在R中可视化纵向分类数据的好方法_R_Graphics_Visualization_Data Visualization

在R中可视化纵向分类数据的好方法

r graphics

在R中可视化纵向分类数据的好方法,r,graphics,visualization,data-visualization,R,Graphics,Visualization,Data Visualization,[更新：虽然我已经接受了一个答案，但如果您有其他可视化想法（无论是R语言还是其他语言/程序），请添加另一个答案。分类数据分析的文本似乎没有太多关于可视化纵向数据的内容，而纵向数据分析的文本似乎没有太多关于可视化主题内随着时间的推移在类别成员中的变化。对这个问题有更多的答案将使它成为一个更好的资源，用于解决一个在我看来没有太多报道的问题n标准参考文献。] 一位同事刚刚给了我一个纵向分类数据集来查看，我正试图找出如何在可视化中捕获纵向方面。我在这里发帖，因为我想在R中这样做，但请让我知道交叉发帖到交

[更新：虽然我已经接受了一个答案，但如果您有其他可视化想法（无论是R语言还是其他语言/程序），请添加另一个答案。分类数据分析的文本似乎没有太多关于可视化纵向数据的内容，而纵向数据分析的文本似乎没有太多关于可视化主题内随着时间的推移在类别成员中的变化。对这个问题有更多的答案将使它成为一个更好的资源，用于解决一个在我看来没有太多报道的问题n标准参考文献。]

一位同事刚刚给了我一个纵向分类数据集来查看，我正试图找出如何在可视化中捕获纵向方面。我在这里发帖，因为我想在R中这样做，但请让我知道交叉发帖到交叉验证是否有意义，因为交叉发帖通常是不鼓励的

快速背景：这些数据追踪了参加学术咨询项目的学生的学期间学术地位。数据格式较长，有五个变量：“id”、“队列”、“术语”、“站立”和“termGPA”。前两个识别学生和他们在咨询计划中的任期。最后三个是记录学生学业成绩和GPA的术语。我在下面使用

dput

粘贴了一些示例数据

我创建了一个马赛克图（见下文），按队列、站姿和学期对学生进行分组。这显示了在每个学期，学生在每个学术地位类别中所占的比例。但这并没有抓住纵向方面——即学生个体随时间而被跟踪的事实。我想追踪一组具有特定学术地位的学生随着时间的推移所走的道路

例如：在2009年秋季（F09）成绩为“AP”（学术试用）的学生中，哪些分数在未来仍然是AP，哪些分数进入了其他类别（例如，GS，“良好成绩”）？自进入咨询计划以来，在类别间随时间的移动方面，队列之间是否存在差异

我不太明白如何在R图形中捕捉这个纵向方面。

vcd

软件包具有可视化分类数据的功能，但似乎无法处理纵向分类数据。是否有可视化纵向分类数据的“标准”方法？R有专门为此设计的软件包吗？长格式适合这种类型的数据还是宽格式更好

我将非常感谢为解决这个特殊问题提出的建议，以及为学习更多关于可视化纵向分类数据的文章、书籍等提供的建议

这是我用来制作马赛克图的代码。代码将下列数据与

dput

一起使用

library(RColorBrewer)

# create a table object for plotting
df1.tab = table(df1$cohort, df1$term, df1$standing,
            dnn=c("Cohort\nAcademic Standing", "Term", "Standing"))

# create a mosaic plot
plot(df1.tab, las=1, dir=c("h","v","h"), 
     col=brewer.pal(8,"Dark2"),
     main="Fall 2009 and Fall 2010 Cohorts")

这是马赛克图（附带问题：是否有办法使F10队列的列直接位于F09队列的列下方，并具有与F09队列相同的宽度，即使F10队列中没有某些术语的数据）：

以下是用于创建表格和绘图的数据：

df1 =
structure(list(id = c(101L, 102L, 103L, 104L, 105L, 106L, 107L, 
108L, 109L, 110L, 111L, 112L, 113L, 114L, 115L, 116L, 117L, 118L, 
119L, 120L, 121L, 122L, 123L, 124L, 125L, 101L, 102L, 103L, 104L, 
105L, 106L, 107L, 108L, 109L, 110L, 111L, 112L, 113L, 114L, 115L, 
116L, 117L, 118L, 119L, 120L, 121L, 122L, 123L, 124L, 125L, 101L, 
102L, 103L, 104L, 105L, 106L, 107L, 108L, 109L, 110L, 111L, 112L, 
113L, 114L, 115L, 116L, 117L, 118L, 119L, 120L, 121L, 122L, 123L, 
124L, 125L, 101L, 102L, 103L, 104L, 105L, 106L, 107L, 108L, 109L, 
110L, 111L, 112L, 113L, 114L, 115L, 116L, 117L, 118L, 119L, 120L, 
121L, 122L, 123L, 124L, 125L, 101L, 102L, 103L, 104L, 105L, 106L, 
107L, 108L, 109L, 110L, 111L, 112L, 113L, 114L, 115L, 116L, 117L, 
118L, 119L, 120L, 121L, 122L, 123L, 124L, 125L, 101L, 102L, 103L, 
104L, 105L, 106L, 107L, 108L, 109L, 110L, 111L, 112L, 113L, 114L, 
115L, 116L, 117L, 118L, 119L, 120L, 121L, 122L, 123L, 124L, 125L, 
101L, 102L, 103L, 104L, 105L, 106L, 107L, 108L, 109L, 110L, 111L, 
112L, 113L, 114L, 115L, 116L, 117L, 118L, 119L, 120L, 121L, 122L, 
123L, 124L, 125L), cohort = structure(c(1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 2L, 1L, 
1L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 2L, 2L, 1L, 1L, 
1L, 1L, 2L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 2L, 1L, 1L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 1L, 1L, 
1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 2L, 2L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 2L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 
2L, 1L, 1L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 2L, 2L, 
1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 2L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 2L, 1L, 1L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 
1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 2L, 2L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 2L, 1L, 1L, 
1L, 1L, 2L, 1L, 1L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 
2L, 2L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 2L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 2L, 1L, 1L, 2L, 2L, 
2L, 2L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 2L, 2L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 2L, 
1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 2L, 1L, 1L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 
1L, 1L, 2L, 2L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 2L), .Label = c("F09", "F10"), class = c("ordered", 
"factor")), term = structure(c(1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 
1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 
1L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 
2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 3L, 3L, 3L, 3L, 3L, 3L, 
3L, 3L, 3L, 3L, 3L, 3L, 3L, 3L, 3L, 3L, 3L, 3L, 3L, 3L, 3L, 3L, 
3L, 3L, 3L, 4L, 4L, 4L, 4L, 4L, 4L, 4L, 4L, 4L, 4L, 4L, 4L, 4L, 
4L, 4L, 4L, 4L, 4L, 4L, 4L, 4L, 4L, 4L, 4L, 4L, 5L, 5L, 5L, 5L, 
5L, 5L, 5L, 5L, 5L, 5L, 5L, 5L, 5L, 5L, 5L, 5L, 5L, 5L, 5L, 5L, 
5L, 5L, 5L, 5L, 5L, 6L, 6L, 6L, 6L, 6L, 6L, 6L, 6L, 6L, 6L, 6L, 
6L, 6L, 6L, 6L, 6L, 6L, 6L, 6L, 6L, 6L, 6L, 6L, 6L, 6L, 7L, 7L, 
7L, 7L, 7L, 7L, 7L, 7L, 7L, 7L, 7L, 7L, 7L, 7L, 7L, 7L, 7L, 7L, 
7L, 7L, 7L, 7L, 7L, 7L, 7L), .Label = c("S09", "F09", "S10", 
"F10", "S11", "F11", "S12"), class = c("ordered", "factor")), 
    standing = structure(c(2L, 4L, 1L, 4L, NA, 4L, 1L, NA, NA, 
    NA, NA, 2L, 2L, 1L, 4L, 4L, 1L, 3L, NA, NA, 4L, 3L, 1L, 4L, 
    NA, 2L, 1L, 3L, 3L, NA, 1L, 2L, NA, NA, NA, NA, 2L, 4L, 3L, 
    4L, 4L, 4L, 2L, NA, NA, 4L, 2L, 4L, 4L, NA, 3L, 4L, 6L, 6L, 
    1L, 4L, 4L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 4L, 6L, 4L, 4L, 1L, 4L, 1L, 
    2L, 4L, 3L, 1L, 4L, 1L, 6L, 1L, 6L, 6L, 7L, 4L, 4L, 2L, 2L, 
    4L, 2L, 6L, 4L, 6L, 7L, 4L, 2L, 4L, 1L, 2L, 4L, 6L, 6L, 4L, 
    2L, 2L, 3L, 6L, 6L, 7L, 4L, 4L, 3L, 4L, 4L, 6L, 2L, 1L, 6L, 
    6L, 4L, 2L, 1L, 7L, 2L, 4L, 6L, 6L, 4L, 4L, 3L, 6L, 4L, 6L, 
    2L, 4L, 4L, 6L, 4L, 4L, 6L, 3L, 2L, 6L, 6L, 4L, 2L, 6L, 3L, 
    4L, 4L, 6L, 6L, 4L, 4L, 5L, 6L, 4L, 6L, 4L, 4L, 4L, 5L, 4L, 
    4L, 6L, 6L, 2L, 6L, 6L, 4L, 3L, 6L, 6L, 4L, 4L, 6L, 6L, 4L, 
    4L), .Label = c("AP", "CP", "DQ", "GS", "DM", "NE", "WD"), class = "factor"), 
    termGPA = c(1.433, 1.925, 1, 1.68, NA, 1.579, 1.233, NA, 
    NA, NA, NA, 2.009, 1.675, 0, 1.5, 1.86, 0.5, 0.94, NA, NA, 
    1.777, 1.1, 1.133, 1.675, NA, 2, 1.25, 1.66, 0, NA, 1.525, 
    2.25, NA, NA, NA, NA, 1.66, 2.325, 0, 2.308, 1.6, 1.825, 
    2.33, NA, NA, 2.65, 2.65, 2.85, 3.233, NA, 1.25, 1.575, NA, 
    NA, 1, 2.385, 3.133, 0, 0, 1.729, 1.075, 0, 4, NA, 2.74, 
    0, 1.369, 2.53, 0, 2.65, 2.75, 0, 0.333, 3.367, 1, NA, 0.1, 
    NA, NA, 1, 2.2, 2.18, 2.31, 1.75, 3.073, 0.7, NA, 1.425, 
    NA, 2.74, 2.9, 0.692, 2, 0.75, 1.675, 2.4, NA, NA, 3.829, 
    2.33, 2.3, 1.5, NA, NA, NA, 2.69, 1.52, 0.838, 2.35, 1.55, 
    NA, 1.35, 0.66, NA, NA, 1.35, 1.9, 1.04, NA, 1.464, 2.94, 
    NA, NA, 3.72, 2.867, 1.467, NA, 3.133, NA, 1, 2.458, 1.214, 
    NA, 3.325, 2.315, NA, 1, 2.233, NA, NA, 2.567, 1, NA, 0, 
    3.325, 2.077, NA, NA, 3.85, 2.718, 1.385, NA, 2.333, NA, 
    2.675, 1.267, 1.6, 1.388, 3.433, 0.838, NA, NA, 0, NA, NA, 
    2.6, 0, NA, NA, 1, 2.825, NA, NA, 3.838, 2.883)), .Names = c("id", 
"cohort", "term", "standing", "termGPA"), row.names = c("101.F09.s09", 
"102.F09.s09", "103.F09.s09", "104.F09.s09", "105.F10.s09", "106.F09.s09", 
"107.F09.s09", "108.F10.s09", "109.F10.s09", "110.F10.s09", "111.F10.s09", 
"112.F09.s09", "113.F09.s09", "114.F09.s09", "115.F09.s09", "116.F09.s09", 
"117.F09.s09", "118.F09.s09", "119.F10.s09", "120.F10.s09", "121.F09.s09", 
"122.F09.s09", "123.F09.s09", "124.F09.s09", "125.F10.s09", "101.F09.f09", 
"102.F09.f09", "103.F09.f09", "104.F09.f09", "105.F10.f09", "106.F09.f09", 
"107.F09.f09", "108.F10.f09", "109.F10.f09", "110.F10.f09", "111.F10.f09", 
"112.F09.f09", "113.F09.f09", "114.F09.f09", "115.F09.f09", "116.F09.f09", 
"117.F09.f09", "118.F09.f09", "119.F10.f09", "120.F10.f09", "121.F09.f09", 
"122.F09.f09", "123.F09.f09", "124.F09.f09", "125.F10.f09", "101.F09.s10", 
"102.F09.s10", "103.F09.s10", "104.F09.s10", "105.F10.s10", "106.F09.s10", 
"107.F09.s10", "108.F10.s10", "109.F10.s10", "110.F10.s10", "111.F10.s10", 
"112.F09.s10", "113.F09.s10", "114.F09.s10", "115.F09.s10", "116.F09.s10", 
"117.F09.s10", "118.F09.s10", "119.F10.s10", "120.F10.s10", "121.F09.s10", 
"122.F09.s10", "123.F09.s10", "124.F09.s10", "125.F10.s10", "101.F09.f10", 
"102.F09.f10", "103.F09.f10", "104.F09.f10", "105.F10.f10", "106.F09.f10", 
"107.F09.f10", "108.F10.f10", "109.F10.f10", "110.F10.f10", "111.F10.f10", 
"112.F09.f10", "113.F09.f10", "114.F09.f10", "115.F09.f10", "116.F09.f10", 
"117.F09.f10", "118.F09.f10", "119.F10.f10", "120.F10.f10", "121.F09.f10", 
"122.F09.f10", "123.F09.f10", "124.F09.f10", "125.F10.f10", "101.F09.s11", 
"102.F09.s11", "103.F09.s11", "104.F09.s11", "105.F10.s11", "106.F09.s11", 
"107.F09.s11", "108.F10.s11", "109.F10.s11", "110.F10.s11", "111.F10.s11", 
"112.F09.s11", "113.F09.s11", "114.F09.s11", "115.F09.s11", "116.F09.s11", 
"117.F09.s11", "118.F09.s11", "119.F10.s11", "120.F10.s11", "121.F09.s11", 
"122.F09.s11", "123.F09.s11", "124.F09.s11", "125.F10.s11", "101.F09.f11", 
"102.F09.f11", "103.F09.f11", "104.F09.f11", "105.F10.f11", "106.F09.f11", 
"107.F09.f11", "108.F10.f11", "109.F10.f11", "110.F10.f11", "111.F10.f11", 
"112.F09.f11", "113.F09.f11", "114.F09.f11", "115.F09.f11", "116.F09.f11", 
"117.F09.f11", "118.F09.f11", "119.F10.f11", "120.F10.f11", "121.F09.f11", 
"122.F09.f11", "123.F09.f11", "124.F09.f11", "125.F10.f11", "101.F09.s12", 
"102.F09.s12", "103.F09.s12", "104.F09.s12", "105.F10.s12", "106.F09.s12", 
"107.F09.s12", "108.F10.s12", "109.F10.s12", "110.F10.s12", "111.F10.s12", 
"112.F09.s12", "113.F09.s12", "114.F09.s12", "115.F09.s12", "116.F09.s12", 
"117.F09.s12", "118.F09.s12", "119.F10.s12", "120.F10.s12", "121.F09.s12", 
"122.F09.s12", "123.F09.s12", "124.F09.s12", "125.F10.s12"), reshapeLong = structure(list(
    varying = list(c("s09as", "f09as", "s10as", "f10as", "s11as", 
    "f11as", "s12as"), c("s09termGPA", "f09termGPA", "s10termGPA", 
    "f10termGPA", "s11termGPA", "f11termGPA", "s12termGPA")), 
    v.names = c("standing", "termGPA"), idvar = c("id", "cohort"
    ), timevar = "term"), .Names = c("varying", "v.names", "idvar", 
"timevar")), class = "data.frame")

下面是一些绘制数据的方法。我使用了ggplot2，并在一些地方重新格式化了数据

图1 我使用了一个堆叠的条形图来模拟马赛克图并解决对齐问题

图2 每个学生的数据点由一条灰线连接，这让人想起平行坐标图。给点上色表示分类的地位。在y轴上使用GPA有助于分散点以减少过度抽签，并显示站立和GPA的相关性。一个主要问题是，许多有效的

数据点由于缺少匹配的termGPA值而退出
图3

在这里，我创建了一个名为initial_standing的新变量，用于刻面。每个小组都包含在队列和初始位置匹配的学生。将id标绘为文本会使此图有点混乱，但在某些情况下可能有用
图4

这个情节就像一张热图，每一行都是一个学生。我控制了id轴的顺序，以迫使初始站姿和队列分组保持在一起。如果您有更多的行，您可能需要考虑通过某种类型的群集来排序行。p>
library(ggplot2)

# Create new data frame for determining initial standing.
standing_data = data.frame(id=unique(df1$id), initial_standing=NA, cohort=NA)

for (i in 1:nrow(standing_data)) {
    id = standing_data$id[i]
    subdat = df1[df1$id == id, ]
    subdat = subdat[complete.cases(subdat), ]
    initial_standing = subdat$standing[which.min(subdat$term)]
    standing_data[i, "initial_standing"] = as.character(initial_standing)
    standing_data[i, "cohort"] = as.character(subdat$cohort[1])
}

standing_data$cohort = factor(standing_data$cohort, levels=levels(df1$cohort))
standing_data$initial_standing = factor(standing_data$initial_standing,
                                        levels=levels(df1$standing))

# Add the new column (initial_standing) to df1.
df1 = merge(df1, standing_data[, c("id", "initial_standing")], by="id")

# Remove rows where standing is missing. Make some plots tidier.
df1 = df1[!is.na(df1$standing), ]

# Create id factor, controlling the sort order of the levels.     
id_order = order(standing_data$initial_standing, standing_data$cohort)
df1$id = factor(df1$id, levels=as.character(standing_data$id)[id_order])


p1 = ggplot(df1, aes(x=term, fill=standing)) +
     geom_bar(position="fill", colour="grey20", size=0.5, width=1.0) +
     facet_grid(cohort ~ .) +
     scale_fill_brewer(palette="Set1")

p2 = ggplot(df1, aes(x=term, y=termGPA, group=id)) + 
     geom_line(colour="grey70") + 
     geom_point(aes(colour=standing), size=4) + 
     facet_grid(cohort ~ .) +
     scale_colour_brewer(palette="Set1")

p3 = ggplot(df1, aes(x=term, y=termGPA, group=id)) +
     geom_line(colour="grey70") + 
     geom_point(aes(colour=standing), size=4) + 
     geom_text(aes(label=id), hjust=-0.30, size=3) +
     facet_grid(initial_standing ~ cohort) +
     scale_colour_brewer(palette="Set1")


p4 = ggplot(df1, aes(x=term, y=id, fill=standing)) + 
     geom_tile(colour="grey20") +
     facet_grid(initial_standing ~ ., space="free_y", scales="free_y") +
     scale_fill_brewer(palette="Set1") +
     opts(panel.grid.major=theme_blank()) +
     opts(panel.grid.minor=theme_blank())

ggsave("plot_1.png", p1, width=10, height=6.25, dpi=80)
ggsave("plot_2.png", p2, width=10, height=6.25, dpi=80)
ggsave("plot_3.png", p3, width=10, height=6.25, dpi=80)
ggsave("plot_4.png", p4, width=10, height=6.25, dpi=80)

在研究我的问题时，我发现了一些其他选项，我将在这里列出
许多相对较新的R软件包被设计用于可视化和分析“生命史”或“多状态序列”数据。这个想法是，随着时间的推移，人们（或物体）进入和退出各种类别——例如，职业变化、婚姻和离婚、健康和疾病，或者，在我的例子中，大学学术地位的类别
可视化序列或生命史数据的R包包括@timriffe在上述评论中提到的和。传记集的作者弗兰斯·威利肯斯（Frans Willekens）有一本关于传记集的书。用R对生命史进行的多状态分析，将于今年秋天由斯普林格出版。TraMineR在上面的链接上有详细的用户手册，也有一个较短的链接。JSS还有一个讨论多状态建模的附加R包的例子
我还发现了一些专门的软件，这些软件设计用来可视化随着时间的推移类别之间的移动。是一个简单、免费的程序，用于生成基本的可视化效果，但灵活性有限。更复杂。它也是免费的，但你必须向创建者发送电子邮件，请求副本
一旦我有机会尝试这些工具，我将为这个答案添加更多细节。我希望在我编写一个R包来解决这个问题之前，我已经找到@bdemarest的答案，但是由于OP要求额外的更新，我将再分享一个解决方案。bdemarest在图4中建议的是我一直称之为水平线图的类型<
# libraries
install.packages('longCatEDA')
library(longCatEDA)
library(RColorBrewer)

# transform data long to wide
dfw <- reshape(df1,
           timevar = 'term',
           idvar = c('id', 'cohort'),
           direction = 'wide')

# set up objects required by longCat()
y <- dfw[,seq(3,15,by=2)]
Labels <- levels(df1$standing)
tLabels <- levels(df1$term)
groupLabels <- levels(dfw$cohort)

# use the same colors as bdemarest
cols <- brewer.pal(7, "Set1")

# plot the longCat object
png('plot1.png', width=10, height=6.25, units='in', res=100)
par(bg='cornsilk3', mar=c(5.1, 4.1, 4.1, 8.1), xpd=TRUE)
lc <- longCat(y=y, Labels=Labels, tLabels=tLabels, id=dfw$id) 
longCatPlot(lc, cols=cols, xlab='Term', lwd=8, legendBuffer=0)
legend(8.1, 25, legend=Labels, col=cols, lty=1, lwd=4)
dev.off()

# stratify by term
png('plot2.png', width=10, height=6.25, units='in', res=100)
par(bg='cornsilk3', mar=c(5.1, 4.1, 4.1, 8.1), xpd=TRUE)
lc.g <- sorter(lc, group=dfw$cohort, groupLabels=groupLabels)
longCatPlot(lc.g, cols=cols, xlab='Term', lwd=8, legendBuffer=0) 
legend(8.1, 25, legend=Labels, col=cols, lty=1, lwd=4)
dev.off()

# stratify by first status, akin to Figure 4 by bdemarest
png('plot2.png', width=10, height=6.25, units='in', res=100)
par(bg='cornsilk3', mar=c(5.1, 4.1, 4.1, 8.1), xpd=TRUE)
first <- apply(!is.na(y), 1, function(x) which(x)[1])
first <- y[cbind(seq_along(first), first)]
lc.1 <- sorter(lc, group=factor(first), groupLabels = sort(unique(first)))
longCatPlot(lc.1, cols=cols, xlab='Term', lwd=8, legendBuffer=0) 
legend(8.1, 25, legend=Labels, col=cols, lty=1, lwd=4)
dev.off()