Python 如何在元类中键入动态设置的类属性?

Python 如何在元类中键入动态设置的类属性?,python,python-3.x,metaprogramming,type-hinting,Python,Python 3.x,Metaprogramming,Type Hinting,动态设置类的属性时: from typing import TypeVar, Generic, Optional, ClassVar, Any class IntField: type = int class PersonBase(type): def __new__(cls): for attr, value in cls.__dict__.items(): if not isinstance(value, IntField):

动态设置类的属性时:

from typing import TypeVar, Generic, Optional, ClassVar, Any

class IntField:
    type = int

class PersonBase(type):
    def __new__(cls):
        for attr, value in cls.__dict__.items():
            if not isinstance(value, IntField):
                continue
            setattr(cls, attr, value.type())
        return cls

class Person(PersonBase):
    age = IntField()

person = Person()

print(type(Person.age)) # <class 'int'>
print(type(person.age)) # <class 'int'>
person.age = 25 # Incompatible types in assignment (expression has type "int", variable has type "IntField")

Django是如何做到这一点的?

Patrick Haugh是对的,我试图用错误的方式解决这个问题。描述符是解决问题的方法:

from typing import TypeVar, Generic, Optional, ClassVar, Any, Type

FieldValueType = TypeVar('FieldValueType')


class Field(Generic[FieldValueType]):

    value_type: Type[FieldValueType]

    def __init__(self) -> None:
        self.value: FieldValueType = self.value_type()

    def __get__(self, obj, objtype) -> 'Field':
        print('Retrieving', self.__class__)
        return self

    def __set__(self, obj, value):
        print('Updating', self.__class__)
        self.value = value

    def to_string(self):
        return self.value

class StringField(Field[str]):
    value_type = str

class IntField(Field[int]):
    value_type = int

    def to_string(self):
        return str(self.value)


class Person:
    age = IntField()

person = Person()
person.age = 25
print(person.age.to_string())

MyPy
可以完全理解这一点。谢谢

因为您在类上定义了字段,所以实际的方法是键入提示字段。请注意,您必须告诉
mypy
不要检查行本身

class Person(PersonBase):
    age: int = IntField()  # type: ignore
这是最小的变化,但相当不灵活


您可以使用带有假签名的帮助器函数来创建自动键入的通用提示:

from typing import Type, TypeVar


T = TypeVar('T')


class __Field__:
    """The actual field specification"""
    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        self.args, self.kwargs = args, kwargs


def Field(tp: Type[T], *args, **kwargs) -> T:
    """Helper to fake the correct return type"""
    return __Field__(tp, *args, **kwargs)  # type: ignore


class Person:
    # Field takes arbitrary arguments
    # You can @overload Fields to have them checked as well
    age = Field(int, True, object())
这就是
attrs
库提供其遗留提示的方式。此样式允许隐藏注释的所有魔力/技巧


由于元类可以检查注释,因此不需要在字段中存储类型。您可以对元数据使用裸
字段
,对类型使用注释:

from typing import Any


class Field(Any):  # the (Any) part is only valid in a .pyi file!
    """Field description for Any type"""


class MetaPerson(type):
    """Metaclass that creates default class attributes based on fields"""
    def __new__(mcs, name, bases, namespace, **kwds):
        for name, value in namespace.copy().items():
            if isinstance(value, Field):
                # look up type from annotation
                field_type = namespace['__annotations__'][name]
                namespace[name] = field_type()
        return super().__new__(mcs, name, bases, namespace, **kwds)


class Person(metaclass=MetaPerson):
    age: int = Field()
这就是
attrs
提供Python 3.6+属性的方式。它既通用又符合注释样式。注意,这也可以用于常规基类而不是元类

class BasePerson:
     def __init__(self):
         for name, value in type(self).__dict__.items():
             if isinstance(value, Field):
                 field_type = self.__annotations__[name]
                 setattr(self, name, field_type())


class Person(BasePerson):
    age: int = Field()

我不确定Django的情况,但这种模式经常使用。在每种情况下,
type(Person.age)
是什么?@jdehesa我将打印结果放在注释中。在这两种情况下,它都是
。不,我的意思是
Person.age
,class属性,而不是实例。啊,我的错。我添加到代码片段中。有趣的是,在我的例子中,在实例化某些东西之前它已经是一个int。使用mypy 0.670,它推断
age
为type
Any
——基本上没有类型。
class BasePerson:
     def __init__(self):
         for name, value in type(self).__dict__.items():
             if isinstance(value, Field):
                 field_type = self.__annotations__[name]
                 setattr(self, name, field_type())


class Person(BasePerson):
    age: int = Field()