Java Struts2-分片错误

我正在使用struts2框架开发一个网站。我试图运行代码，但随后遇到如下错误

SEVERE: Exception sending context initialized event to listener instance of class org.apache.struts2.tiles.StrutsTilesListener
java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError: org/apache/tiles/context/TilesRequestContextFactory
    at java.lang.ClassLoader.defineClass1(Native Method)
    at java.lang.ClassLoader.defineClass(Unknown Source)
    at java.security.SecureClassLoader.defineClass(Unknown Source)
    at org.apache.catalina.loader.WebappClassLoader.findClassInternal(WebappClassLoader.java:2944)
    at org.apache.catalina.loader.WebappClassLoader.findClass(WebappClassLoader.java:1208)
    at org.apache.catalina.loader.WebappClassLoader.loadClass(WebappClassLoader.java:1688)
    at org.apache.catalina.loader.WebappClassLoader.loadClass(WebappClassLoader.java:1569)
    at org.apache.tiles.jsp.context.JspTilesContextFactory.<init>(JspTilesContextFactory.java:51)
    at sun.reflect.NativeConstructorAccessorImpl.newInstance0(Native Method)
    at sun.reflect.NativeConstructorAccessorImpl.newInstance(Unknown Source)
    at sun.reflect.DelegatingConstructorAccessorImpl.newInstance(Unknown Source)
    at java.lang.reflect.Constructor.newInstance(Unknown Source)
    at java.lang.Class.newInstance(Unknown Source)
    at org.apache.tiles.context.ChainedTilesContextFactory.init(ChainedTilesContextFactory.java:84)
    at org.apache.struts2.tiles.StrutsTilesContainerFactory$StrutsTilesContextFactory.init(StrutsTilesContainerFactory.java:79)
    at org.apache.struts2.tiles.StrutsTilesContainerFactory.storeContainerDependencies(StrutsTilesContainerFactory.java:55)
    at org.apache.tiles.factory.TilesContainerFactory.initializeContainer(TilesContainerFactory.java:231)
    at org.apache.tiles.factory.TilesContainerFactory.createTilesContainer(TilesContainerFactory.java:198)
    at org.apache.tiles.factory.TilesContainerFactory.createContainer(TilesContainerFactory.java:163)
    at org.apache.tiles.web.startup.TilesListener.createContainer(TilesListener.java:90)
    at org.apache.struts2.tiles.StrutsTilesListener.createContainer(StrutsTilesListener.java:70)
    at org.apache.tiles.web.startup.TilesListener.contextInitialized(TilesListener.java:57)
    at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardContext.listenerStart(StandardContext.java:4973)
    at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardContext.startInternal(StandardContext.java:5467)
    at org.apache.catalina.util.LifecycleBase.start(LifecycleBase.java:150)
    at org.apache.catalina.core.ContainerBase$StartChild.call(ContainerBase.java:1559)
    at org.apache.catalina.core.ContainerBase$StartChild.call(ContainerBase.java:1549)
    at java.util.concurrent.FutureTask.run(Unknown Source)
    at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor.runWorker(Unknown Source)
    at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor$Worker.run(Unknown Source)
    at java.lang.Thread.run(Unknown Source)
Caused by: java.lang.ClassNotFoundException: org.apache.tiles.context.TilesRequestContextFactory
    at org.apache.catalina.loader.WebappClassLoader.loadClass(WebappClassLoader.java:1718)
    at org.apache.catalina.loader.WebappClassLoader.loadClass(WebappClassLoader.java:1569)
    ... 31 more

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在WEB-INF/lib中，你能说得更具体些吗？我怀疑你能像这样任意混合tiles-lib版本。我不认为我会任意混合任何东西，因为所有jar文件都来自一个文件夹中的strut2库。您可以从struts.apache.org下载它并查看。

<listener>
    <listener-class>org.apache.struts2.tiles.StrutsTilesListener</listener-class>
</listener>

tiles-api-2.1.2.jar

tiles-compat-3.0.1.jar

tiles-core-2.0.6.jar

tiles-jsp-2.1.2.jar

tiles-servlet-3.0.1.jar

commons-beanutils-1.8.0.jar

commons-digester-2.0.jar

struts2-tiles-plugin-2.3.16.1.jar