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  • Java 为什么在尝试从wavefront.obj文件加载纹理时，使用索引渲染（GLDroperElements）时纹理显示不正确？ 介绍

Java 为什么在尝试从wavefront.obj文件加载纹理时，使用索引渲染（GLDroperElements）时纹理显示不正确？ 介绍

java parsing opengl

Java 为什么在尝试从wavefront.obj文件加载纹理时，使用索引渲染（GLDroperElements）时纹理显示不正确？ 介绍,java,parsing,opengl,lwjgl,wavefront,Java,Parsing,Opengl,Lwjgl,Wavefront,我正在构建一个简单的wavefront.obj文件解析器。我设法让它读取文件，存储文件内容（顶点位置、顶点坐标、顶点法线（尚未使用它们）和多边形面元素信息（例如5/2/3））。然后，该数据被传递到一个类（称为GameEntity），并从该类中使用GLDraweElements在模式GL_三角形中，使用该数据将该特定实体（在本例中为立方体）渲染到渲染循环内的屏幕上。但是，纹理渲染不正确 源代码 OBJLoader.java public class OBJLoader { /**

我正在构建一个简单的wavefront.obj文件解析器。我设法让它读取文件，存储文件内容（顶点位置、顶点坐标、顶点法线（尚未使用它们）和多边形面元素信息（例如5/2/3））。然后，该数据被传递到一个类（称为GameEntity），并从该类中使用GLDraweElements在模式GL_三角形中，使用该数据将该特定实体（在本例中为立方体）渲染到渲染循环内的屏幕上。但是，纹理渲染不正确

源代码 OBJLoader.java

public class OBJLoader {    
    /**
     * This method loads a model represented by a wavefront .obj file from resources/models using
     * the specified name of the file (without the .obj extension) and a full path to the texture used
     * by the model. It passes the information (vertex positions, texture coordinates, indices)
     * obtained from the .obj file to the GameEntity constructor.
     * @param fileName
     * @param texturePath
     * @return
     * @throws Exception
     */
    public static GameEntity loadObjModel(String fileName, String texturePath) throws Exception {
        double start = System.nanoTime();

        List<Vector3f> vertices = null;
        List<Vector2f> textures = null;
        List<Vector3f> normals = null;
        List<Integer> indices = null;

        String line;

        float[] vertexPosArray = null;
        float[] texturesArray = null;
        float[] normalsArray = null;
        int[] indicesArray = null;

        try {
            FileReader fr = new FileReader(new File("resources/models/" + fileName + ".obj"));
            BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(fr);
            vertices = new ArrayList<>();
            textures = new ArrayList<>();
            normals = new ArrayList<>();
            indices = new ArrayList<>();

            while((line = br.readLine()) != null) {

                if (!line.equals("") || !line.startsWith("#")) {
                    String[] splitLine = line.split(" ");

                    switch(splitLine[0]) {
                    case "v":
                        Vector3f vertex = new Vector3f(Float.parseFloat(splitLine[1]), Float.parseFloat(splitLine[2]), Float.parseFloat(splitLine[3]));
                        vertices.add(vertex);
                        System.out.println("[OBJLoader.loadObjModel]: Vertex " + vertex.toString() + " has been added to vertices from " + fileName);
                        break;
                    case "vt":
                        Vector2f texture = new Vector2f(Float.parseFloat(splitLine[1]), Float.parseFloat(splitLine[2]));
                        textures.add(texture);
                        System.out.println("[OBJLoader.loadObjModel]: Texture coordinate [" + texture.x +  ", " + texture.y  + "] has been added to textures from " + fileName);
                        break;
                    case "vn":
                        Vector3f normal = new Vector3f(Float.parseFloat(splitLine[1]), Float.parseFloat(splitLine[2]), Float.parseFloat(splitLine[3]));
                        normals.add(normal);
                        System.out.println("[OBJLoader.loadObjModel]: Normal " + normal + " has been added to normals from " + fileName);
                        break;
                    }
                }
            }

            int numVertices = vertices.size();
            System.out.println("[OBJLoader.loadObjModel]: numVertices = " + numVertices);
            texturesArray = new float[numVertices*2];
            System.out.println("[OBJLoader.loadObjModel]: length of texturesArray = " + texturesArray.length);
            normalsArray = new float[numVertices*3];

            br.close(); //find a better way to start a file again
            br = new BufferedReader(new FileReader("resources/models/" + fileName + ".obj"));

            while((line = br.readLine()) != null) {
                if (line.startsWith("f")) {
                    System.out.println("    [OBJLoader.loadObjModel]: Found line starting with f!"); 
                    String[] splitLine = line.split(" ");

                    //f should be omitted, therefore not starting at index 0
                    String[] v1 = splitLine[1].split("/");
                    String[] v2 = splitLine[2].split("/");
                    String[] v3 = splitLine[3].split("/");

                    System.out.println("        v1 | " + v1[0] + ", " + v1[1] + ", " + v1[2]);
                    System.out.println("        v2 | " + v2[0] + ", " + v2[1] + ", " + v2[2]);
                    System.out.println("        v3 | " + v3[0] + ", " + v3[1] + ", " + v3[2]);

                    processVertex(v1, indices, textures, normals, texturesArray, normalsArray);
                    processVertex(v2, indices, textures, normals, texturesArray, normalsArray);
                    processVertex(v3, indices, textures, normals, texturesArray, normalsArray);
                }
            }
            br.close();

        } catch (Exception e) {
            System.err.println("[OBJLoader.loadObjModel]: Error loading obj model!");
            e.printStackTrace();
        }

        vertexPosArray = new float[vertices.size()*3];
        indicesArray = new int[indices.size()];

        int i = 0;
        for(Vector3f vertex : vertices) {
            vertexPosArray[i++] = vertex.x;
            vertexPosArray[i++] = vertex.y;
            vertexPosArray[i++] = vertex.z;
        }

        for(int j = 0; j<indices.size(); j++) {
            indicesArray[j] = indices.get(j);
        }

        double end = System.nanoTime();
        double delta = (end - start) / 1000_000;
        System.out.println("[OBJLoader.loadObjModel]: Vertices array of " + fileName + ": ");
        System.out.println("[OBJLoader.loadObjModel]: It took " + delta + " milliseconds to load " + fileName);

        System.out.println("[OBJLoader.loadObjModel]: Ordered vertex position array: " + ArrayUtils.getFloatArray(vertexPosArray));
        System.out.println("[OBJLoader.loadObjModel]: Ordererd texture coordinates array: " + ArrayUtils.getFloatArray(texturesArray));
        System.out.println("[OBJLoader.loadObjModel]: Ordererd indices array: " + ArrayUtils.getIntArray(indicesArray));

        return new GameEntity(vertexPosArray, indicesArray, texturesArray, texturePath);
    }

    /**
     * The input to this method is vertex data as a String array, which is used to determine how to
     * arrange texture coordinate and normal vector data (this data is associated with each vertex position)
     * into the correct order in the texture and normals array
     * @param vertexData
     * @param indices
     * @param textrues
     * @param normals
     * @param textureArray
     * @param normalsArray
     */
    private static void processVertex(String[] vertexData, List<Integer> indices, List<Vector2f> textures,
            List<Vector3f> normals, float[] textureArray, float[] normalsArray) {
        int currentVertexPointer = Integer.parseInt(vertexData[0]) - 1;
        System.out.println("[OBJLoader.processVertex]: currentVertexPointer = " + currentVertexPointer);
        indices.add(currentVertexPointer);
        System.out.println("[OBJLoader.processVertex]: Adding " + currentVertexPointer + " to indices!");

        Vector2f currentTex = textures.get(Integer.parseInt(vertexData[1]) - 1);
        textureArray[currentVertexPointer*2] = currentTex.x;
        textureArray[currentVertexPointer*2 + 1] = 1.0f - currentTex.y;
        System.out.println("[OBJLoader.processVertex]: Added vt " + currentTex.x + " to index " + currentVertexPointer*2 + 
                " and vt " + (1.0f - currentTex.y) + " to index " + (currentVertexPointer*2+1) + " of the textureArray");

        Vector3f currentNorm = normals.get(Integer.parseInt(vertexData[2]) - 1);
        normalsArray[currentVertexPointer*3] = currentNorm.x;
        normalsArray[currentVertexPointer*3 + 1] = currentNorm.y;
        normalsArray[currentVertexPointer*3 + 2] = currentNorm.z;
    }
}
请注意，顶点位置、索引和纹理坐标（以及创建的纹理）将发送到网格构造函数：

    /**
 * Creates a new textured GameEntity
 * @param vPositions The vertex coordinates of a model
 * @param indices The indices of a model (in which order should the vertices be bound by OpenGL?)
 * @param textureCoordinates The coordinates of a texture (which texture coordinate should be applied to which vertex?)
 * @param texturePath The path of the texture 
 * @throws Exception
 */
public GameEntity(float[] vPositions, int[] indices, float[] textureCoordinates, String texturePath) throws Exception{
    System.out.println("[GameEntity.GameEntity]: Creating a new model texture...");
    modelTexture = new Texture(texturePath);
    System.out.println("[GameEntity.GameEntity]: Creating new mesh based on parameters... ");
    mesh = new Mesh(vPositions, indices, textureCoordinates, modelTexture);

    System.out.println("[GameEntity.GameEntity]: Initializing position, scale and rotation instance fields... ");
    position = new Vector3f(0, 0, 0);
    scale = 1;
    rotation = new Vector3f(0, 0, 0);
}
网格构造器

/**
     * This constructor creates a renderable object (instance of Mesh with its texture) out of input parameters by storing them
     * in the vao of that Mesh instance
     * @param vertices The vertex positions of a model
     * @param indices The indices to tell OpenGL how to connect the vertices
     * @param texCoords Texture coordinates (used for texture mapping)
     * @param texture A Texture object
     */
    public Mesh(float[] vertices, int[] indices, float[] texCoords, renderEngine.Texture texture) {
        System.out.println("[Mesh.Mesh]: Creating a new textured Mesh instance... ");

        verticesBuffer = null;
        textureBuffer = null;
        indicesBuffer = null;

        try {
            this.texture = texture;
            vertexCount = indices.length;

            vbos = new ArrayList<>();
            vaos = new ArrayList<>();
            textures = new ArrayList<>();

            System.out.println("[Mesh] Creating and binding the vao (vaoID)");
            vaoID = glGenVertexArrays();
            vaos.add(vaoID);
            glBindVertexArray(vaoID);

            setupVerticesVbo(vertices);

            setupIndicesBuffer(indices);

            setupTextureVbo(texCoords);

            textures.add(texture);

            glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0);
            glBindVertexArray(0);
        }
    }
cube.obj

# Blender v2.78 (sub 0) OBJ File: 'cube.blend'
# www.blender.org
o Cube
v 1.000000 -1.000000 -1.000000
v 1.000000 -1.000000 1.000000
v -1.000000 -1.000000 1.000000
v -1.000000 -1.000000 -1.000000
v 1.000000 1.000000 -0.999999
v 0.999999 1.000000 1.000001
v -1.000000 1.000000 1.000000
v -1.000000 1.000000 -1.000000
vt 0.2766 0.2633
vt 0.5000 0.4867
vt 0.2766 0.4867
vt 0.7234 0.4867
vt 0.9467 0.2633
vt 0.9467 0.4867
vt 0.0533 0.4867
vt 0.0533 0.2633
vt 0.2766 0.0400
vt 0.5000 0.2633
vt 0.0533 0.7100
vt 0.7234 0.2633
vt 0.0533 0.0400
vt 0.2766 0.7100
vn 0.0000 -1.0000 0.0000
vn 0.0000 1.0000 0.0000
vn 1.0000 -0.0000 0.0000
vn 0.0000 -0.0000 1.0000
vn -1.0000 -0.0000 -0.0000
vn 0.0000 0.0000 -1.0000
s off
f 2/1/1 4/2/1 1/3/1
f 8/4/2 6/5/2 5/6/2
f 5/7/3 2/1/3 1/3/3
f 6/8/4 3/9/4 2/1/4
f 3/10/5 8/4/5 4/2/5
f 1/3/6 8/11/6 5/7/6
f 2/1/1 3/10/1 4/2/1
f 8/4/2 7/12/2 6/5/2
f 5/7/3 6/8/3 2/1/3
f 6/8/4 7/13/4 3/9/4
f 3/10/5 7/12/5 8/4/5
f 1/3/6 4/14/6 8/11/6
我所取得的成就
  • 看一看视频
  • 查看GitHub上的页面，了解OBJLoader的解释
  • 查看源代码存储库（OBJLoader尚未包含在内，但您可以查看其他类，如GameEntity或Mesh，因为这两个类是顶点数据从.obj文件提取后发送到的类）
视频首先显示OBJLoader类的源代码。然后，它将显示立方体上的纹理如何被错误映射（立方体的背面和左侧除外）。然后，它显示了一个文件，我在其中分析了数组中保存纹理坐标信息的每个索引被写入的次数。最后，将显示应映射的纹理

问题 如视频中所示，立方体的六个面中有四个面与纹理映射不正确

我知道： -纹理坐标从.obj文件中正确读取，并存储在纹理阵列列表中。此代码可在switch子句中找到：

case "vt":
        Vector2f texture = new Vector2f(Float.parseFloat(splitLine[1]), Float.parseFloat(splitLine[2]));
        textures.add(texture);
        break;
我确信： -索引是从.obj文件中正确确定的，因为如果没有正确确定索引，则根本不会绘制多维数据集。与此相关的代码可以在processVertex方法中找到：

int currentVertexPointer = Integer.parseInt(vertexData[0]) - 1;
indices.add(currentVertexPointer);

Vector2f currentTex = textures.get(Integer.parseInt(vertexData[1]) - 1);
textureArray[currentVertexPointer*2] = currentTex.x;
textureArray[currentVertexPointer*2 + 1] = 1.0f - currentTex.y;

    private static void processVertex(String[] vertexData, List<Integer> indices, List<Vector2f> textures,
        List<Vector3f> normals, float[] textureArray, float[] normalsArray) {

    int currentVertexPointer = Integer.parseInt(vertexData[0]) - 1;
    System.out.println("[OBJLoader.processVertex]: currentVertexPointer = " + currentVertexPointer);
    indices.add(currentVertexPointer);

    //THIS IS NEW
    Vector2f currentTex = textures.get(Integer.parseInt(vertexData[1]) - 1);
    if ((textureArray[currentVertexPointer*2] + textureArray[currentVertexPointer*2+1])== 0 ) { //if the index hasn't been populated yet, store it
        textureArray[currentVertexPointer*2] = currentTex.x;
        textureArray[currentVertexPointer*2+1] = 1.0f - currentTex.y;
    } else {
        //create a new vertex (index?) and associate it with second coordinate u
        //create a new vertex (index?) and associate it with texture coordinate v
    }
    //END OF NEW CODE

    Vector3f currentNorm = normals.get(Integer.parseInt(vertexData[2]) - 1);
    normalsArray[currentVertexPointer*3] = currentNorm.x;
    normalsArray[currentVertexPointer*3 + 1] = currentNorm.y;
    normalsArray[currentVertexPointer*3 + 2] = currentNorm.z;
}
我不确定是否： -纹理在名为纹理阵列的最终浮点数组中正确排序。与此步骤相关的代码可以在processVertex方法中找到：

int currentVertexPointer = Integer.parseInt(vertexData[0]) - 1;
indices.add(currentVertexPointer);

Vector2f currentTex = textures.get(Integer.parseInt(vertexData[1]) - 1);
textureArray[currentVertexPointer*2] = currentTex.x;
textureArray[currentVertexPointer*2 + 1] = 1.0f - currentTex.y;

    private static void processVertex(String[] vertexData, List<Integer> indices, List<Vector2f> textures,
        List<Vector3f> normals, float[] textureArray, float[] normalsArray) {

    int currentVertexPointer = Integer.parseInt(vertexData[0]) - 1;
    System.out.println("[OBJLoader.processVertex]: currentVertexPointer = " + currentVertexPointer);
    indices.add(currentVertexPointer);

    //THIS IS NEW
    Vector2f currentTex = textures.get(Integer.parseInt(vertexData[1]) - 1);
    if ((textureArray[currentVertexPointer*2] + textureArray[currentVertexPointer*2+1])== 0 ) { //if the index hasn't been populated yet, store it
        textureArray[currentVertexPointer*2] = currentTex.x;
        textureArray[currentVertexPointer*2+1] = 1.0f - currentTex.y;
    } else {
        //create a new vertex (index?) and associate it with second coordinate u
        //create a new vertex (index?) and associate it with texture coordinate v
    }
    //END OF NEW CODE

    Vector3f currentNorm = normals.get(Integer.parseInt(vertexData[2]) - 1);
    normalsArray[currentVertexPointer*3] = currentNorm.x;
    normalsArray[currentVertexPointer*3 + 1] = currentNorm.y;
    normalsArray[currentVertexPointer*3 + 2] = currentNorm.z;
}
它应该如何工作： 首先，从.obj文件读取纹理坐标，并将其存储为名为纹理的ArrayList中的Vector2f（二维向量，基本上仅存储x和y值）

但是，为了让OpenGL正常工作，这些纹理坐标应该重新排列，以便与相应的顶点匹配（至少我从多个教程中读到了这一点）。这是通过读取所谓的多边形面元素来完成的

这些多边形面元素由以
f
开头的每一行描述。每条这样的线描述三个顶点。每个顶点由顶点位置、纹理坐标和法向量表示。这一行的一个例子是：
f8/4/26/5/25/6/2
。仔细查看
8/4/2
顶点表示。这表明该顶点的位置等于.obj文件中的第八个指定顶点位置（
-1.000000 1.000000-1.000000
），纹理坐标等于文件中的第四个指定纹理坐标（
0.7234 0.4867
），第二个法向量（0.0000 1.0000 0.0000）

processVertex方法在找到以f开头的线时，每次调用三次，以处理描述该多边形面元素的每个顶点（一次用于
8/4/2
，一次用于
6/5/2
和一次用于
5/6/2
）。每次，一组数据作为字符串数组（在正斜杠位置拆分）传递给该方法，然后是List纹理、List法线、float[]texturarray和float[]normalsArray

private static void processVertex(String[] vertexData, List<Integer> indices, List<Vector2f> textures,
        List<Vector3f> normals, float[] textureArray, float[] normalsArray) {
    int currentVertexPointer = Integer.parseInt(vertexData[0]) - 1;
    System.out.println("[OBJLoader.processVertex]: currentVertexPointer = " + currentVertexPointer);
    indices.add(currentVertexPointer);
    System.out.println("[OBJLoader.processVertex]: Adding " + currentVertexPointer + " to indices!");

    //something probably wrong here 
    Vector2f currentTex = textures.get(Integer.parseInt(vertexData[1]) - 1);
    textureArray[currentVertexPointer*2] = currentTex.x;
    textureArray[currentVertexPointer*2 + 1] = 1.0f - currentTex.y;
    System.out.println("[OBJLoader.processVertex]: Added vt " + currentTex.x + " to index " + currentVertexPointer*2 + 
            " and vt " + (1.0f - currentTex.y) + " to index " + (currentVertexPointer*2+1) + " of the textureArray");

    Vector3f currentNorm = normals.get(Integer.parseInt(vertexData[2]) - 1);
    normalsArray[currentVertexPointer*3] = currentNorm.x;
    normalsArray[currentVertexPointer*3 + 1] = currentNorm.y;
    normalsArray[currentVertexPointer*3 + 2] = currentNorm.z;
}
很明显，大多数索引都被不同的纹理坐标数据覆盖。使用相同纹理坐标数据覆盖的索引为0、1、2、3、9和11。因此，我推测，由于这些索引被相同的值覆盖，而其他索引被不同的值覆盖，因此背面和左面映射正确

如何解决这个问题

嗯，这已经很长时间了，不是吗？谢谢你花这么多时间，我真的很感激

编辑#1 在@florentt给出第一个答案后，我完成了将以下代码集成到processVertex方法中的工作：

int currentVertexPointer = Integer.parseInt(vertexData[0]) - 1;
indices.add(currentVertexPointer);

Vector2f currentTex = textures.get(Integer.parseInt(vertexData[1]) - 1);
textureArray[currentVertexPointer*2] = currentTex.x;
textureArray[currentVertexPointer*2 + 1] = 1.0f - currentTex.y;

    private static void processVertex(String[] vertexData, List<Integer> indices, List<Vector2f> textures,
        List<Vector3f> normals, float[] textureArray, float[] normalsArray) {

    int currentVertexPointer = Integer.parseInt(vertexData[0]) - 1;
    System.out.println("[OBJLoader.processVertex]: currentVertexPointer = " + currentVertexPointer);
    indices.add(currentVertexPointer);

    //THIS IS NEW
    Vector2f currentTex = textures.get(Integer.parseInt(vertexData[1]) - 1);
    if ((textureArray[currentVertexPointer*2] + textureArray[currentVertexPointer*2+1])== 0 ) { //if the index hasn't been populated yet, store it
        textureArray[currentVertexPointer*2] = currentTex.x;
        textureArray[currentVertexPointer*2+1] = 1.0f - currentTex.y;
    } else {
        //create a new vertex (index?) and associate it with second coordinate u
        //create a new vertex (index?) and associate it with texture coordinate v
    }
    //END OF NEW CODE

    Vector3f currentNorm = normals.get(Integer.parseInt(vertexData[2]) - 1);
    normalsArray[currentVertexPointer*3] = currentNorm.x;
    normalsArray[currentVertexPointer*3 + 1] = currentNorm.y;
    normalsArray[currentVertexPointer*3 + 2] = currentNorm.z;
}
然而，上述方法的效果比以前更糟。现在，立方体甚至没有渲染为立方体，而是渲染为一个单独的三角形和面，中间为空。请提供帮助：（

您似乎很快就能找到问题所在。是的，某些数据正在被覆盖，因为obj顶点可以在不同的面上具有多个法线或纹理向量。问题在于openGL中的顶点属性并非如此

你需要做的是检查你的顶点是否已经有了纹理坐标，如果已经有了，你可以创建一个新的顶点并将第二个纹理关联到它。小心点，它可能会有点混乱。 假设你有v1，一个顶点，在不同的面上有几个纹理坐标

V1->t1；V1->t2；V1->t2。 所以你说V1->t1，很简单。但是你在同一个顶点上看到另一个坐标。所以你克隆V1，得到v2->t2（V1==v2）。 现在是v1->t2，您不应该创建新的顶点v3，因为v2已经存在并且非常适合

因此，要正确地执行，您需要跟踪