Python 如何通过twisted框架使用基本http身份验证发送http请求

我得到了

401未经授权的
错误，当我从运行代码时，
但我不知道如何在请求中添加身份验证

更新
我将代码更新为：

from base64 import b64encode
authorization = b64encode(b"admin:admin")

d = agent.request(
    'GET',
    'http://172.19.1.76/',
    Headers(
        {
            'User-Agent': ['Twisted Web Client Example'],
            b"authorization": b"Basic " + authorization
        }        
    ),
    None)

但是出现了以下错误，但是我不知道列表中应该提供什么内容

packages/twisted/web/http_headers.py", line 199, in setRawHeaders
    "instance of %r instead" % (name, type(values)))
TypeError: Header entry 'authorization' should be list but found instance of <type 'str'> instead

您可以向使用
代理发送的请求添加标题（请注意链接到的示例的第29行）

例如，要执行基本身份验证/授权，可以尝试以下操作：

"authorization": ["Basic " + authorization]

from base64 import b64encode
authorization = b64encode(b"username:password")
getting = agent.request(..., Headers({b"authorization": [b"Basic " + authorization]}))

d = treq.get(
    'http://...',
    auth=('username', 'password')
)

您可以向使用
代理发送的请求添加标题（请注意链接到的示例的第29行）

例如，要执行基本身份验证/授权，可以尝试以下操作：

"authorization": ["Basic " + authorization]

from base64 import b64encode
authorization = b64encode(b"username:password")
getting = agent.request(..., Headers({b"authorization": [b"Basic " + authorization]}))

d = treq.get(
    'http://...',
    auth=('username', 'password')
)

您可以使用的，如下所示：

"authorization": ["Basic " + authorization]

from base64 import b64encode
authorization = b64encode(b"username:password")
getting = agent.request(..., Headers({b"authorization": [b"Basic " + authorization]}))

d = treq.get(
    'http://...',
    auth=('username', 'password')
)

您可以使用的，如下所示：

"authorization": ["Basic " + authorization]

from base64 import b64encode
authorization = b64encode(b"username:password")
getting = agent.request(..., Headers({b"authorization": [b"Basic " + authorization]}))

d = treq.get(
    'http://...',
    auth=('username', 'password')
)

作为一个完整的例子：

from twisted.trial import unittest   
from urllib import urlencode
from base64 import b64encode
from twisted.python.log import err
from twisted.web.client import Agent, readBody
from twisted.internet import reactor
from twisted.internet.ssl import ClientContextFactory
from twisted.web.http_headers import Headers
from zope.interface import implements
from twisted.internet.defer import succeed
from twisted.web.iweb import IBodyProducer


class StringProducer(object):
    implements(IBodyProducer)

    def __init__(self, body):
        self.body = body
        self.length = len(body)

    def startProducing(self, consumer):
        consumer.write(self.body)
        return succeed(None)

    def pauseProducing(self):
        pass

    def stopProducing(self):
        pass

class WebClientContextFactory(ClientContextFactory):
    def getContext(self, hostname, port):
        return ClientContextFactory.getContext(self)

class HttpsClientTestCases(unittest.TestCase):
    def test_https_client(self):
        def cbRequest(response):
            print 'Response version:', response.version
            print 'Response code:', response.code
            print 'Response phrase:', response.phrase
            print 'Response headers:[{}]'.format(list(response.headers.getAllRawHeaders()))
            d = readBody(response)
            d.addCallback(cbBody)
            return d

        def cbBody(body):
            print 'Response body:'
            print body

        contextFactory = WebClientContextFactory()
        agent = Agent(reactor, contextFactory)

        authorization = b64encode(b"username:password")
        data = StringProducer({'hello': 'world'})
        d = agent.request(
            'POST',
            'https://....',
            headers = Headers(
                {
                    'Content-Type': ['application/x-www-form-urlencoded'],
                    'Authorization': ['Basic ' + authorization]
                }
            ),
            bodyProducer = data
        )

        d.addCallbacks(cbRequest, err)
        d.addCallback(lambda ignored: reactor.stop())
        return d

作为一个完整的例子：

from twisted.trial import unittest   
from urllib import urlencode
from base64 import b64encode
from twisted.python.log import err
from twisted.web.client import Agent, readBody
from twisted.internet import reactor
from twisted.internet.ssl import ClientContextFactory
from twisted.web.http_headers import Headers
from zope.interface import implements
from twisted.internet.defer import succeed
from twisted.web.iweb import IBodyProducer


class StringProducer(object):
    implements(IBodyProducer)

    def __init__(self, body):
        self.body = body
        self.length = len(body)

    def startProducing(self, consumer):
        consumer.write(self.body)
        return succeed(None)

    def pauseProducing(self):
        pass

    def stopProducing(self):
        pass

class WebClientContextFactory(ClientContextFactory):
    def getContext(self, hostname, port):
        return ClientContextFactory.getContext(self)

class HttpsClientTestCases(unittest.TestCase):
    def test_https_client(self):
        def cbRequest(response):
            print 'Response version:', response.version
            print 'Response code:', response.code
            print 'Response phrase:', response.phrase
            print 'Response headers:[{}]'.format(list(response.headers.getAllRawHeaders()))
            d = readBody(response)
            d.addCallback(cbBody)
            return d

        def cbBody(body):
            print 'Response body:'
            print body

        contextFactory = WebClientContextFactory()
        agent = Agent(reactor, contextFactory)

        authorization = b64encode(b"username:password")
        data = StringProducer({'hello': 'world'})
        d = agent.request(
            'POST',
            'https://....',
            headers = Headers(
                {
                    'Content-Type': ['application/x-www-form-urlencoded'],
                    'Authorization': ['Basic ' + authorization]
                }
            ),
            bodyProducer = data
        )

        d.addCallbacks(cbRequest, err)
        d.addCallback(lambda ignored: reactor.stop())
        return d

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