CUDA';s NPPImaloc。。。功能保证一致性?

CUDA';s NPPImaloc。。。功能保证一致性?,cuda,memory-alignment,npp,Cuda,Memory Alignment,Npp,一些让我困惑了一段时间的事情是分配的CUDA内存的对齐要求。我知道,如果它们对齐,访问行元素将更加高效 首先介绍一下背景: 根据CUDA C编程指南(第5.3.2节): 全局内存驻留在设备内存中,可以访问设备内存 通过32、64或128字节内存事务。这些记忆 事务必须自然地只对齐32、64或128字节 与设备内存大小对齐的设备内存段(即 第一个地址是其大小的倍数)可以由 内存事务 我的理解是,对于类型为T的2D交错阵列(例如,R、G、B顺序的像素值),如果numChannels*sizeof(T

一些让我困惑了一段时间的事情是分配的CUDA内存的对齐要求。我知道,如果它们对齐,访问行元素将更加高效

首先介绍一下背景:

根据CUDA C编程指南(第5.3.2节):

全局内存驻留在设备内存中,可以访问设备内存 通过32、64或128字节内存事务。这些记忆 事务必须自然地只对齐32、64或128字节 与设备内存大小对齐的设备内存段(即 第一个地址是其大小的倍数)可以由 内存事务

我的理解是,对于类型为
T
的2D交错阵列(例如,R、G、B顺序的像素值),如果
numChannels*sizeof(T)
为4、8或16,则必须使用
cudamallocitch
分配阵列(如果需要性能)。到目前为止,这对我来说效果很好。在分配2D数组之前,我会检查
numChannels*sizeof(T)
,如果它是4、16或32,我会使用
cudamallocitch
分配它,一切正常

现在问题是:

我意识到在使用NVIDIA的NPP库时,有一系列分配器函数(
nppimaloc
…如
nppimaloc_32f_C1
等等)。NVIDIA建议使用这些功能以提高性能。我的问题是,这些功能如何保证对齐?更具体地说,他们使用什么样的数学来为
音高
得出合适的值

对于单通道512x512像素图像(浮动像素值在[0,1]范围内),我使用了
cudamalocpatch
nppimaloc\u 32f\u C1
cudamallocitch
给了我2048的音高值,而
nppimaloc_32f_C1
给了我2560的音高值。后一个数字是从哪里来的,具体是什么

我为什么关心这个
我正在编写一个同步内存类模板,用于同步GPU和CPU上的值。这个类应该负责在引擎盖下分配音调记忆(如果可能的话)。由于我希望该类能够与NVIDIA的NPP进行互操作,因此我希望以一种能够为CUDA内核和NPP操作提供良好性能的方式处理所有分配。

我的印象是,
nppimaloc
正在引擎盖下呼叫
cudamalocpatch
,但似乎我错了。

一个有趣的问题。然而,可能根本没有确定的答案,原因有几个:这些方法的实现并不是公开的。我们必须假设NVIDIA在内部使用了一些特殊的技巧和调整。此外:未指定产生的音高。因此,我们必须假设它可能会在CUDA/NPP的几个版本之间发生变化。特别是,实际音高不太可能取决于执行该方法的设备的硬件版本(“计算能力”)

尽管如此,我还是对此感到好奇,并编写了以下测试:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <npp.h>

template <typename T>
void testStepBytes(const char* name, int elementSize, int numComponents, 
    T (*allocator)(int, int, int*))
{
    printf("%s\n", name);
    int dw = 1;
    int prevStepBytes = 0;
    for (int w=1; w<2050; w+=dw)
    {
        int stepBytes;
        void *p = allocator(w, 1, &stepBytes);
        nppiFree(p);
        if (stepBytes != prevStepBytes)
        {
            printf("Stride %5d is used up to w=%5d (%6d bytes)\n", 
                prevStepBytes, (w-dw), (w-dw)*elementSize*numComponents);
            prevStepBytes = stepBytes;
        }
    }
}

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    testStepBytes("nppiMalloc_8u_C1", 1, 1, &nppiMalloc_8u_C1);
    testStepBytes("nppiMalloc_8u_C2", 1, 2, &nppiMalloc_8u_C2);
    testStepBytes("nppiMalloc_8u_C3", 1, 3, &nppiMalloc_8u_C3);
    testStepBytes("nppiMalloc_8u_C4", 1, 4, &nppiMalloc_8u_C4);

    testStepBytes("nppiMalloc_16u_C1", 2, 1, &nppiMalloc_16u_C1);
    testStepBytes("nppiMalloc_16u_C2", 2, 2, &nppiMalloc_16u_C2);
    testStepBytes("nppiMalloc_16u_C3", 2, 3, &nppiMalloc_16u_C3);
    testStepBytes("nppiMalloc_16u_C4", 2, 4, &nppiMalloc_16u_C4);

    testStepBytes("nppiMalloc_32f_C1", 4, 1, &nppiMalloc_32f_C1);
    testStepBytes("nppiMalloc_32f_C2", 4, 2, &nppiMalloc_32f_C2);
    testStepBytes("nppiMalloc_32f_C3", 4, 3, &nppiMalloc_32f_C3);
    testStepBytes("nppiMalloc_32f_C4", 4, 4, &nppiMalloc_32f_C4);

    return 0;
}
确认对于宽度为512的图像,它将使用2560的步幅。2048的预期步幅将用于宽度为504的图像

这些数字似乎有点奇怪,因此我为
nppimaloc_8u_C1
运行了另一个测试,以覆盖所有可能的图像行大小(以字节为单位),并使用更大的图像大小,并注意到一个奇怪的模式:当图像大于480字节时,第一次增加间距大小(从512增加到1024),480=512-32。下一步(从1024到1536)发生在映像大于992字节且992=480+512时。下一步(从1536到2048)发生在映像大于1536字节且1536=992+512+32时。从那以后,它似乎主要以512的步长运行,除了中间的几个大小。进一步的步骤总结如下:

nppiMalloc_8u_C1
Stride      0 is used up to w=     0 (     0 bytes, delta     0)
Stride    512 is used up to w=   480 (   480 bytes, delta   480)
Stride   1024 is used up to w=   992 (   992 bytes, delta   512)
Stride   1536 is used up to w=  1536 (  1536 bytes, delta   544)
Stride   2048 is used up to w=  2016 (  2016 bytes, delta   480) \
Stride   2560 is used up to w=  2560 (  2560 bytes, delta   544) | 4
Stride   3072 is used up to w=  3072 (  3072 bytes, delta   512) |
Stride   3584 is used up to w=  3584 (  3584 bytes, delta   512) /
Stride   4096 is used up to w=  4064 (  4064 bytes, delta   480)     \
Stride   4608 is used up to w=  4608 (  4608 bytes, delta   544)     |
Stride   5120 is used up to w=  5120 (  5120 bytes, delta   512)     |
Stride   5632 is used up to w=  5632 (  5632 bytes, delta   512)     | 8
Stride   6144 is used up to w=  6144 (  6144 bytes, delta   512)     |
Stride   6656 is used up to w=  6656 (  6656 bytes, delta   512)     |
Stride   7168 is used up to w=  7168 (  7168 bytes, delta   512)     |
Stride   7680 is used up to w=  7680 (  7680 bytes, delta   512)     /
Stride   8192 is used up to w=  8160 (  8160 bytes, delta   480) \
Stride   8704 is used up to w=  8704 (  8704 bytes, delta   544) |
Stride   9216 is used up to w=  9216 (  9216 bytes, delta   512) |
Stride   9728 is used up to w=  9728 (  9728 bytes, delta   512) |
Stride  10240 is used up to w= 10240 ( 10240 bytes, delta   512) |
Stride  10752 is used up to w= 10752 ( 10752 bytes, delta   512) |
Stride  11264 is used up to w= 11264 ( 11264 bytes, delta   512) |
Stride  11776 is used up to w= 11776 ( 11776 bytes, delta   512) | 16
Stride  12288 is used up to w= 12288 ( 12288 bytes, delta   512) |
Stride  12800 is used up to w= 12800 ( 12800 bytes, delta   512) |
Stride  13312 is used up to w= 13312 ( 13312 bytes, delta   512) |
Stride  13824 is used up to w= 13824 ( 13824 bytes, delta   512) |
Stride  14336 is used up to w= 14336 ( 14336 bytes, delta   512) |
Stride  14848 is used up to w= 14848 ( 14848 bytes, delta   512) |
Stride  15360 is used up to w= 15360 ( 15360 bytes, delta   512) |
Stride  15872 is used up to w= 15872 ( 15872 bytes, delta   512) /
Stride  16384 is used up to w= 16352 ( 16352 bytes, delta   480)     \
Stride  16896 is used up to w= 16896 ( 16896 bytes, delta   544)     |
Stride  17408 is used up to w= 17408 ( 17408 bytes, delta   512)     |
...                                                                ... 32
Stride  31232 is used up to w= 31232 ( 31232 bytes, delta   512)     |
Stride  31744 is used up to w= 31744 ( 31744 bytes, delta   512)     |
Stride  32256 is used up to w= 32256 ( 32256 bytes, delta   512)     /
Stride  32768 is used up to w= 32736 ( 32736 bytes, delta   480) \
Stride  33280 is used up to w= 33280 ( 33280 bytes, delta   544) |
Stride  33792 is used up to w= 33792 ( 33792 bytes, delta   512) |
Stride  34304 is used up to w= 34304 ( 34304 bytes, delta   512) |
...                                                            ... 64
Stride  64512 is used up to w= 64512 ( 64512 bytes, delta   512) |
Stride  65024 is used up to w= 65024 ( 65024 bytes, delta   512) /
Stride  65536 is used up to w= 65504 ( 65504 bytes, delta   480)     \
Stride  66048 is used up to w= 66048 ( 66048 bytes, delta   544)     |   
Stride  66560 is used up to w= 66560 ( 66560 bytes, delta   512)     |
Stride  67072 is used up to w= 67072 ( 67072 bytes, delta   512)     |
....                                                               ... 128
Stride 130048 is used up to w=130048 (130048 bytes, delta   512)     |
Stride 130560 is used up to w=130560 (130560 bytes, delta   512)     /
Stride 131072 is used up to w=131040 (131040 bytes, delta   480) \
Stride 131584 is used up to w=131584 (131584 bytes, delta   544) |
Stride 132096 is used up to w=132096 (132096 bytes, delta   512) |
...                                                              | guess...
显然有一种模式。音高与512的倍数有关。对于512*2n的大小,n是一个整数,大小限制有一些奇数-32和+32偏移,导致使用更大的节距

也许我会再看看这个。我很确定,我们可以推导出一个公式,涵盖这个奇怪的音高级数。但同样:这可能取决于基础CUDA版本、NPP版本,甚至所用卡的计算能力


而且,为了完整性:这种奇怪的音高大小可能只是NPP中的一个缺陷。你永远不知道

我想我会提供其他几种分配类型的列表。我正在使用GTX 860M和cuda 7.5版

CudamAllocPicch与textureAlignment属性对齐,而不是像我所怀疑的那样与TextureElectionAlignment对齐。nppi malloc也与textureAlignment边界对齐,但有时会过度分配并提前跳转到下一个512字节

由于所有这些函数都将每一行与textureAlignment对齐,而不是与较小的textureAlignment对齐,因此使用了更多的空间,但纹理应该能够绑定到任何起始行,而无需使用字节偏移量进行地址计算。对于纹理,文档可能不清楚,但事实证明,它们需要32倍的行距(在这一代硬件上,TextureElectionAlignment属性),并且起始点的地址必须是128、256或512的倍数,具体取决于硬件和cuda版本(textureAlignment)。纹理可以绑定到更小的倍数,在找到正确的属性之前,我自己的经验是256字节对齐似乎很好

512字节对齐相当大,但是与使用TextureUpchalignment值相比,纹理和非纹理的性能都会有所提高。我什么都没做
nppiMalloc_8u_C1
Stride      0 is used up to w=     0 (     0 bytes, delta     0)
Stride    512 is used up to w=   480 (   480 bytes, delta   480)
Stride   1024 is used up to w=   992 (   992 bytes, delta   512)
Stride   1536 is used up to w=  1536 (  1536 bytes, delta   544)
Stride   2048 is used up to w=  2016 (  2016 bytes, delta   480) \
Stride   2560 is used up to w=  2560 (  2560 bytes, delta   544) | 4
Stride   3072 is used up to w=  3072 (  3072 bytes, delta   512) |
Stride   3584 is used up to w=  3584 (  3584 bytes, delta   512) /
Stride   4096 is used up to w=  4064 (  4064 bytes, delta   480)     \
Stride   4608 is used up to w=  4608 (  4608 bytes, delta   544)     |
Stride   5120 is used up to w=  5120 (  5120 bytes, delta   512)     |
Stride   5632 is used up to w=  5632 (  5632 bytes, delta   512)     | 8
Stride   6144 is used up to w=  6144 (  6144 bytes, delta   512)     |
Stride   6656 is used up to w=  6656 (  6656 bytes, delta   512)     |
Stride   7168 is used up to w=  7168 (  7168 bytes, delta   512)     |
Stride   7680 is used up to w=  7680 (  7680 bytes, delta   512)     /
Stride   8192 is used up to w=  8160 (  8160 bytes, delta   480) \
Stride   8704 is used up to w=  8704 (  8704 bytes, delta   544) |
Stride   9216 is used up to w=  9216 (  9216 bytes, delta   512) |
Stride   9728 is used up to w=  9728 (  9728 bytes, delta   512) |
Stride  10240 is used up to w= 10240 ( 10240 bytes, delta   512) |
Stride  10752 is used up to w= 10752 ( 10752 bytes, delta   512) |
Stride  11264 is used up to w= 11264 ( 11264 bytes, delta   512) |
Stride  11776 is used up to w= 11776 ( 11776 bytes, delta   512) | 16
Stride  12288 is used up to w= 12288 ( 12288 bytes, delta   512) |
Stride  12800 is used up to w= 12800 ( 12800 bytes, delta   512) |
Stride  13312 is used up to w= 13312 ( 13312 bytes, delta   512) |
Stride  13824 is used up to w= 13824 ( 13824 bytes, delta   512) |
Stride  14336 is used up to w= 14336 ( 14336 bytes, delta   512) |
Stride  14848 is used up to w= 14848 ( 14848 bytes, delta   512) |
Stride  15360 is used up to w= 15360 ( 15360 bytes, delta   512) |
Stride  15872 is used up to w= 15872 ( 15872 bytes, delta   512) /
Stride  16384 is used up to w= 16352 ( 16352 bytes, delta   480)     \
Stride  16896 is used up to w= 16896 ( 16896 bytes, delta   544)     |
Stride  17408 is used up to w= 17408 ( 17408 bytes, delta   512)     |
...                                                                ... 32
Stride  31232 is used up to w= 31232 ( 31232 bytes, delta   512)     |
Stride  31744 is used up to w= 31744 ( 31744 bytes, delta   512)     |
Stride  32256 is used up to w= 32256 ( 32256 bytes, delta   512)     /
Stride  32768 is used up to w= 32736 ( 32736 bytes, delta   480) \
Stride  33280 is used up to w= 33280 ( 33280 bytes, delta   544) |
Stride  33792 is used up to w= 33792 ( 33792 bytes, delta   512) |
Stride  34304 is used up to w= 34304 ( 34304 bytes, delta   512) |
...                                                            ... 64
Stride  64512 is used up to w= 64512 ( 64512 bytes, delta   512) |
Stride  65024 is used up to w= 65024 ( 65024 bytes, delta   512) /
Stride  65536 is used up to w= 65504 ( 65504 bytes, delta   480)     \
Stride  66048 is used up to w= 66048 ( 66048 bytes, delta   544)     |   
Stride  66560 is used up to w= 66560 ( 66560 bytes, delta   512)     |
Stride  67072 is used up to w= 67072 ( 67072 bytes, delta   512)     |
....                                                               ... 128
Stride 130048 is used up to w=130048 (130048 bytes, delta   512)     |
Stride 130560 is used up to w=130560 (130560 bytes, delta   512)     /
Stride 131072 is used up to w=131040 (131040 bytes, delta   480) \
Stride 131584 is used up to w=131584 (131584 bytes, delta   544) |
Stride 132096 is used up to w=132096 (132096 bytes, delta   512) |
...                                                              | guess...
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
    void *dmem;
    int pitch, pitchOld = 0;
    size_t pitch2;
    int iOld = 0;
    int maxAllocation = 5000;

    cudaDeviceProp prop;

    cudaGetDeviceProperties(&prop, 0);      

    printf("%s%d%s%d%s", "textureAlignment ", prop.textureAlignment, " texturePitchAlignment ", prop.texturePitchAlignment, "\n");

    printf("%s", "cudaMallocPitch\n");

    for (int i=0;i<maxAllocation;++i) {
        cudaMallocPitch(&dmem, &pitch2, i, 1);

        if (pitch2 != pitchOld && i!= 0) {
            printf("%s%d%s%d%s%d%s", "width ", iOld, "to", i-1, " -> pitch ", pitchOld, "\n");
            pitchOld = pitch2;
            iOld = i;
        }

        cudaFree(dmem);
    }
    pitchOld = 0;

    printf("%s", "nppiMalloc_8u_C1\n");

    for (int i=0;i<maxAllocation/sizeof(Npp8u);++i) {
        dmem = nppiMalloc_8u_C1(i, 1, &pitch);

        if (pitch != pitchOld && i!= 0) {
            printf("%s%d%s%d%s%d%s", "width ", iOld, "to", i-1, " -> pitch ", pitchOld, "\n");
            pitchOld = pitch;
            iOld = i;
        }

        cudaFree(dmem);
    }
    pitchOld = 0;

    printf("%s", "nppiMalloc_32f_C1\n");

    for (int i=0;i<maxAllocation/sizeof(Npp32f);++i) {
        dmem = nppiMalloc_32f_C1(i, 1, &pitch);

        if (pitch != pitchOld && i!= 0) {
            printf("%s%d%s%d%s%d%s", "width ", iOld, "to", i-1, " -> pitch ", pitchOld, "\n");
            pitchOld = pitch;
            iOld = i;
        }

        cudaFree(dmem);
    }
    pitchOld = 0;

    return 0;
}
textureAlignment 512 texturePitchAlignment 32
cudaMallocPitch
width 0to0 -> pitch 0
width 1to512 -> pitch 512
width 513to1024 -> pitch 1024
width 1025to1536 -> pitch 1536
width 1537to2048 -> pitch 2048
width 2049to2560 -> pitch 2560
width 2561to3072 -> pitch 3072
width 3073to3584 -> pitch 3584
width 3585to4096 -> pitch 4096
width 4097to4608 -> pitch 4608
nppiMalloc_8u_C1
width 0to0 -> pitch 0
width 1to480 -> pitch 512
width 481to992 -> pitch 1024
width 993to1536 -> pitch 1536
width 1537to2016 -> pitch 2048
width 2017to2560 -> pitch 2560
width 2561to3072 -> pitch 3072
width 3073to3584 -> pitch 3584
width 3585to4064 -> pitch 4096
width 4065to4608 -> pitch 4608
nppiMalloc_32f_C1
width 0to0 -> pitch 0
width 1to120 -> pitch 512
width 121to248 -> pitch 1024
width 249to384 -> pitch 1536
width 385to504 -> pitch 2048
width 505to640 -> pitch 2560
width 641to768 -> pitch 3072
width 769to896 -> pitch 3584
width 897to1016 -> pitch 4096
width 1017to1152 -> pitch 4608