在“中捕获变量”；“评估”；用Python

我在理解Python中“eval（）”和“exec”的语义时遇到困难。（此问题中的所有代码在Python 2.7.8和Python 3.4.2中的行为方式相同）。“评估”一词的意思是：

如果同时省略[locals and globals]，则执行表达式 在调用eval（）的环境中

“exec”也有类似的语言。我显然不理解这句话，因为我希望下面的程序定义的四个函数也能做同样的事情

def h(x):
    ls = locals()
    exec('def i(y): return (w, x, y)', globals(), ls)
    i = ls['i']
    def       j(y): return (w, x, y)
    k = eval('lambda y: (w, x, y)')
    l =       lambda y: (w, x, y)
    return i, j, k, l

w = 1

i, j, k, l = h(2)

他们没有

>>> i(3)
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
  File "<string>", line 1, in i
NameError: name 'x' is not defined
>>> j(3)
(1, 2, 3)
>>> k(3)
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
  File "<string>", line 1, in <lambda>
NameError: name 'x' is not defined
>>> l(3)
(1, 2, 3)

输出：

This is `i`:
  1           0 LOAD_GLOBAL              0 (w)
              3 LOAD_GLOBAL              1 (x)
              6 LOAD_FAST                0 (y)
              9 BUILD_TUPLE              3
             12 RETURN_VALUE        
This is `j`:
 25           0 LOAD_GLOBAL              0 (w)
              3 LOAD_DEREF               0 (x)
              6 LOAD_FAST                0 (y)
              9 BUILD_TUPLE              3
             12 RETURN_VALUE        
This is `k`:
  1           0 LOAD_GLOBAL              0 (w)
              3 LOAD_GLOBAL              1 (x)
              6 LOAD_FAST                0 (y)
              9 BUILD_TUPLE              3
             12 RETURN_VALUE        
This is `l`:
 27           0 LOAD_GLOBAL              0 (w)
              3 LOAD_DEREF               0 (x)
              6 LOAD_FAST                0 (y)
              9 BUILD_TUPLE              3
             12 RETURN_VALUE        
For reference, this is `h`:
 22           0 LOAD_NAME                0 (locals)
              3 CALL_FUNCTION            0
              6 STORE_FAST               1 (ls)

 23           9 LOAD_CONST               1 ('def i(y): return (w, x, y)')
             12 LOAD_NAME                1 (globals)
             15 CALL_FUNCTION            0
             18 LOAD_FAST                1 (ls)
             21 EXEC_STMT           

 24          22 LOAD_FAST                1 (ls)
             25 LOAD_CONST               2 ('i')
             28 BINARY_SUBSCR       
             29 STORE_FAST               2 (i)

 25          32 LOAD_CLOSURE             0 (x)
             35 BUILD_TUPLE              1
             38 LOAD_CONST               3 (<code object j at 0x7ffc3843c030, file "test.py", line 25>)
             41 MAKE_CLOSURE             0
             44 STORE_FAST               3 (j)

 26          47 LOAD_NAME                2 (eval)
             50 LOAD_CONST               4 ('lambda y: (w, x, y)')
             53 CALL_FUNCTION            1
             56 STORE_FAST               4 (k)

 27          59 LOAD_CLOSURE             0 (x)
             62 BUILD_TUPLE              1
             65 LOAD_CONST               5 (<code object <lambda> at 0x7ffc3843c3b0, file "test.py", line 27>)
             68 MAKE_CLOSURE             0
             71 STORE_FAST               5 (l)

 28          74 LOAD_FAST                2 (i)
             77 LOAD_FAST                3 (j)
             80 LOAD_FAST                4 (k)
             83 LOAD_FAST                5 (l)
             86 BUILD_TUPLE              4
             89 RETURN_VALUE

  1           0 LOAD_GLOBAL              0 (w)
              3 LOAD_GLOBAL              1 (x)
              6 LOAD_FAST                0 (y)
              9 BUILD_TUPLE              3
             12 RETURN_VALUE        
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
  File "<string>", line 1, in <lambda>
NameError: global name 'x' is not defined

  1           0 LOAD_GLOBAL              0 (w)
              3 LOAD_CONST               1 (2)
              6 LOAD_FAST                0 (y)
              9 BUILD_TUPLE              3
             12 RETURN_VALUE        
(1, 2, 3)

  1           0 LOAD_GLOBAL              0 (w)
              3 LOAD_GLOBAL              1 (x)
              6 LOAD_FAST                0 (y)
              9 BUILD_TUPLE              3
             12 RETURN_VALUE        
(1, 2, 3)

  1           0 LOAD_GLOBAL              0 (w)
              3 LOAD_DEREF               0 (x)
              6 LOAD_FAST                0 (y)
              9 BUILD_TUPLE              3
             12 RETURN_VALUE
(1, 2, 3)

输出：

This is `i`:
  1           0 LOAD_GLOBAL              0 (w)
              3 LOAD_GLOBAL              1 (x)
              6 LOAD_FAST                0 (y)
              9 BUILD_TUPLE              3
             12 RETURN_VALUE        
This is `j`:
 25           0 LOAD_GLOBAL              0 (w)
              3 LOAD_DEREF               0 (x)
              6 LOAD_FAST                0 (y)
              9 BUILD_TUPLE              3
             12 RETURN_VALUE        
This is `k`:
  1           0 LOAD_GLOBAL              0 (w)
              3 LOAD_GLOBAL              1 (x)
              6 LOAD_FAST                0 (y)
              9 BUILD_TUPLE              3
             12 RETURN_VALUE        
This is `l`:
 27           0 LOAD_GLOBAL              0 (w)
              3 LOAD_DEREF               0 (x)
              6 LOAD_FAST                0 (y)
              9 BUILD_TUPLE              3
             12 RETURN_VALUE        
For reference, this is `h`:
 22           0 LOAD_NAME                0 (locals)
              3 CALL_FUNCTION            0
              6 STORE_FAST               1 (ls)

 23           9 LOAD_CONST               1 ('def i(y): return (w, x, y)')
             12 LOAD_NAME                1 (globals)
             15 CALL_FUNCTION            0
             18 LOAD_FAST                1 (ls)
             21 EXEC_STMT           

 24          22 LOAD_FAST                1 (ls)
             25 LOAD_CONST               2 ('i')
             28 BINARY_SUBSCR       
             29 STORE_FAST               2 (i)

 25          32 LOAD_CLOSURE             0 (x)
             35 BUILD_TUPLE              1
             38 LOAD_CONST               3 (<code object j at 0x7ffc3843c030, file "test.py", line 25>)
             41 MAKE_CLOSURE             0
             44 STORE_FAST               3 (j)

 26          47 LOAD_NAME                2 (eval)
             50 LOAD_CONST               4 ('lambda y: (w, x, y)')
             53 CALL_FUNCTION            1
             56 STORE_FAST               4 (k)

 27          59 LOAD_CLOSURE             0 (x)
             62 BUILD_TUPLE              1
             65 LOAD_CONST               5 (<code object <lambda> at 0x7ffc3843c3b0, file "test.py", line 27>)
             68 MAKE_CLOSURE             0
             71 STORE_FAST               5 (l)

 28          74 LOAD_FAST                2 (i)
             77 LOAD_FAST                3 (j)
             80 LOAD_FAST                4 (k)
             83 LOAD_FAST                5 (l)
             86 BUILD_TUPLE              4
             89 RETURN_VALUE

  1           0 LOAD_GLOBAL              0 (w)
              3 LOAD_GLOBAL              1 (x)
              6 LOAD_FAST                0 (y)
              9 BUILD_TUPLE              3
             12 RETURN_VALUE        
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
  File "<string>", line 1, in <lambda>
NameError: global name 'x' is not defined

  1           0 LOAD_GLOBAL              0 (w)
              3 LOAD_CONST               1 (2)
              6 LOAD_FAST                0 (y)
              9 BUILD_TUPLE              3
             12 RETURN_VALUE        
(1, 2, 3)

  1           0 LOAD_GLOBAL              0 (w)
              3 LOAD_GLOBAL              1 (x)
              6 LOAD_FAST                0 (y)
              9 BUILD_TUPLE              3
             12 RETURN_VALUE        
(1, 2, 3)

  1           0 LOAD_GLOBAL              0 (w)
              3 LOAD_DEREF               0 (x)
              6 LOAD_FAST                0 (y)
              9 BUILD_TUPLE              3
             12 RETURN_VALUE
(1, 2, 3)

输出：

This is `i`:
  1           0 LOAD_GLOBAL              0 (w)
              3 LOAD_GLOBAL              1 (x)
              6 LOAD_FAST                0 (y)
              9 BUILD_TUPLE              3
             12 RETURN_VALUE        
This is `j`:
 25           0 LOAD_GLOBAL              0 (w)
              3 LOAD_DEREF               0 (x)
              6 LOAD_FAST                0 (y)
              9 BUILD_TUPLE              3
             12 RETURN_VALUE        
This is `k`:
  1           0 LOAD_GLOBAL              0 (w)
              3 LOAD_GLOBAL              1 (x)
              6 LOAD_FAST                0 (y)
              9 BUILD_TUPLE              3
             12 RETURN_VALUE        
This is `l`:
 27           0 LOAD_GLOBAL              0 (w)
              3 LOAD_DEREF               0 (x)
              6 LOAD_FAST                0 (y)
              9 BUILD_TUPLE              3
             12 RETURN_VALUE        
For reference, this is `h`:
 22           0 LOAD_NAME                0 (locals)
              3 CALL_FUNCTION            0
              6 STORE_FAST               1 (ls)

 23           9 LOAD_CONST               1 ('def i(y): return (w, x, y)')
             12 LOAD_NAME                1 (globals)
             15 CALL_FUNCTION            0
             18 LOAD_FAST                1 (ls)
             21 EXEC_STMT           

 24          22 LOAD_FAST                1 (ls)
             25 LOAD_CONST               2 ('i')
             28 BINARY_SUBSCR       
             29 STORE_FAST               2 (i)

 25          32 LOAD_CLOSURE             0 (x)
             35 BUILD_TUPLE              1
             38 LOAD_CONST               3 (<code object j at 0x7ffc3843c030, file "test.py", line 25>)
             41 MAKE_CLOSURE             0
             44 STORE_FAST               3 (j)

 26          47 LOAD_NAME                2 (eval)
             50 LOAD_CONST               4 ('lambda y: (w, x, y)')
             53 CALL_FUNCTION            1
             56 STORE_FAST               4 (k)

 27          59 LOAD_CLOSURE             0 (x)
             62 BUILD_TUPLE              1
             65 LOAD_CONST               5 (<code object <lambda> at 0x7ffc3843c3b0, file "test.py", line 27>)
             68 MAKE_CLOSURE             0
             71 STORE_FAST               5 (l)

 28          74 LOAD_FAST                2 (i)
             77 LOAD_FAST                3 (j)
             80 LOAD_FAST                4 (k)
             83 LOAD_FAST                5 (l)
             86 BUILD_TUPLE              4
             89 RETURN_VALUE

  1           0 LOAD_GLOBAL              0 (w)
              3 LOAD_GLOBAL              1 (x)
              6 LOAD_FAST                0 (y)
              9 BUILD_TUPLE              3
             12 RETURN_VALUE        
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
  File "<string>", line 1, in <lambda>
NameError: global name 'x' is not defined

  1           0 LOAD_GLOBAL              0 (w)
              3 LOAD_CONST               1 (2)
              6 LOAD_FAST                0 (y)
              9 BUILD_TUPLE              3
             12 RETURN_VALUE        
(1, 2, 3)

  1           0 LOAD_GLOBAL              0 (w)
              3 LOAD_GLOBAL              1 (x)
              6 LOAD_FAST                0 (y)
              9 BUILD_TUPLE              3
             12 RETURN_VALUE        
(1, 2, 3)

  1           0 LOAD_GLOBAL              0 (w)
              3 LOAD_DEREF               0 (x)
              6 LOAD_FAST                0 (y)
              9 BUILD_TUPLE              3
             12 RETURN_VALUE
(1, 2, 3)

但是，我不想假设“x”可以无损地转换为字符串并返回。在以下示例中，尝试失败：

k = h(lambda: "something")

k = h(open('some_file', 'w'))

cell = ["Wrong value"]
k = h(cell)
cell[0] = "Right value"
k(3)

失败3 由于Python正在寻找全局变量，一个明显的尝试是将“x”作为全局变量传递：

def h(x):
    my_globals = {'w': w, 'x': x}
    return eval('lambda y: (w, x, y)', my_globals)

k = h(2)

dis(k)

w = 1
k(3)

输出：

This is `i`:
  1           0 LOAD_GLOBAL              0 (w)
              3 LOAD_GLOBAL              1 (x)
              6 LOAD_FAST                0 (y)
              9 BUILD_TUPLE              3
             12 RETURN_VALUE        
This is `j`:
 25           0 LOAD_GLOBAL              0 (w)
              3 LOAD_DEREF               0 (x)
              6 LOAD_FAST                0 (y)
              9 BUILD_TUPLE              3
             12 RETURN_VALUE        
This is `k`:
  1           0 LOAD_GLOBAL              0 (w)
              3 LOAD_GLOBAL              1 (x)
              6 LOAD_FAST                0 (y)
              9 BUILD_TUPLE              3
             12 RETURN_VALUE        
This is `l`:
 27           0 LOAD_GLOBAL              0 (w)
              3 LOAD_DEREF               0 (x)
              6 LOAD_FAST                0 (y)
              9 BUILD_TUPLE              3
             12 RETURN_VALUE        
For reference, this is `h`:
 22           0 LOAD_NAME                0 (locals)
              3 CALL_FUNCTION            0
              6 STORE_FAST               1 (ls)

 23           9 LOAD_CONST               1 ('def i(y): return (w, x, y)')
             12 LOAD_NAME                1 (globals)
             15 CALL_FUNCTION            0
             18 LOAD_FAST                1 (ls)
             21 EXEC_STMT           

 24          22 LOAD_FAST                1 (ls)
             25 LOAD_CONST               2 ('i')
             28 BINARY_SUBSCR       
             29 STORE_FAST               2 (i)

 25          32 LOAD_CLOSURE             0 (x)
             35 BUILD_TUPLE              1
             38 LOAD_CONST               3 (<code object j at 0x7ffc3843c030, file "test.py", line 25>)
             41 MAKE_CLOSURE             0
             44 STORE_FAST               3 (j)

 26          47 LOAD_NAME                2 (eval)
             50 LOAD_CONST               4 ('lambda y: (w, x, y)')
             53 CALL_FUNCTION            1
             56 STORE_FAST               4 (k)

 27          59 LOAD_CLOSURE             0 (x)
             62 BUILD_TUPLE              1
             65 LOAD_CONST               5 (<code object <lambda> at 0x7ffc3843c3b0, file "test.py", line 27>)
             68 MAKE_CLOSURE             0
             71 STORE_FAST               5 (l)

 28          74 LOAD_FAST                2 (i)
             77 LOAD_FAST                3 (j)
             80 LOAD_FAST                4 (k)
             83 LOAD_FAST                5 (l)
             86 BUILD_TUPLE              4
             89 RETURN_VALUE

  1           0 LOAD_GLOBAL              0 (w)
              3 LOAD_GLOBAL              1 (x)
              6 LOAD_FAST                0 (y)
              9 BUILD_TUPLE              3
             12 RETURN_VALUE        
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
  File "<string>", line 1, in <lambda>
NameError: global name 'x' is not defined

  1           0 LOAD_GLOBAL              0 (w)
              3 LOAD_CONST               1 (2)
              6 LOAD_FAST                0 (y)
              9 BUILD_TUPLE              3
             12 RETURN_VALUE        
(1, 2, 3)

  1           0 LOAD_GLOBAL              0 (w)
              3 LOAD_GLOBAL              1 (x)
              6 LOAD_FAST                0 (y)
              9 BUILD_TUPLE              3
             12 RETURN_VALUE        
(1, 2, 3)

  1           0 LOAD_GLOBAL              0 (w)
              3 LOAD_DEREF               0 (x)
              6 LOAD_FAST                0 (y)
              9 BUILD_TUPLE              3
             12 RETURN_VALUE
(1, 2, 3)

此尝试被中断，因为它过早读取“w”的值：

w = "Wrong value"
k = h(2)
w = "Right value"
k(3)

成功1 我最终找到了一种可行的方法，但我真的不喜欢：

def h(x):
    return eval('lambda x: lambda y: (w, x, y)')(x) 

k = h(2)

dis(k)

w = 1
k(3)

输出：

This is `i`:
  1           0 LOAD_GLOBAL              0 (w)
              3 LOAD_GLOBAL              1 (x)
              6 LOAD_FAST                0 (y)
              9 BUILD_TUPLE              3
             12 RETURN_VALUE        
This is `j`:
 25           0 LOAD_GLOBAL              0 (w)
              3 LOAD_DEREF               0 (x)
              6 LOAD_FAST                0 (y)
              9 BUILD_TUPLE              3
             12 RETURN_VALUE        
This is `k`:
  1           0 LOAD_GLOBAL              0 (w)
              3 LOAD_GLOBAL              1 (x)
              6 LOAD_FAST                0 (y)
              9 BUILD_TUPLE              3
             12 RETURN_VALUE        
This is `l`:
 27           0 LOAD_GLOBAL              0 (w)
              3 LOAD_DEREF               0 (x)
              6 LOAD_FAST                0 (y)
              9 BUILD_TUPLE              3
             12 RETURN_VALUE        
For reference, this is `h`:
 22           0 LOAD_NAME                0 (locals)
              3 CALL_FUNCTION            0
              6 STORE_FAST               1 (ls)

 23           9 LOAD_CONST               1 ('def i(y): return (w, x, y)')
             12 LOAD_NAME                1 (globals)
             15 CALL_FUNCTION            0
             18 LOAD_FAST                1 (ls)
             21 EXEC_STMT           

 24          22 LOAD_FAST                1 (ls)
             25 LOAD_CONST               2 ('i')
             28 BINARY_SUBSCR       
             29 STORE_FAST               2 (i)

 25          32 LOAD_CLOSURE             0 (x)
             35 BUILD_TUPLE              1
             38 LOAD_CONST               3 (<code object j at 0x7ffc3843c030, file "test.py", line 25>)
             41 MAKE_CLOSURE             0
             44 STORE_FAST               3 (j)

 26          47 LOAD_NAME                2 (eval)
             50 LOAD_CONST               4 ('lambda y: (w, x, y)')
             53 CALL_FUNCTION            1
             56 STORE_FAST               4 (k)

 27          59 LOAD_CLOSURE             0 (x)
             62 BUILD_TUPLE              1
             65 LOAD_CONST               5 (<code object <lambda> at 0x7ffc3843c3b0, file "test.py", line 27>)
             68 MAKE_CLOSURE             0
             71 STORE_FAST               5 (l)

 28          74 LOAD_FAST                2 (i)
             77 LOAD_FAST                3 (j)
             80 LOAD_FAST                4 (k)
             83 LOAD_FAST                5 (l)
             86 BUILD_TUPLE              4
             89 RETURN_VALUE

  1           0 LOAD_GLOBAL              0 (w)
              3 LOAD_GLOBAL              1 (x)
              6 LOAD_FAST                0 (y)
              9 BUILD_TUPLE              3
             12 RETURN_VALUE        
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
  File "<string>", line 1, in <lambda>
NameError: global name 'x' is not defined

  1           0 LOAD_GLOBAL              0 (w)
              3 LOAD_CONST               1 (2)
              6 LOAD_FAST                0 (y)
              9 BUILD_TUPLE              3
             12 RETURN_VALUE        
(1, 2, 3)

  1           0 LOAD_GLOBAL              0 (w)
              3 LOAD_GLOBAL              1 (x)
              6 LOAD_FAST                0 (y)
              9 BUILD_TUPLE              3
             12 RETURN_VALUE        
(1, 2, 3)

  1           0 LOAD_GLOBAL              0 (w)
              3 LOAD_DEREF               0 (x)
              6 LOAD_FAST                0 (y)
              9 BUILD_TUPLE              3
             12 RETURN_VALUE
(1, 2, 3)

特别是，如果我不知道传递给“eval”的字符串捕获的本地变量的完整列表，这将变得非常痛苦

你能做得更好吗

更新2014-12-25

失败4 为了寻找创建局部变量“x”的更多方法，我尝试了以下方法：

def h(x):
    ls = locals()
    exec('x = x\ndef i(y): return (w, x, y)', globals(), ls)
    exec('_ = x\ndef j(y): return (w, x, y)', globals(), ls)
    return ls['i'], ls['j'], ls['_'], ls['x']

i, j, check1, check2 = h(2)

assert check1 == 2
assert check2 == 2

w = 1

print("This is `i`:")
dis(i)
print("This is `j`:")
dis(j)

print("i(3) = %r" % (i(3),))
print("j(3) = %r" % (j(3),))

“x”的额外赋值无效。断言验证“x”在局部变量字典中，但lambdas没有捕获它。以下是输出：

This is `i`:
  2           0 LOAD_GLOBAL              0 (w)
              3 LOAD_GLOBAL              1 (x)
              6 LOAD_FAST                0 (y)
              9 BUILD_TUPLE              3
             12 RETURN_VALUE
This is `j`:
  2           0 LOAD_GLOBAL              0 (w)
              3 LOAD_GLOBAL              1 (x)
              6 LOAD_FAST                0 (y)
              9 BUILD_TUPLE              3
             12 RETURN_VALUE

This is `i`:
  1           0 LOAD_GLOBAL              0 (w)
              3 LOAD_DEREF               0 (x)
              6 LOAD_FAST                0 (y)
              9 BUILD_TUPLE              3
             12 RETURN_VALUE
This is `j`:
  1           0 LOAD_GLOBAL              0 (w)
              3 LOAD_GLOBAL              1 (x)
              6 LOAD_FAST                0 (y)
              9 BUILD_TUPLE              3
             12 RETURN_VALUE
i(3) = (1, 2, 3)

barley's x = outer arg
barley's y = this string

barley's x = modified x
barley's y = new arg

barley's x = modified x
barley's y = doesn't see the re-mod.

对“i”和“j”的调用都崩溃了，抱怨没有全局变量“x”

成功2 [编辑2014-12-29：这仅在Python 3上成功。]

创建局部变量的另一种方法如下：

def h(x):
    i = eval('[lambda y: (w, x, y) for x in [x]][0]')
    j = eval('[lambda y: (w, x, y) for _ in [x]][0]')
    return i, j

i, j = h(2)

w = 1

print("This is `i`:")
dis(i)
print("This is `j`:")
dis(j)

print("i(3) = %r" % (i(3),))
print("j(3) = %r" % (j(3),))

奇怪的是，在这种情况下，对“x”的额外赋值确实会产生影响。这确实有效，即“i”与“j”不同。以下是输出：

This is `i`:
  2           0 LOAD_GLOBAL              0 (w)
              3 LOAD_GLOBAL              1 (x)
              6 LOAD_FAST                0 (y)
              9 BUILD_TUPLE              3
             12 RETURN_VALUE
This is `j`:
  2           0 LOAD_GLOBAL              0 (w)
              3 LOAD_GLOBAL              1 (x)
              6 LOAD_FAST                0 (y)
              9 BUILD_TUPLE              3
             12 RETURN_VALUE

This is `i`:
  1           0 LOAD_GLOBAL              0 (w)
              3 LOAD_DEREF               0 (x)
              6 LOAD_FAST                0 (y)
              9 BUILD_TUPLE              3
             12 RETURN_VALUE
This is `j`:
  1           0 LOAD_GLOBAL              0 (w)
              3 LOAD_GLOBAL              1 (x)
              6 LOAD_FAST                0 (y)
              9 BUILD_TUPLE              3
             12 RETURN_VALUE
i(3) = (1, 2, 3)

barley's x = outer arg
barley's y = this string

barley's x = modified x
barley's y = new arg

barley's x = modified x
barley's y = doesn't see the re-mod.

对“j”的调用崩溃，抱怨没有全局“x”，但“i”按预期工作并具有正确的字节码

---

为什么这能起作用，而上面的“失败4”不能？确定是否可以捕获本地“x”的规则是什么？这种设计的历史是什么？（这似乎很荒谬！）

我认为您希望创建的函数继承创建它们的函数的本地环境，同时也继承（创建它们的函数的）真实的全局环境。这就是为什么你不喜欢他们把x称为全局的，对吧

下面将围绕所需函数创建一个“包装器”函数，所有函数都位于同一exec字符串中。当您调用或重新调用包装器（创建新的包装闭包）时，将传入创建函数的局部变量的值

代码对在本地上下文中创建的新变量很敏感。要确保函数名和包装器名都是已知的，并且都有值，这会遇到一些麻烦

def wrap_f(code, gs, ls, wrapper_name, function_name):
    ls[function_name] = ls[wrapper_name] = None
    arglist = ",".join(ls.keys())
    wrapcode = """
def {wrapper_name}({arglist}):
{code}
    return {function_name}
    """.format(wrapper_name=wrapper_name, arglist=arglist, 
               code=code, function_name=function_name)
    exec(wrapcode, gs, ls)
    wrapper = ls[wrapper_name]
    return wrapper, wrapper(**ls)

所以，为了回答最初的问题，这个代码

def h(x):
    mcode = "    def m(y): return (w, x, y)"  # must be indented 4 spaces.
    mwrap, m = wrap_f(mcode, globals(), locals(), "mwrap", "m")
    return m

w = 1
m = h(2)
print m(3)

…生成此输出：

(1, 2, 3)

此示例显示了当creator函数中的局部变量发生更改时应执行的操作：

def foo(x):
    barleycode = """
    def barley(y):
        print "barley's x =", x
        print "barley's y =", y
    """
    barleywrap, barley = wrap_f(barleycode, globals(), locals(), 
                               "barleywrap", "barley")
    barley("this string")
    print

    x = "modified x"
    barley = barleywrap(**locals())
    barley("new arg")
    print

    x = "re-modified x"
    barley("doesn't see the re-mod.")

x = "the global x"

foo("outer arg")

这将产生以下输出：

This is `i`:
  2           0 LOAD_GLOBAL              0 (w)
              3 LOAD_GLOBAL              1 (x)
              6 LOAD_FAST                0 (y)
              9 BUILD_TUPLE              3
             12 RETURN_VALUE
This is `j`:
  2           0 LOAD_GLOBAL              0 (w)
              3 LOAD_GLOBAL              1 (x)
              6 LOAD_FAST                0 (y)
              9 BUILD_TUPLE              3
             12 RETURN_VALUE

This is `i`:
  1           0 LOAD_GLOBAL              0 (w)
              3 LOAD_DEREF               0 (x)
              6 LOAD_FAST                0 (y)
              9 BUILD_TUPLE              3
             12 RETURN_VALUE
This is `j`:
  1           0 LOAD_GLOBAL              0 (w)
              3 LOAD_GLOBAL              1 (x)
              6 LOAD_FAST                0 (y)
              9 BUILD_TUPLE              3
             12 RETURN_VALUE
i(3) = (1, 2, 3)

barley's x = outer arg
barley's y = this string

barley's x = modified x
barley's y = new arg

barley's x = modified x
barley's y = doesn't see the re-mod.

---

我不确定我自己是否完全明白，但我会尽最大努力： 我猜当你运行eval/exec python时，你不知道它在函数中，我真的不知道为什么。 我将尝试使用如下格式字符串

k = eval("lambda y: (w, {0}, y)".format(x))

不过我不确定这东西是否管用。

---

另外，为什么需要以这种方式使用eval和exec？

我将分享我自己的理解，即python为什么会这样做

k = eval("lambda y: (w, {0}, y)".format(x))

Lambda如何捕获引用 每次使用不在参数列表中的变量时，python都会为其创建一个闭包。比如说

y
def h(x):
    l =lambda y: (w, x,y)

创建一个捕获x的闭包，您可以通过访问

l.__closure__

这将向您显示x是与函数创建一起存储的。 但是，y不是与函数一起存储的，因为它被定义为全局变量

类定义 当运行

A.f（）

因为python将在没有定义

c

的全局命名空间中查找c

原因 说

如果exec获得两个单独的对象，即全局对象和局部对象，则代码 将像嵌入到类定义中一样执行

这说明了为什么lambda没有捕获本地名称空间中的变量

变通

---

i

和

j

不是本地人。它们是封闭的。Python在编译时确定闭包，但在

eval（）

中生成此类闭包的唯一方法是您已经发现的方式。您无法以任何其他方式创建闭包。令人惊讶的是，无法捕获传入“locals”的变量。为什么会这样？因为关闭需要更多的脚手架；变量的生存期延长到函数的生存期之外，而常规的局部变量在那里是不行的；列表理解（以及dict和set理解和生成器表达式）也允许您在单个表达式中创建父范围。您还可以使用默认参数hack。在PEP227将词法作用域添加到Python 2.1之前，这是很常见的。您可以使用3.x纯关键字参数使其更加可靠：

k=eval（'lambda y，*，x=x:（w，x，y））

“我认为您希望创建的函数继承创建它们的函数的本地环境，也继承（创建它们的函数的）真实全局环境。”这就是为什么你不喜欢他们把x称为全局变量，对吗？“我接受你的观点，我不需要知道‘传递给“eval”的字符串捕获的全部局部变量列表’。我只需要知道其中的一个超集，“locals（）.keys（）”就可以了。按照我的说法，你不需要知道需要哪些，你只需要拥有所有可能需要的。这些变量名都会进入st的“barleywrap”部分