TypeError：需要类似字节的对象，而不是'；str'；-python 2到3

嗨，我遇到了这个错误消息的问题。我是Python新手，这个Python 2和Python 3很麻烦。我不确定该怎么办，错误消息如下所示

import websocket
import _thread
import time
import requests
import base64
import json
import sys
import os
from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth

try:
    print ("Using Ticker: " + str(sys.argv[1]))
except:
    print ("Please include ticker as first argument")
    sys.exit()

auth_url = "https://realtime.intrinio.com/auth";
r=requests.get(auth_url, headers={"Authorization": "Basic %s" % base64.b64encode(os.environ['INTRINIO_USER'] + ":" + os.environ['INTRINIO_PASSWORD'])})

socket_target = "wss://realtime.intrinio.com/socket/websocket?token=%s" % (r.text)

def on_message(ws, message):
    try:
        result = json.loads(message)
        print (result["payload"])
    except:
        print (message)

def on_error(ws, error):
    print ("###ERROR### " + error)

def on_close(ws):
    print ("###CONNECTION CLOSED###")

def on_open(ws):
    def run(*args):
        security = "iex:securities:" + str(sys.argv[1]).upper()
        message = json.dumps({"topic": security,"event": "phx_join","payload": {},"ref": "1"})
        ws.send(message)
    thread.start_new_thread(run, ())


websocket.enableTrace(True)
ws = websocket.WebSocketApp(socket_target, on_message = on_message, on_error = on_error, on_close = on_close)
ws.on_open = on_open
ws.run_forever()

使用Ticker:AAPL
回溯（最近一次呼叫最后一次）：
文件“realtime.py”，第18行，在
r=请求.get（auth_url，headers={“授权”：“基本%s”%base64.b64encode（os.environ['INTRINIO_USER']+：“+os.environ['INTRINIO_PASSWORD']））
文件“C:\Users\User\AppData\Local\Programs\Python36-32\lib\base64.py”，第58行，b64encode
encoded=binascii.b2a_base64（s，换行符=False）
TypeError:需要类似字节的对象，而不是“str”

我使用的代码如下所示

import websocket
import _thread
import time
import requests
import base64
import json
import sys
import os
from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth

try:
    print ("Using Ticker: " + str(sys.argv[1]))
except:
    print ("Please include ticker as first argument")
    sys.exit()

auth_url = "https://realtime.intrinio.com/auth";
r=requests.get(auth_url, headers={"Authorization": "Basic %s" % base64.b64encode(os.environ['INTRINIO_USER'] + ":" + os.environ['INTRINIO_PASSWORD'])})

socket_target = "wss://realtime.intrinio.com/socket/websocket?token=%s" % (r.text)

def on_message(ws, message):
    try:
        result = json.loads(message)
        print (result["payload"])
    except:
        print (message)

def on_error(ws, error):
    print ("###ERROR### " + error)

def on_close(ws):
    print ("###CONNECTION CLOSED###")

def on_open(ws):
    def run(*args):
        security = "iex:securities:" + str(sys.argv[1]).upper()
        message = json.dumps({"topic": security,"event": "phx_join","payload": {},"ref": "1"})
        ws.send(message)
    thread.start_new_thread(run, ())


websocket.enableTrace(True)
ws = websocket.WebSocketApp(socket_target, on_message = on_message, on_error = on_error, on_close = on_close)
ws.on_open = on_open
ws.run_forever()

---

您应该将

str

编码为

字节

data_string = os.environ['INTRINIO_USER'] + ":" + os.environ['INTRINIO_PASSWORD']

data_bytes = data_string.encode("utf-8")

base64.b64encode(data_bytes)

---

相关信息：我不知道应该把它放在哪里，尽管你正在传递一个字符串

os.environ['INTRINIO_USER']+”：“+os.environ['INTRINIO_PASSWORD']

到

base64.b64encode（）

，对吗？是的，所以r=requests.get（auth_url，headers={“Authorization”）：“Basic%s”%base64.b64encode（os.environ['INTRINIO_USER'+”：“+os.environ['INTRINIO_密码”]这是打字错误吗？在哪里使用了“data_str”和“data_bytes”？行：r=requests.get（auth_url，headers={“Authorization”：“Basic%s”%base64.b64encode（os.environ['INTRINIO_USER']+”：“+os.environ['INTRINIO_密码']））使用r=requests.get（auth_url，headers={“Authorization”：“Basic%s”%base64.b64encode['INTRINIO_PASSWORD']）。改为编码（“utf-8”）}；