C++ 使用模板元编程的更好的LOG（）宏

典型的基于LOG（）宏的日志记录解决方案可能如下所示：

#define LOG(msg) \
    std::cout << __FILE__ << "(" << __LINE__ << "): " << msg << std::endl 

编译器根据消息参数的数量、种类和顺序，根据需要自动生成模板函数的新实例化

好处是每个呼叫站点上的指令更少。缺点是用户必须将消息部分作为功能参数传递，而不是使用流式操作符组合它们：

string file = "blah.txt";
int error = 123;
...
LOG("Read failed: " << file << " (" << error << ")");

// Outputs:
// test.cpp(5): Read failed: blah.txt (123)

LOG("Read failed: ", file, " (", error, ")");

LOG("Read failed: " << file << " " << error);

*********

解决方案3：表达式模板

#define LOG(...) LogWrapper(__FILE__, __LINE__, __VA_ARGS__)

// Log_Recursive wrapper that creates the ostringstream
template<typename... Args>
void LogWrapper(const char* file, int line, const Args&... args)
{
    std::ostringstream msg;
    Log_Recursive(file, line, msg, args...);
}

// "Recursive" variadic function
template<typename T, typename... Args>
void Log_Recursive(const char* file, int line, std::ostringstream& msg, 
                   T value, const Args&... args)
{
    msg << value;
    Log_Recursive(file, line, msg, args...);
}

// Terminator
void Log_Recursive(const char* file, int line, std::ostringstream& msg)
{
    std::cout << file << "(" << line << "): " << msg.str() << std::endl;
}

在@DyP的建议下，我创建了一个使用表达式模板的替代解决方案：

#define LOG(msg) Log(__FILE__, __LINE__, Part<bool, bool>() << msg)

template<typename T> struct PartTrait { typedef T Type; };

// Workaround GCC 4.7.2 not recognizing noinline attribute
#ifndef NOINLINE_ATTRIBUTE
  #ifdef __ICC
    #define NOINLINE_ATTRIBUTE __attribute__(( noinline ))
  #else
    #define NOINLINE_ATTRIBUTE
  #endif // __ICC
#endif // NOINLINE_ATTRIBUTE

// Mark as noinline since we want to minimize the log-related instructions
// at the call sites
template<typename T>
void Log(const char* file, int line, const T& msg) NOINLINE_ATTRIBUTE
{
    std::cout << file << ":" << line << ": " << msg << std::endl;
}

template<typename TValue, typename TPreviousPart>
struct Part : public PartTrait<Part<TValue, TPreviousPart>>
{
    Part()
        : value(nullptr), prev(nullptr)
    { }

    Part(const Part<TValue, TPreviousPart>&) = default;
    Part<TValue, TPreviousPart> operator=(
                           const Part<TValue, TPreviousPart>&) = delete;

    Part(const TValue& v, const TPreviousPart& p)
        : value(&v), prev(&p)
    { }

    std::ostream& output(std::ostream& os) const
    {
        if (prev)
            os << *prev;
        if (value)
            os << *value;
        return os;
    }

    const TValue* value;
    const TPreviousPart* prev;
};

// Specialization for stream manipulators (eg endl)

typedef std::ostream& (*PfnManipulator)(std::ostream&);

template<typename TPreviousPart>
struct Part<PfnManipulator, TPreviousPart>
    : public PartTrait<Part<PfnManipulator, TPreviousPart>>
{
    Part()
        : pfn(nullptr), prev(nullptr)
    { }

    Part(const Part<PfnManipulator, TPreviousPart>& that) = default;
    Part<PfnManipulator, TPreviousPart> operator=(const Part<PfnManipulator,
                                                  TPreviousPart>&) = delete;

    Part(PfnManipulator pfn_, const TPreviousPart& p)
    : pfn(pfn_), prev(&p)
    { }

    std::ostream& output(std::ostream& os) const
    {
        if (prev)
            os << *prev;
        if (pfn)
            pfn(os);
        return os;
    }

    PfnManipulator pfn;
    const TPreviousPart* prev;
};

template<typename TPreviousPart, typename T>
typename std::enable_if<
    std::is_base_of<PartTrait<TPreviousPart>, TPreviousPart>::value, 
    Part<T, TPreviousPart> >::type
operator<<(const TPreviousPart& prev, const T& value)
{
    return Part<T, TPreviousPart>(value, prev);
}

template<typename TPreviousPart>
typename std::enable_if<
    std::is_base_of<PartTrait<TPreviousPart>, TPreviousPart>::value,
    Part<PfnManipulator, TPreviousPart> >::type
operator<<(const TPreviousPart& prev, PfnManipulator value)
{
    return Part<PfnManipulator, TPreviousPart>(value, prev);
}

template<typename TPart>
typename std::enable_if<
    std::is_base_of<PartTrait<TPart>, TPart>::value,
    std::ostream&>::type
operator<<(std::ostream& os, const TPart& part)
{
    return part.output(os);
}

总共有19条指令，包括一个函数调用。似乎每个附加参数都会添加3条指令。编译器根据消息部分的数量、种类和顺序创建不同的Log（）函数实例化，这解释了奇怪的函数名

*********

解决方案4:CATO的表达式模板

#define LOG(...) LogWrapper(__FILE__, __LINE__, __VA_ARGS__)

// Log_Recursive wrapper that creates the ostringstream
template<typename... Args>
void LogWrapper(const char* file, int line, const Args&... args)
{
    std::ostringstream msg;
    Log_Recursive(file, line, msg, args...);
}

// "Recursive" variadic function
template<typename T, typename... Args>
void Log_Recursive(const char* file, int line, std::ostringstream& msg, 
                   T value, const Args&... args)
{
    msg << value;
    Log_Recursive(file, line, msg, args...);
}

// Terminator
void Log_Recursive(const char* file, int line, std::ostringstream& msg)
{
    std::cout << file << "(" << line << "): " << msg.str() << std::endl;
}

以下是Cato的优秀解决方案，其中包含支持流操纵器（例如endl）的调整：

---

#定义日志（msg）（日志（uuuu文件，uuu行，LogData（）我经历了完全相同的事情。我最终得到了与您概述的解决方案相同的解决方案，它只需要客户端API使用逗号而不是插入运算符。它使事情变得相当简单，并且工作得足够好。强烈推荐。
这里是另一个基于我运行过的一些测试。特别是，它通过专门化
运算符避免了为不同长度的字符串创建多个函数。我不太明白为什么要使用临时字符串流。为什么
不定义LOG（msg）std：：cout如果你想保留
，因为
ostringstream
是
ostream
，我不知道如何递归地应用
，我不认为你会从
Log\u Recursive
中得到一个非常有用的
\uuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuucode>。请看，你需要一个宏来在正确的时间展开
\uuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuu更易于阅读，但与流式处理不同，printf不是类型安全的，需要将用户定义的类型转换为中间字符串。我添加了另一个表达式模板解决方案，允许您以0成本使用流式处理运算符。请随意试用！这比我原来的解决方案简单得多，导致的即时功能更少我把它添加到我原来问题的末尾，并对它进行了修改，以支持流操纵器。
#define LOG(msg) (Log(__FILE__, __LINE__, LogData<None>() << msg))

// Workaround GCC 4.7.2 not recognizing noinline attribute
#ifndef NOINLINE_ATTRIBUTE
  #ifdef __ICC
    #define NOINLINE_ATTRIBUTE __attribute__(( noinline ))
  #else
    #define NOINLINE_ATTRIBUTE
  #endif // __ICC
#endif // NOINLINE_ATTRIBUTE

template<typename List>
void Log(const char* file, int line, 
         LogData<List>&& data) NOINLINE_ATTRIBUTE
{
    std::cout << file << ":" << line << ": ";
    output(std::cout, std::move(data.list));
    std::cout << std::endl;
}

struct None { };

template<typename List>
struct LogData {
    List list;
};

template<typename Begin, typename Value>
constexpr LogData<std::pair<Begin&&, Value&&>> operator<<(LogData<Begin>&& begin, 
                                                          Value&& value) noexcept
{
    return {{ std::forward<Begin>(begin.list), std::forward<Value>(value) }};
}

template<typename Begin, size_t n>
constexpr LogData<std::pair<Begin&&, const char*>> operator<<(LogData<Begin>&& begin, 
                                                              const char (&value)[n]) noexcept
{
    return {{ std::forward<Begin>(begin.list), value }};
}

typedef std::ostream& (*PfnManipulator)(std::ostream&);

template<typename Begin>
constexpr LogData<std::pair<Begin&&, PfnManipulator>> operator<<(LogData<Begin>&& begin, 
                                                                 PfnManipulator value) noexcept
{
    return {{ std::forward<Begin>(begin.list), value }};
}

template <typename Begin, typename Last>
void output(std::ostream& os, std::pair<Begin, Last>&& data)
{
    output(os, std::move(data.first));
    os << data.second;
}

inline void output(std::ostream& os, None)
{ }

movb  $0, (%rsp)
movl  $.L_2__STRING.4, %ecx
movl  $.L_2__STRING.3, %edi
movl  $20, %esi
lea   212(%rsp), %r9
call  void Log<pair<pair<pair<pair<None, char const*>, string const&>, char const*>, int const&> >(char const*, int, LogData<pair<pair<pair<pair<None, char const*>, string const&>, char const*>, int const&> > const&)

struct None { };

template <typename First,typename Second>
struct Pair {
  First first;
  Second second;
};

template <typename List>
struct LogData {
  List list;
};

template <typename Begin,typename Value>
LogData<Pair<Begin,const Value &>>
  operator<<(LogData<Begin> begin,const Value &value)
{
  return {{begin.list,value}};
}

template <typename Begin,size_t n>
LogData<Pair<Begin,const char *>>
  operator<<(LogData<Begin> begin,const char (&value)[n])
{
  return {{begin.list,value}};
}

inline void printList(std::ostream &os,None)
{
}


template <typename Begin,typename Last>
void printList(std::ostream &os,const Pair<Begin,Last> &data)
{
  printList(os,data.first);
  os << data.second;
}

template <typename List>
void log(const char *file,int line,const LogData<List> &data)
{
  std::cout << file << " (" << line << "): ";
  printList(std::cout,data.list);
  std::cout << "\n";
}

#define LOG(x) (log(__FILE__,__LINE__,LogData<None>() << x))