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Java 如何检测链表中的循环?_Java_Algorithm_Data Structures_Linked List - Fatal编程技术网

Java 如何检测链表中的循环?

Java 如何检测链表中的循环?,java,algorithm,data-structures,linked-list,Java,Algorithm,Data Structures,Linked List,假设您在Java中有一个链表结构。它由节点组成: class Node { Node next; // some user data } 每个节点都指向下一个节点,但最后一个节点除外,该节点的next值为null。假设列表可能包含一个循环,也就是说,最后一个节点不是空的,而是对列表中位于它之前的一个节点的引用 最好的写作方式是什么 boolean hasLoop(Node first) 如果给定节点是带有循环的列表的第一个节点,则返回true,否则返回false?你怎么能写得

假设您在Java中有一个链表结构。它由节点组成:

class Node {
    Node next;
    // some user data
}
每个节点都指向下一个节点,但最后一个节点除外,该节点的next值为null。假设列表可能包含一个循环,也就是说,最后一个节点不是空的,而是对列表中位于它之前的一个节点的引用

最好的写作方式是什么

boolean hasLoop(Node first)
如果给定节点是带有循环的列表的第一个节点,则返回
true
,否则返回
false
?你怎么能写得如此之快,以至于它需要恒定的空间和合理的时间

下面是一张带有循环的列表的图片:

看一看。这不是完全相同的问题,但也许你会从中理解逻辑,并将其应用于链表

(如果你很懒,你可以看看——看看关于乌龟和兔子的部分。)

这只需要线性时间和两个额外的指针

在Java中:

boolean hasLoop( Node first ) {
    if ( first == null ) return false;

    Node turtle = first;
    Node hare = first;

    while ( hare.next != null && hare.next.next != null ) {
         turtle = turtle.next;
         hare = hare.next.next;

         if ( turtle == hare ) return true;
    }

    return false;
}

(大多数解决方案不同时检查
next
next.next
是否为空。此外,由于海龟总是在后面,您不必检查它是否为空——兔子已经检查过了。)

以下方法可能不是最好的方法——它是O(n^2)。然而,它应该有助于完成工作(最终)

count\u of_elements\u sou\u far=0;
for(链表中的每个元素)
{
首先搜索当前元素
如果找到,则有一个循环
否则,计算元素的数量;
}
您可以使用,也称为龟兔算法。

这样做的目的是让列表中有两个引用,并以不同的速度移动它们。通过
1
节点向前移动一个,通过
2
节点向前移动另一个

  • 如果链表有一个循环,它们 一定会见面的
  • 要不然你们两个 两个引用(或它们的
    下一个
    )
    将变为
    null
实现算法的Java函数:

boolean hasLoop(Node first) {

    if(first == null) // list does not exist..so no loop either
        return false;

    Node slow, fast; // create two references.

    slow = fast = first; // make both refer to the start of the list

    while(true) {

        slow = slow.next;          // 1 hop

        if(fast.next != null)
            fast = fast.next.next; // 2 hops
        else
            return false;          // next node null => no loop

        if(slow == null || fast == null) // if either hits null..no loop
            return false;

        if(slow == fast) // if the two ever meet...we must have a loop
            return true;
    }
}

我看不出有任何方法可以使这需要固定的时间或空间,两者都会随着列表的大小而增加

我将使用IdentityHashMap(假设还没有IdentityHashSet),并将每个节点存储到map中。在存储节点之前,您需要对其调用containsKey。如果节点已经存在,则有一个循环


ItentityHashMap使用==而不是.equals,这样您就可以检查对象在内存中的位置,而不是它是否具有相同的内容。

海龟和兔子的替代解决方案,没有我临时更改列表那么好:

这样做的目的是浏览列表,并在执行时将其反转。然后,当您第一次到达一个已经访问过的节点时,它的下一个指针将指向“向后”,导致迭代再次向
first
前进,并在此处终止

Node prev = null;
Node cur = first;
while (cur != null) {
    Node next = cur.next;
    cur.next = prev;
    prev = cur;
    cur = next;
}
boolean hasCycle = prev == first && first != null && first.next != null;

// reconstruct the list
cur = prev;
prev = null;
while (cur != null) {
    Node next = cur.next;
    cur.next = prev;
    prev = cur;
    cur = next;
}

return hasCycle;
测试代码:

static void assertSameOrder(Node[] nodes) {
    for (int i = 0; i < nodes.length - 1; i++) {
        assert nodes[i].next == nodes[i + 1];
    }
}

public static void main(String[] args) {
    Node[] nodes = new Node[100];
    for (int i = 0; i < nodes.length; i++) {
        nodes[i] = new Node();
    }
    for (int i = 0; i < nodes.length - 1; i++) {
        nodes[i].next = nodes[i + 1];
    }
    Node first = nodes[0];
    Node max = nodes[nodes.length - 1];

    max.next = null;
    assert !hasCycle(first);
    assertSameOrder(nodes);
    max.next = first;
    assert hasCycle(first);
    assertSameOrder(nodes);
    max.next = max;
    assert hasCycle(first);
    assertSameOrder(nodes);
    max.next = nodes[50];
    assert hasCycle(first);
    assertSameOrder(nodes);
}
静态void assertSameOrder(节点[]节点){
对于(int i=0;i
公共布尔hasLoop(节点开始){
树集=新树集();
节点查找at=开始;
while(lookingAt.peek()!=null){
lookingAt=lookingAt.next;
if(set.contains(lookingAt){
返回false;
}否则{
设置、放置(查找);
}
返回true;
}   
//在我们的节点类中:
公共节点peek(){
把这个还给我,下一个;
}
请原谅我的无知(我对Java和编程还是相当陌生),但为什么上面的方法行不通呢


我想这并不能解决常量空间的问题……但它至少能在一段合理的时间内到达,对吗?它只会占用链表的空间加上一个包含n个元素的集合的空间(其中n是链表中的元素数,或者是到达循环之前的元素数)我认为,最坏情况下的分析会建议O(nlog(n)).SortedSet查找contains()是log(n)(检查javadoc,但我非常确定TreeSet的底层结构是TreeMap,而TreeMap又是一棵红黑树),在最坏情况下(没有循环,或者循环在最末端),它将必须进行n次查找。

如果允许我们嵌入类
节点
,我将在下面实现时解决该问题。
hasLoop()
在O(n)中运行时间,只占用
计数器的空间。这似乎是一个合适的解决方案吗?或者有没有一种方法可以不嵌入
节点
?(显然,在实际实现中会有更多的方法,如
RemoveNode(Node n)
,等等)

公共类LinkedNodeList{
节点优先;
整数计数;
LinkedNodeList(){
第一个=空;
计数=0;
}
LinkedNodeList(节点n){
如果(n.next!=null){
抛出新错误(“必须从单个节点开始!”);
}否则{
第一个=n;
计数=1;
}
}
公共void addNode(节点n){
节点查找at=第一;
while(lookingAt.next!=null){
lookingAt=lookingAt.next;
}
lookingAt.next=n;
计数++;
}
公共布尔hasLoop(){
int计数器=0;
节点查找at=第一;
while(lookingAt.next!=null){
static void assertSameOrder(Node[] nodes) {
    for (int i = 0; i < nodes.length - 1; i++) {
        assert nodes[i].next == nodes[i + 1];
    }
}

public static void main(String[] args) {
    Node[] nodes = new Node[100];
    for (int i = 0; i < nodes.length; i++) {
        nodes[i] = new Node();
    }
    for (int i = 0; i < nodes.length - 1; i++) {
        nodes[i].next = nodes[i + 1];
    }
    Node first = nodes[0];
    Node max = nodes[nodes.length - 1];

    max.next = null;
    assert !hasCycle(first);
    assertSameOrder(nodes);
    max.next = first;
    assert hasCycle(first);
    assertSameOrder(nodes);
    max.next = max;
    assert hasCycle(first);
    assertSameOrder(nodes);
    max.next = nodes[50];
    assert hasCycle(first);
    assertSameOrder(nodes);
}
public boolean hasLoop(Node start){   
   TreeSet<Node> set = new TreeSet<Node>();
   Node lookingAt = start;

   while (lookingAt.peek() != null){
       lookingAt = lookingAt.next;

       if (set.contains(lookingAt){
           return false;
        } else {
        set.put(lookingAt);
        }

        return true;
}   
// Inside our Node class:        
public Node peek(){
   return this.next;
}
public class LinkedNodeList {
    Node first;
    Int count;

    LinkedNodeList(){
        first = null;
        count = 0;
    }

    LinkedNodeList(Node n){
        if (n.next != null){
            throw new error("must start with single node!");
        } else {
            first = n;
            count = 1;
        }
    }

    public void addNode(Node n){
        Node lookingAt = first;

        while(lookingAt.next != null){
            lookingAt = lookingAt.next;
        }

        lookingAt.next = n;
        count++;
    }

    public boolean hasLoop(){

        int counter = 0;
        Node lookingAt = first;

        while(lookingAt.next != null){
            counter++;
            if (count < counter){
                return false;
            } else {
               lookingAt = lookingAt.next;
            }
        }

        return true;

    }



    private class Node{
        Node next;
        ....
    }

}
static boolean hasLoop(Node first) {

    if(first == null) // list does not exist..so no loop either.
        return false;

    Node slow, fast; // create two references.

    slow = fast = first; // make both refer to the start of the list.

    while(true) {
        slow = slow.next;          // 1 hop.
        if(fast.next == null)
            fast = null;
        else
            fast = fast.next.next; // 2 hops.

        if(fast == null) // if fast hits null..no loop.
            return false;

        if(slow == fast) // if the two ever meet...we must have a loop.
            return true;
    }
}
boolean hasLoop(Node first) {
    Node slow = first;
    Node fast = first;

    while(fast != null && fast.next != null) {
        slow = slow.next;          // 1 hop
        fast = fast.next.next;     // 2 hops 

        if(slow == fast)  // fast caught up to slow, so there is a loop
            return true;
    }
    return false;  // fast reached null, so the list terminates
}
public boolean isCircular() {

    if (head == null)
        return false;

    Node temp1 = head;
    Node temp2 = head;

    try {
        while (temp2.next != null) {

            temp2 = temp2.next.next.next;
            temp1 = temp1.next;

            if (temp1 == temp2 || temp1 == temp2.next) 
                return true;    

        }
    } catch (NullPointerException ex) {
        return false;

    }

    return false;

}
public static boolean hasLoop(Node root){
    if(root == null) return false;

    Node slow = root, fast = root;
    int taken = 0, limit = 2;

    while (fast.next != null) {
        fast = fast.next;
        taken++;
        if(slow == fast) return true;

        if(taken == limit){
            taken = 0;
            limit <<= 1;    // equivalent to limit *= 2;
            slow = fast;    // teleporting the turtle (to the hare's position) 
        }
    }
    return false;
}
public static boolean hasCycle (LinkedList<Node> list)
{
    HashSet<Node> visited = new HashSet<Node>();

    for (Node n : list)
    {
        visited.add(n);

        if (visited.contains(n.next))
        {
            return true;
        }
    }

    return false;
}
Time ~ O(n)
Space ~ O(n)
node present: (present node addr) (next node address)

node 1: addr1: 0x100 addr2: 0x200 ( no present node address till this point had 0x200)
node 2: addr2: 0x200 addr3: 0x300 ( no present node address till this point had 0x300)
node 3: addr3: 0x300 addr4: 0x400 ( no present node address till this point had 0x400)
node 4: addr4: 0x400 addr5: 0x500 ( no present node address till this point had 0x500)
node 5: addr5: 0x500 addr6: 0x600 ( no present node address till this point had 0x600)
node 6: addr6: 0x600 addr4: 0x400 ( ONE present node address till this point had 0x400)
public boolean loopDetector(Node<E> first) {  
       Node<E> t = first;  
       Map<Node<E>, Node<E>> map = new IdentityHashMap<Node<E>, Node<E>>();  
       while (t != null) {  
            if (map.containsKey(t)) {  
                 System.out.println(" duplicate Node is --" + t  
                           + " having value :" + t.data);  

                 return true;  
            } else {  
                 map.put(t, t);  
            }  
            t = t.next;  
       }  
       return false;  
  }  
public class LinkedNode{
    public LinkedNode next;
}
    public static boolean checkLoopInLinkedList(LinkedNode root){

        if (root == null || root.next == null) return false;

        LinkedNode current1 = root, current2 = root.next, current3 = root.next.next;
        root.next = null;
        current2.next = current1;

        while(current3 != null){
            if(current3 == root) return true;

            current1 = current2;
            current2 = current3;
            current3 = current3.next;

            current2.next = current1;
        }
        return false;
    }
public class questions{
    public static void main(String [] args){

        LinkedNode n1 = new LinkedNode();
        LinkedNode n2 = new LinkedNode();
        LinkedNode n3 = new LinkedNode();
        n1.next = n2;
        n2.next = n3;
        n3.next = n2;

        System.out.print(checkLoopInLinkedList(n1));
    }
}
 // To detect whether a circular loop exists in a linked list
public boolean findCircularLoop() {
    Node slower, faster;
    slower = head;
    faster = head.next; // start faster one node ahead
    while (true) {

        // if the faster pointer encounters a NULL element
        if (faster == null || faster.next == null)
            return false;
        // if faster pointer ever equals slower or faster's next
        // pointer is ever equal to slower then it's a circular list
        else if (slower == faster || slower == faster.next)
            return true;
        else {
            // advance the pointers
            slower = slower.next;
            faster = faster.next.next;
        }
    }
}
boolean loop(node *head)
{
 node *back=head;
 node *front=head;

 while(front && front->next)
 {
  front=front->next->next;
  if(back==front)
  return true;
  else
  back=back->next;
 }
return false
}
boolean hasCycle(Node head) {

    boolean dec = false;
    Node first = head;
    Node sec = head;
    while(first != null && sec != null)
    {
        first = first.next;
        sec = sec.next.next;
        if(first == sec )
        {
            dec = true;
            break;
        }

    }
        return dec;
}
boolean detectLoop(Node head){
    Node fastRunner = head;
    Node slowRunner = head;
    while(fastRunner != null && slowRunner !=null && fastRunner.next != null){
        fastRunner = fastRunner.next.next;
        slowRunner = slowRunner.next;
        if(fastRunner == slowRunner){
            return true;
        }
    }
    return false;
}
public boolean hasCycle(ListNode head) {
            ListNode slow =head;
            ListNode fast =head;

            while(fast!=null && fast.next!=null){
                slow = slow.next; // slow pointer only one hop
                fast = fast.next.next; // fast pointer two hops 

                if(slow == fast)    return true; // retrun true if fast meet slow pointer
            }

            return false; // return false if fast pointer stop at end 
        }
public ListNode detectCycle(ListNode head) {
    if(head == null || head.next==null)
        return null;

    ListNode slow = head;
    ListNode fast = head;

    while (fast!=null && fast.next!=null){
        fast = fast.next.next;
        slow = slow.next;

        /*
        if the 2 pointers meet, then the 
        dist from the meeting pt to start of loop 
        equals
        dist from head to start of loop
        */
        if (fast == slow){ //loop found
            slow = head;
            while(slow != fast){
                slow = slow.next;
                fast = fast.next;
            }
            return slow;
        }            
    }
    return null;
}
int findLoop(struct Node* head)
{
    struct Node* slow = head, *fast = head;
    while(slow && fast && fast->next)
    {
        slow = slow->next;
        fast = fast->next->next;
        if(slow == fast)
            return 1;
    }
 return 0;
}