchema);
someRecord.put("schema", someSchema.toString());
someRecord.put("data", ByteBuffer.wrap(baos.toByteArray()));
datumWriter = new GenericDatumWriter<GenericRecord>(WRAPPER_SCHEMA);
JsonGenerator jsonGenerator = new JsonFactory().createJsonGenerator(baos, JsonEncoding.UTF8);
e = new JsonEncoder(WRAPPER_SCHEMA, jsonGenerator);
datumWriter.write(someRecord, e);
e.flush();

PrintWriter printWriter = response.getWriter(); // recall that response is the HttpServletResponse
response.setContentType("text/plain");
response.setCharacterEncoding("UTF-8");
printWriter.print(baos.toString("UTF-8"));

datumWriter.write(someRecord, e);

"data": {"bytes": ".....some gibberish other than the expected format...}

{'name':'Wrapper','type':'record','fields':[
  {'name':'schemaName','type':'string'},
  {'name':'records','type':{'type':'array','items':'bytes'}}
]}

package com.terradatum.query

import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream
import java.nio.ByteBuffer
import java.security.MessageDigest
import java.util.UUID

import akka.actor.ActorSystem
import akka.stream.stage._
import akka.stream.{Attributes, FlowShape, Inlet, Outlet}
import com.nitro.scalaAvro.runtime.GeneratedMessage
import com.terradatum.diagnostics.AkkaLogging
import org.apache.avro.Schema
import org.apache.avro.generic.{GenericDatumWriter, GenericRecord}
import org.apache.avro.io.EncoderFactory
import org.elasticsearch.search.SearchHit

import scala.collection.mutable.ArrayBuffer
import scala.reflect.ClassTag

/*
* The original implementation of this helper relied exclusively on using the Header Avro record and inception to create
* the header. That didn't work for us because somehow erroneous bytes were injected into the output.
*
* Specifically:
* 1. 0x08 prepended to the magic
* 2. 0x0020 between the header and the sync marker
*
* Rather than continue to spend a large number of hours trying to troubleshoot why the Avro library was producing such
* erroneous output, we build the Avro Container File using a combination of our own code and Avro library code.
*
* This means that Terradatum code is responsible for the Avro Container File header (including magic, file metadata and
* sync marker) and building the blocks. We only use the Avro library code to build the binary encoding of the Avro
* records.
*
* @see https://avro.apache.org/docs/1.8.1/spec.html#Object+Container+Files
*/
object AvroContainerFileHelpers {

  val magic: ByteBuffer = {
    val magicBytes = "Obj".getBytes ++ Array[Byte](1.toByte)
    val mg = ByteBuffer.allocate(magicBytes.length).put(magicBytes)
    mg.position(0)
    mg
  }

  def makeSyncMarker(): Array[Byte] = {
    val digester = MessageDigest.getInstance("MD5")
    digester.update(s"${UUID.randomUUID}@${System.currentTimeMillis()}".getBytes)
    val marker = ByteBuffer.allocate(16).put(digester.digest()).compact()
    marker.position(0)
    marker.array()
  }

  /*
  * Note that other implementations of avro container files, such as the javascript library
  * mtth/avsc uses "inception" to encode the header, that is, a datum following a header
  * schema should produce valid headers. We originally had attempted to do the same but for
  * an unknown reason two bytes wore being inserted into our header, one at the very beginning
  * of the header before the MAGIC marker, and one right before the syncmarker of the header.
  * We were unable to determine why this wasn't working, and so this solution was used instead
  * where the record/map is encoded per the avro spec manually without the use of "inception."
  */
  def header(schema: Schema, syncMarker: Array[Byte]): Array[Byte] = {
    def avroMap(map: Map[String, ByteBuffer]): Array[Byte] = {
      val mapBytes = map.flatMap {
        case (k, vBuff) =>
          val v = vBuff.array()
          val byteStr = k.getBytes()
          Varint.encodeLong(byteStr.length) ++ byteStr ++ Varint.encodeLong(v.length) ++ v
      }
      Varint.encodeLong(map.size.toLong) ++ mapBytes ++ Varint.encodeLong(0)
    }

    val schemaBytes = schema.toString.getBytes
    val schemaBuffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(schemaBytes.length).put(schemaBytes)
    schemaBuffer.position(0)
    val metadata = Map("avro.schema" -> schemaBuffer)
    magic.array() ++ avroMap(metadata) ++ syncMarker
  }

  def block(binaryRecords: Seq[Array[Byte]], syncMarker: Array[Byte]): Array[Byte] = {
    val countBytes = Varint.encodeLong(binaryRecords.length.toLong)
    val sizeBytes = Varint.encodeLong(binaryRecords.foldLeft(0)(_+_.length).toLong)

    val buff: ArrayBuffer[Byte] = new scala.collection.mutable.ArrayBuffer[Byte]()

    buff.append(countBytes:_*)
    buff.append(sizeBytes:_*)
    binaryRecords.foreach { rec =>
      buff.append(rec:_*)
    }
    buff.append(syncMarker:_*)

    buff.toArray
  }

  def encodeBlock[T](schema: Schema, records: Seq[GenericRecord], syncMarker: Array[Byte]): Array[Byte] = {
    //block(records.map(encodeRecord(schema, _)), syncMarker)
    val writer = new GenericDatumWriter[GenericRecord](schema)
    val out = new ByteArrayOutputStream()
    val binaryEncoder = EncoderFactory.get().binaryEncoder(out, null)
    records.foreach(record => writer.write(record, binaryEncoder))
    binaryEncoder.flush()
    val flattenedRecords = out.toByteArray
    out.close()

    val buff: ArrayBuffer[Byte] = new scala.collection.mutable.ArrayBuffer[Byte]()

    val countBytes = Varint.encodeLong(records.length.toLong)
    val sizeBytes = Varint.encodeLong(flattenedRecords.length.toLong)

    buff.append(countBytes:_*)
    buff.append(sizeBytes:_*)
    buff.append(flattenedRecords:_*)
    buff.append(syncMarker:_*)

    buff.toArray
  }

  def encodeRecord[R <: GeneratedMessage with com.nitro.scalaAvro.runtime.Message[R]: ClassTag](
      entity: R
  ): Array[Byte] =
    encodeRecord(entity.companion.schema, entity.toMutable)

  def encodeRecord(schema: Schema, record: GenericRecord): Array[Byte] = {
    val writer = new GenericDatumWriter[GenericRecord](schema)
    val out = new ByteArrayOutputStream()
    val binaryEncoder = EncoderFactory.get().binaryEncoder(out, null)
    writer.write(record, binaryEncoder)
    binaryEncoder.flush()
    val bytes = out.toByteArray
    out.close()
    bytes
  }
}

/**
  * Encoding of integers with variable-length encoding.
  *
  * The avro specification uses a variable length encoding for integers and longs.
  * If the most significant bit in a integer or long byte is 0 then it knows that no
  * more bytes are needed, if the most significant bit is 1 then it knows that at least one
  * more byte is needed. In signed ints and longs the most significant bit is traditionally
  * used to represent the sign of the integer or long, but for us it's used to encode whether
  * more bytes are needed. To get around this limitation we zig-zag through whole numbers such that
  * negatives are odd numbers and positives are even numbers:
  *
  * i.e. -1, -2, -3 would be encoded as 1, 3, 5, and so on
  * while 1,  2,  3 would be encoded as 2, 4, 6, and so on.
  *
  * More information is available in the avro specification here:
  * @see http://lucene.apache.org/core/3_5_0/fileformats.html#VInt
  *      https://developers.google.com/protocol-buffers/docs/encoding?csw=1#types
  */
object Varint {

  import scala.collection.mutable

  def encodeLong(longVal: Long): Array[Byte] = {
    val buff = new ArrayBuffer[Byte]()
    Varint.zigZagSignedLong(longVal, buff)
    buff.toArray[Byte]
  }

  def encodeInt(intVal: Int): Array[Byte] = {
    val buff = new ArrayBuffer[Byte]()
    Varint.zigZagSignedInt(intVal, buff)
    buff.toArray[Byte]
  }

  def zigZagSignedLong[T <: mutable.Buffer[Byte]](x: Long, dest: T): Unit = {
    // sign to even/odd mapping: http://code.google.com/apis/protocolbuffers/docs/encoding.html#types
    writeUnsignedLong((x << 1) ^ (x >> 63), dest)
  }

  def writeUnsignedLong[T <: mutable.Buffer[Byte]](v: Long, dest: T): Unit = {
    var x = v
    while ((x & 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFF80L) != 0L) {
      dest += ((x & 0x7F) | 0x80).toByte
      x >>>= 7
    }
    dest += (x & 0x7F).toByte
  }

  def zigZagSignedInt[T <: mutable.Buffer[Byte]](x: Int, dest: T): Unit = {
    writeUnsignedInt((x << 1) ^ (x >> 31), dest)
  }

  def writeUnsignedInt[T <: mutable.Buffer[Byte]](v: Int, dest: T): Unit = {
    var x = v
    while ((x & 0xFFFFF80) != 0L) {
      dest += ((x & 0x7F) | 0x80).toByte
      x >>>= 7
    }
    dest += (x & 0x7F).toByte
  }
}