java.lang.NoSuchFieldError:在Tomcat上部署shiro时subjectDAO异常

我是shiro的新手，正在使用运行在Tomcat上的web应用程序进行尝试。web.xml中我的shiro特定配置如下：

<listener>
    <listener-class>org.apache.shiro.web.env.EnvironmentLoaderListener</listener-class>
</listener>
<filter>
    <filter-name>ShiroFilter</filter-name>
    <filter-class>org.apache.shiro.web.servlet.IniShiroFilter</filter-class>
     <!-- no init-param means load the INI config from classpath:shiro.ini --> 
</filter>

<filter-mapping>
    <filter-name>ShiroFilter</filter-name>
    <url-pattern>/*</url-pattern>
    <dispatcher>REQUEST</dispatcher> 
    <dispatcher>FORWARD</dispatcher> 
    <dispatcher>INCLUDE</dispatcher> 
    <dispatcher>ERROR</dispatcher>
</filter-mapping>

在部署应用程序时，我看到以下异常

INFO: Initializing Shiro environment
Jan 22, 2013 3:40:32 PM org.apache.catalina.core.StandardContext listenerStart
SEVERE: Exception sending context initialized event to listener instance of class     org.apache.shiro.web.env.EnvironmentLoaderListener
java.lang.NoSuchFieldError: subjectDAO
    at org.apache.shiro.web.mgt.DefaultWebSecurityManager.<init>(DefaultWebSecurityManager.java:72)
    at org.apache.shiro.web.config.WebIniSecurityManagerFactory.createDefaultInstance(WebIniSecurityManagerFactory.java:65)
    at org.apache.shiro.config.IniSecurityManagerFactory.createDefaults(IniSecurityManagerFactory.java:155)
    at org.apache.shiro.web.config.WebIniSecurityManagerFactory.createDefaults(WebIniSecurityManagerFactory.java:71)
    at org.apache.shiro.config.IniSecurityManagerFactory.createSecurityManager(IniSecurityManagerFactory.java:118)
    at org.apache.shiro.config.IniSecurityManagerFactory.createSecurityManager(IniSecurityManagerFactory.java:97)
    at org.apache.shiro.config.IniSecurityManagerFactory.createInstance(IniSecurityManagerFactory.java:83)
    at org.apache.shiro.config.IniSecurityManagerFactory.createInstance(IniSecurityManagerFactory.java:41)
    at org.apache.shiro.config.IniFactorySupport.createInstance(IniFactorySupport.java:123)
    at org.apache.shiro.util.AbstractFactory.getInstance(AbstractFactory.java:47)
    at org.apache.shiro.web.env.IniWebEnvironment.createWebSecurityManager(IniWebEnvironment.java:203)
    at org.apache.shiro.web.env.IniWebEnvironment.configure(IniWebEnvironment.java:99)
    at org.apache.shiro.web.env.IniWebEnvironment.init(IniWebEnvironment.java:92)
    at org.apache.shiro.util.LifecycleUtils.init(LifecycleUtils.java:45)
    at org.apache.shiro.util.LifecycleUtils.init(LifecycleUtils.java:40)
    at org.apache.shiro.web.env.EnvironmentLoader.createEnvironment(EnvironmentLoader.java:226)
    at org.apache.shiro.web.env.EnvironmentLoader.initEnvironment(EnvironmentLoader.java:138)
    at org.apache.shiro.web.env.EnvironmentLoaderListener.contextInitialized(EnvironmentLoaderListener.java:58)
    at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardContext.listenerStart(StandardContext.java:4791)
    at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardContext.startInternal(StandardContext.java:5285)
    at org.apache.catalina.util.LifecycleBase.start(LifecycleBase.java:150)
    at org.apache.catalina.core.ContainerBase.addChildInternal(ContainerBase.java:901)
    at org.apache.catalina.core.ContainerBase.addChild(ContainerBase.java:877)
    at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardHost.addChild(StandardHost.java:618)
    at org.apache.catalina.startup.HostConfig.deployWAR(HostConfig.java:963)
    at org.apache.catalina.startup.HostConfig.deployApps(HostConfig.java:537)
    at org.apache.catalina.startup.HostConfig.check(HostConfig.java:1468)
    at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method)
    at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(NativeMethodAccessorImpl.java:57)
    at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:43)
    at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:601)
    at org.apache.tomcat.util.modeler.BaseModelMBean.invoke(BaseModelMBean.java:301)
    at com.sun.jmx.interceptor.DefaultMBeanServerInterceptor.invoke(DefaultMBeanServerInterceptor.java:819)
    at com.sun.jmx.mbeanserver.JmxMBeanServer.invoke(JmxMBeanServer.java:791)
    at org.apache.catalina.manager.ManagerServlet.check(ManagerServlet.java:1436)
    at org.apache.catalina.manager.ManagerServlet.deploy(ManagerServlet.java:673)
    at org.apache.catalina.manager.ManagerServlet.doPut(ManagerServlet.java:431)
    at javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:644)
    at javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:722)
    at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:305)
    at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:210)
    at org.apache.catalina.filters.SetCharacterEncodingFilter.doFilter(SetCharacterEncodingFilter.java:108)
    at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:243)
    at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:210)
    at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardWrapperValve.invoke(StandardWrapperValve.java:225)
    at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardContextValve.invoke(StandardContextValve.java:123)
    at org.apache.catalina.authenticator.AuthenticatorBase.invoke(AuthenticatorBase.java:581)
    at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardHostValve.invoke(StandardHostValve.java:168)
    at org.apache.catalina.valves.ErrorReportValve.invoke(ErrorReportValve.java:98)
    at org.apache.catalina.valves.AccessLogValve.invoke(AccessLogValve.java:927)
    at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardEngineValve.invoke(StandardEngineValve.java:118)
    at org.apache.catalina.connector.CoyoteAdapter.service(CoyoteAdapter.java:407)
    at org.apache.coyote.http11.AbstractHttp11Processor.process(AbstractHttp11Processor.java:1001)
    at org.apache.coyote.AbstractProtocol$AbstractConnectionHandler.process(AbstractProtocol.java:585)
    at org.apache.tomcat.util.net.JIoEndpoint$SocketProcessor.run(JIoEndpoint.java:310)
    at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor.runWorker(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:1110)
    at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor$Worker.run(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:603)
    at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:722)

INFO:初始化Shiro环境
2013年1月22日下午3:40:32 org.apache.catalina.core.StandardContext listenerStart
严重：将上下文初始化事件发送到类org.apache.shiro.web.env.EnvironmentLoaderListener的侦听器实例时发生异常
java.lang.NoSuchFieldError:subjectDAO
位于org.apache.shiro.web.mgt.DefaultWebSecurityManager。（DefaultWebSecurityManager.java:72）
位于org.apache.shiro.web.config.WebIniSecurityManagerFactory.createDefaultInstance（WebIniSecurityManagerFactory.java:65）
位于org.apache.shiro.config.IniSecurityManagerFactory.createDefaults（IniSecurityManagerFactory.java:155）
位于org.apache.shiro.web.config.WebIniSecurityManagerFactory.createDefaults（WebIniSecurityManagerFactory.java:71）
位于org.apache.shiro.config.IniSecurityManagerFactory.createSecurityManager（IniSecurityManagerFactory.java:118）
位于org.apache.shiro.config.IniSecurityManagerFactory.createSecurityManager（IniSecurityManagerFactory.java:97）
位于org.apache.shiro.config.IniSecurityManagerFactory.createInstance（IniSecurityManagerFactory.java:83）
位于org.apache.shiro.config.IniSecurityManagerFactory.createInstance（IniSecurityManagerFactory.java:41）
位于org.apache.shiro.config.IniFactorySupport.createInstance（IniFactorySupport.java:123）
位于org.apache.shiro.util.AbstractFactory.getInstance（AbstractFactory.java:47）
位于org.apache.shiro.web.env.IniWebEnvironment.createWebSecurityManager（IniWebEnvironment.java:203）
位于org.apache.shiro.web.env.IniWebEnvironment.configure（IniWebEnvironment.java:99）
位于org.apache.shiro.web.env.IniWebEnvironment.init（IniWebEnvironment.java:92）
位于org.apache.shiro.util.LifecycleUtils.init（LifecycleUtils.java:45）
位于org.apache.shiro.util.LifecycleUtils.init（LifecycleUtils.java:40）
位于org.apache.shiro.web.env.EnvironmentLoader.createEnvironment（EnvironmentLoader.java:226）
位于org.apache.shiro.web.env.EnvironmentLoader.initEnvironment（EnvironmentLoader.java:138）
位于org.apache.shiro.web.env.EnvironmentLoaderListener.contextInitialized（EnvironmentLoaderListener.java:58）
位于org.apache.catalina.core.StandardContext.listenerStart（StandardContext.java:4791）
位于org.apache.catalina.core.StandardContext.startInternal（StandardContext.java:5285）
位于org.apache.catalina.util.LifecycleBase.start（LifecycleBase.java:150）
位于org.apache.catalina.core.ContainerBase.addChildInternal（ContainerBase.java:901）
位于org.apache.catalina.core.ContainerBase.addChild（ContainerBase.java:877）
位于org.apache.catalina.core.StandardHost.addChild（StandardHost.java:618）
位于org.apache.catalina.startup.HostConfig.deployWAR（HostConfig.java:963）
位于org.apache.catalina.startup.HostConfig.deployApps（HostConfig.java:537）
位于org.apache.catalina.startup.HostConfig.check（HostConfig.java:1468）
在sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0（本机方法）处
在sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke（NativeMethodAccessorImpl.java:57）中
在sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke（DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:43）中
位于java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke（Method.java:601）
位于org.apache.tomcat.util.modeler.BaseModelMBean.invoke（BaseModelMBean.java:301）
位于com.sun.jmx.interceptor.DefaultMBeanServerInterceptor.invoke（DefaultMBeanServerInterceptor.java:819）
位于com.sun.jmx.mbeanserver.JmxMBeanServer.invoke（JmxMBeanServer.java:791）
位于org.apache.catalina.manager.ManagerServlet.check（ManagerServlet.java:1436）
位于org.apache.catalina.manager.ManagerServlet.deploy（ManagerServlet.java:673）
位于org.apache.catalina.manager.ManagerServlet.doPut（ManagerServlet.java:431）
位于javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service（HttpServlet.java:644）
位于javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service（HttpServlet.java:722）
位于org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter（ApplicationFilterChain.java:305）
位于org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter（ApplicationFilterChain.java:210）
位于org.apache.catalina.filters.SetCharacterEncodingFilter.doFilter（SetCharacterEncodingFilter.java:108）
位于org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter（ApplicationFilterChain.java:243）
位于org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter（ApplicationFilterChain.java:210）
位于org.apache.catalina.core.StandardWrapperValve.invoke（StandardWrapperValve.java:225）
位于org.apache.catalina.core.StandardContextValve.invoke（StandardContextValve.java:123）
位于org.apache.catalina.authenticator.AuthenticatorBase.invoke（AuthenticatorBase.java:581）
位于org.apache.catalina.core.StandardHostValve.invoke（StandardHostValve.java:168）
位于org.apache.catalina.valves.ErrorReportValve.invoke（ErrorReportValve.java:98）
位于org.apache.catalina.valves.AccessLogValve.invoke（AccessLogValve.java:927）
位于org.apache.catalina.core.StandardEngineValve.invoke（StandardEngineValve.java:118）
位于org.apache.catalina.connector.CoyoteAdapter.service（CoyoteAdapter.java:407）
位于org.apache.coyote.http11.AbstractHttp11Processor.process（AbstractHttp11Processor.java:1001）
位于org.apache.coyote.AbstractProtocol$AbstractConnectionHandler.process（AbstractProtocol.java:585）
位于org.apache.tomcat.util.net.JIoEndpoint$SocketProcessor.run（JIoEndpoint.java:310）
位于java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor.runWorker（ThreadPoolExecutor.java:1110）
位于java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor$Worker.run（ThreadPoolExecutor.java:603）
运行（Thread.java:722）

---

我不理解这个异常，因为subjectDAO显然是类DefaultSecurityManager的一个定义字段。我遗漏了什么？

此异常表明您在中有多个版本不兼容的Shiro JAR文件

INFO: Initializing Shiro environment
Jan 22, 2013 3:40:32 PM org.apache.catalina.core.StandardContext listenerStart
SEVERE: Exception sending context initialized event to listener instance of class     org.apache.shiro.web.env.EnvironmentLoaderListener
java.lang.NoSuchFieldError: subjectDAO
    at org.apache.shiro.web.mgt.DefaultWebSecurityManager.<init>(DefaultWebSecurityManager.java:72)
    at org.apache.shiro.web.config.WebIniSecurityManagerFactory.createDefaultInstance(WebIniSecurityManagerFactory.java:65)
    at org.apache.shiro.config.IniSecurityManagerFactory.createDefaults(IniSecurityManagerFactory.java:155)
    at org.apache.shiro.web.config.WebIniSecurityManagerFactory.createDefaults(WebIniSecurityManagerFactory.java:71)
    at org.apache.shiro.config.IniSecurityManagerFactory.createSecurityManager(IniSecurityManagerFactory.java:118)
    at org.apache.shiro.config.IniSecurityManagerFactory.createSecurityManager(IniSecurityManagerFactory.java:97)
    at org.apache.shiro.config.IniSecurityManagerFactory.createInstance(IniSecurityManagerFactory.java:83)
    at org.apache.shiro.config.IniSecurityManagerFactory.createInstance(IniSecurityManagerFactory.java:41)
    at org.apache.shiro.config.IniFactorySupport.createInstance(IniFactorySupport.java:123)
    at org.apache.shiro.util.AbstractFactory.getInstance(AbstractFactory.java:47)
    at org.apache.shiro.web.env.IniWebEnvironment.createWebSecurityManager(IniWebEnvironment.java:203)
    at org.apache.shiro.web.env.IniWebEnvironment.configure(IniWebEnvironment.java:99)
    at org.apache.shiro.web.env.IniWebEnvironment.init(IniWebEnvironment.java:92)
    at org.apache.shiro.util.LifecycleUtils.init(LifecycleUtils.java:45)
    at org.apache.shiro.util.LifecycleUtils.init(LifecycleUtils.java:40)
    at org.apache.shiro.web.env.EnvironmentLoader.createEnvironment(EnvironmentLoader.java:226)
    at org.apache.shiro.web.env.EnvironmentLoader.initEnvironment(EnvironmentLoader.java:138)
    at org.apache.shiro.web.env.EnvironmentLoaderListener.contextInitialized(EnvironmentLoaderListener.java:58)
    at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardContext.listenerStart(StandardContext.java:4791)
    at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardContext.startInternal(StandardContext.java:5285)
    at org.apache.catalina.util.LifecycleBase.start(LifecycleBase.java:150)
    at org.apache.catalina.core.ContainerBase.addChildInternal(ContainerBase.java:901)
    at org.apache.catalina.core.ContainerBase.addChild(ContainerBase.java:877)
    at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardHost.addChild(StandardHost.java:618)
    at org.apache.catalina.startup.HostConfig.deployWAR(HostConfig.java:963)
    at org.apache.catalina.startup.HostConfig.deployApps(HostConfig.java:537)
    at org.apache.catalina.startup.HostConfig.check(HostConfig.java:1468)
    at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method)
    at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(NativeMethodAccessorImpl.java:57)
    at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:43)
    at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:601)
    at org.apache.tomcat.util.modeler.BaseModelMBean.invoke(BaseModelMBean.java:301)
    at com.sun.jmx.interceptor.DefaultMBeanServerInterceptor.invoke(DefaultMBeanServerInterceptor.java:819)
    at com.sun.jmx.mbeanserver.JmxMBeanServer.invoke(JmxMBeanServer.java:791)
    at org.apache.catalina.manager.ManagerServlet.check(ManagerServlet.java:1436)
    at org.apache.catalina.manager.ManagerServlet.deploy(ManagerServlet.java:673)
    at org.apache.catalina.manager.ManagerServlet.doPut(ManagerServlet.java:431)
    at javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:644)
    at javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:722)
    at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:305)
    at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:210)
    at org.apache.catalina.filters.SetCharacterEncodingFilter.doFilter(SetCharacterEncodingFilter.java:108)
    at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:243)
    at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:210)
    at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardWrapperValve.invoke(StandardWrapperValve.java:225)
    at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardContextValve.invoke(StandardContextValve.java:123)
    at org.apache.catalina.authenticator.AuthenticatorBase.invoke(AuthenticatorBase.java:581)
    at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardHostValve.invoke(StandardHostValve.java:168)
    at org.apache.catalina.valves.ErrorReportValve.invoke(ErrorReportValve.java:98)
    at org.apache.catalina.valves.AccessLogValve.invoke(AccessLogValve.java:927)
    at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardEngineValve.invoke(StandardEngineValve.java:118)
    at org.apache.catalina.connector.CoyoteAdapter.service(CoyoteAdapter.java:407)
    at org.apache.coyote.http11.AbstractHttp11Processor.process(AbstractHttp11Processor.java:1001)
    at org.apache.coyote.AbstractProtocol$AbstractConnectionHandler.process(AbstractProtocol.java:585)
    at org.apache.tomcat.util.net.JIoEndpoint$SocketProcessor.run(JIoEndpoint.java:310)
    at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor.runWorker(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:1110)
    at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor$Worker.run(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:603)
    at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:722)