以编程方式在Python中创建算术特殊方法(又称工厂函数HOWTO)

以编程方式在Python中创建算术特殊方法(又称工厂函数HOWTO),python,class,factory,Python,Class,Factory,我的想法是创建可以求和/减的特定函数对象。。。一起返回具有相同属性的新函数对象。希望此示例代码能够演示以下思想: from FuncObj import Func # create some functions quad = Func(lambda x: x**2) cube = Func(lambda x: x**3) # now combine functions as you like plus = quad + cube minus = quad - cube other = qua

我的想法是创建可以求和/减的特定函数对象。。。一起返回具有相同属性的新函数对象。希望此示例代码能够演示以下思想:

from FuncObj import Func

# create some functions
quad = Func(lambda x: x**2)
cube = Func(lambda x: x**3)

# now combine functions as you like
plus = quad + cube
minus = quad - cube
other = quad * quad / cube

# and these can be called
plus(1) + minus(32) * other(5)
我已经编写了以下代码,希望这些代码能够得到足够的注释和记录,以解释我想要实现的目标

import operator

class GenericFunction(object):
    """ Base class providing arithmetic special methods. 
        Use derived class which must implement the 
        __call__ method.
    """

    # this way of defining special methods works well
    def __add__(self, operand):
        """ This is an example of a special method i want to implement. """
        obj = GenericFunction()
        # this is a trick from Alex Martelli at
        # http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1705928/problem-with-making-object-callable-in-python
        # to allow per-instance __call__ methods
        obj.__class__ = type(obj.__class__.__name__, (obj.__class__,), {})
        obj.__class__.__call__ = lambda s, ti: self(ti) + operand(ti)
        return obj

    # on the other hand this factory function seems buggy 
    def _method_factory(operation, name):
        """ Method factory.
        Parameters
        ----------
        op : callable
            an arithmetic operator from the operator module
        name : str
            the name of the special method that will be created
        Returns
        -------
        method : callable
            the __***__ special method
        """
        def method(s, operand):
            obj = GenericFunction()
            obj.__class__ = type(obj.__class__.__name__, (obj.__class__,), {})
            obj.__class__.__call__ = lambda s, ti: operation(s(ti), operand(ti))
            return obj
        return method

    __sub__ = _method_factory(operator.__sub__, '__sub__')
    __mul__ = _method_factory(operator.__mul__, '__mul__')
    __truediv__ = _method_factory(operator.__truediv__, '__div__')


class Func(GenericFunction):
    """ A customizable callable object. 
        Parameters
        ----------
        func : callable
    """
    def __init__(self, func):
        self.func = func

    def __call__(self, *args):
        return self.func(*args)


if __name__ == '__main__':

    # create some functions
    quad = Func(lambda x: x**2)
    cube = Func(lambda x: x**3)

    # now combine functions
    poly_plus = quad + cube
    poly_minus = quad - cube

    # this is the expected behaviour, and it works well
    # since the __add__ method is defined correctly.
    assert quad(1) + cube(1) == poly_plus(1)

    # this, and the others with * and / result in a "maximum recursion depth exceeded"
    assert quad(1) - cube(1) == poly_minus(1)
我想我错过了一些重要的东西,但我看不到

编辑

迪特里希回答后,我忘了提到一个角落里的案子。假设我想将GenericInput子类化,并且我需要自定义调用方法,而不向构造函数传递可调用的。我必须提供一些示例(实际上这是我最初发布此问题的代码)


在这种情况下,还有一些工作要做。

这里有很多不需要存在的代码,而且比需要的更复杂

例如,
\uuuuuu class\uuuuu
属性是所谓的“魔法”属性之一。魔法属性是特殊的,只需要在特殊情况下使用,比如在使用元编程时。这里不需要通过代码创建类

另一个例子是代码中的
Func
类,它实际上什么都不做。您可以安全地将其替换为:

def Func(x):
    return x
所以你有相反的问题:你没有“遗漏”任何东西,你有太多了

class Func(object):
    def __init__(self, func):
        self._func = func
    def __call__(self, x):
        return self._func(x)
    def __mul__(self, other):
        return Func(lambda x: self(x) * other(x))
    def __add__(self, other):
        return Func(lambda x: self(x) + other(x))
    def __sub__(self, other):
        return Func(lambda x: self(x) - other(x))

请注意,这不是解决此类问题的传统方法。传统上,这里避免使用lambda,而是使用表达式树。使用表达式树的优点是,可以通过代数操作生成的表达式。例如,你可以求解它们,计算精确的导数,或者把它们打印成方程。

我假设你想要
f(x**2)+f(x**3)
返回一个函数
x**2+x**3
?你可以试试这个:

class Func:
    def __init__(self, func):
        self._func = func

    def __call__(self, *args):
        return self._func(*args)

    def __add__(self, other):
        def result(*args):
            return self._func(*args) + other(*args)
        return Func(result)
    __radd__ = __add__

    def __mul__(self, other):
        def result(*args):
            return self._func(*args) * other(*args)
        return Func(result)
    __rmul__ = __mul__

    # etc...
这对我很有用,而且比你拥有的要简单得多

编辑:


您甚至可能不必为
self.\u func
调用算术方法而烦恼,只需直接调用
self

在您的示例中,
plus(1)
是否表示
quad(1)+cube(1)
?@inspectorG4dget是,这是预期的行为。
class Func:
    def __init__(self, func):
        self._func = func

    def __call__(self, *args):
        return self._func(*args)

    def __add__(self, other):
        def result(*args):
            return self._func(*args) + other(*args)
        return Func(result)
    __radd__ = __add__

    def __mul__(self, other):
        def result(*args):
            return self._func(*args) * other(*args)
        return Func(result)
    __rmul__ = __mul__

    # etc...