Python 使用PyOpenGL，如何在.obj文件上应用实例？
我正试图按照上的示例对对象（.obj）文件应用实例 我的问题实际上有两个方面： 1） 如何在.obj文件上应用实例？（我想我快到了） 2） 据我所知，要使用实例化，必须将.obj文件存储在顶点数组缓冲区（VAO）中，因此需要帮助设置.obj文件的材质和纹理。如果我的假设是真的？（目前，我只是将对象指定为纯白色。） 到目前为止我所做的： 我使用Pywavefront加载.obj文件，但如果需要另一个obj加载程序，我不会被它卡住 设置放置对象的位置：Python 使用PyOpenGL，如何在.obj文件上应用实例？,python,opengl,.obj,Python,Opengl,.obj,我正试图按照上的示例对对象（.obj）文件应用实例 我的问题实际上有两个方面： 1） 如何在.obj文件上应用实例？（我想我快到了） 2） 据我所知，要使用实例化，必须将.obj文件存储在顶点数组缓冲区（VAO）中，因此需要帮助设置.obj文件的材质和纹理。如果我的假设是真的？（目前，我只是将对象指定为纯白色。） 到目前为止我所做的： 我使用Pywavefront加载.obj文件，但如果需要另一个obj加载程序，我不会被它卡住 设置放置对象的位置： #Locations
#Locations
vertices = [[-33.64413, 0.0, 19.03057], [-33.64818, 0.0, 19.0219],
[-33.64921, 0.0, 19.011],[-33.64913, 0.0, 19.03027], [-33.69828, 0.0, 19.0219],
[-33.64991, 0.0, 19.021]]
self.vertices = numpy.array(vertices, dtype='f')
# instance locations
amount = len(self.vertices)
#List storing the same object in different places
modelMatrices = []
#Storring the objects in a list
for i in range(0, amount):
model_o = glm.mat4(1.0)
model_o = glm.translate(model_o, glm.vec3(self.vertices[i][0], self.vertices[i][1], self.vertices[i][2]))
model_o = glm.scale(model_o, glm.vec3(0.0001, 0.0001, 0.0001))
modelMatrices.append(model_o)
#Create VBO for instancing
instanceVBO = glGenBuffers(1)
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, instanceVBO)
glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, glm.sizeof(glm.mat4), glm.value_ptr(modelMatrices[0]), GL_STATIC_DRAW)
#Bind each vertex attrib array of matrices (4 vectors in Matrix)
glEnableVertexAttribArray(3)
glVertexAttribPointer(3, 4, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, glm.sizeof(glm.mat4), ctypes.c_void_p(0))
glEnableVertexAttribArray(4)
glVertexAttribPointer(4, 4, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, glm.sizeof(glm.mat4), ctypes.c_void_p(glm.sizeof(glm.vec4)))
glEnableVertexAttribArray(5)
glVertexAttribPointer(5, 4, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, glm.sizeof(glm.mat4), ctypes.c_void_p((2 * glm.sizeof(glm.vec4))))
glEnableVertexAttribArray(6)
glVertexAttribPointer(6, 4, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, glm.sizeof(glm.mat4), ctypes.c_void_p((3 * glm.sizeof(glm.vec4))))
#Set instancing
glVertexAttribDivisor(3, 1)
glVertexAttribDivisor(4, 1)
glVertexAttribDivisor(5, 1)
glVertexAttribDivisor(6, 1)
#End VAO
glBindVertexArray(0)
self.vertex_obj = """
# version 330
in layout(location = 0) vec3 aPos;
in layout (location = 3) mat4 instanceMatrix;
uniform mat4 model;
uniform mat4 view;
uniform mat4 projection;
void main()
{
gl_Position = projection * view * instanceMatrix * vec4(aPos, 1.0);
}
"""
self.fragment_obj = """
#version 330
out vec4 FragColor;
void main()
{
FragColor = vec4(1.0,1.0,1.0, 1.0);
}
"""
glBindVertexArray(VAOs)
glDrawElementsInstanced(GL_TRIANGLES, len(obj_ind)*3, GL_UNSIGNED_INT, None, amount)
glBindVertexArray(0)
我快速瞥了一眼，似乎你的设置基本上是正确的，并且可能改变了问题。我想知道是否是您用vertexAttribPointer发送的转换，您是否可以尝试使用一个带有16个浮点数的vertexAttribPointer，而不是使用您当前使用的4个属性？因此，对于每个实例，您只需在着色器中获得16个浮点（mat4）的单个属性。@nooibius。我尝试了一些东西，但可能我不完全理解这个评论。我尝试更改属性指针GlenableVertexAttributeArray（3）glVertexAttributePointer（3，4，GL_FLOAT，GL_FALSE，glm.sizeof（glm.mat4），ctypes.c_void_p（0））并注释掉其余内容，但没有任何效果。着色器中是否也应该更改？无需担心，你是对的。我查阅了GlenableVertexAttributeArray的API，但你不能按照我的想法去做。我将查看是否发现其他内容。这里有一个建议，尝试在着色器中使用实例id，计算偏移量并在着色器中创建变换（禁用发送实例变换）。查看是否有多个实例显示。一旦你让它工作起来，我们就知道我们发送的实例转换不起作用了。@Noobius。谢谢你的建议，我会在好好休息一晚后尝试实施补偿法，但我认为这是一个很好的开始。
self.vertex_obj = """
# version 330
in layout(location = 0) vec3 aPos;
in layout (location = 3) mat4 instanceMatrix;
uniform mat4 model;
uniform mat4 view;
uniform mat4 projection;
void main()
{
gl_Position = projection * view * instanceMatrix * vec4(aPos, 1.0);
}
"""
self.fragment_obj = """
#version 330
out vec4 FragColor;
void main()
{
FragColor = vec4(1.0,1.0,1.0, 1.0);
}
"""
glBindVertexArray(VAOs)
glDrawElementsInstanced(GL_TRIANGLES, len(obj_ind)*3, GL_UNSIGNED_INT, None, amount)
glBindVertexArray(0)
import numpy
import glfw
from OpenGL.GL import *
from OpenGL.GL.shaders import compileProgram, compileShader
import pyrr
import glm
from pyrr import matrix44
from math import sin, cos, radians
from OBJ_Loader import*
import pywavefront
class threeD_viewer():
def __init__(self):
vertices = [[-33.64413, 0.0, 19.03057], [-33.64818, 0.0, 19.0219],
[-33.64921, 0.0, 19.011],[-33.64913, 0.0, 19.03027], [-33.69828, 0.0, 19.0219],
[-33.64991, 0.0, 19.021]]
self.vertices = numpy.array(vertices, dtype='f')
self.cam = Camera(self.vertices[0][0], self.vertices[0][2])
self.WIDTH, self.HEIGHT = 1280, 720
self.lastX, self.LastY = self.WIDTH / 2, self.HEIGHT / 2
self.first_mouse = True
self.forward, self.backward, self.right, self.left, self.up, self.down = False, False, False, False, False, False
self.x_start, self.y_start = self.vertices[0][0], self.vertices[0][2]
self.vertex_obj = """
# version 330
in layout(location = 0) vec3 aPos;
in layout (location = 3) mat4 instanceMatrix;
uniform mat4 model;
uniform mat4 view;
uniform mat4 projection;
void main()
{
gl_Position = projection * view * instanceMatrix * vec4(aPos, 1.0);
}
"""
self.fragment_obj = """
#version 330
out vec4 FragColor;
void main()
{
FragColor = vec4(1.0,1.0,1.0, 1.0);
}
"""
self.main()
# the keyboard input callback
def key_input_clb(self, window, key, scancode, action, mode):
if key == glfw.KEY_ESCAPE and action == glfw.PRESS:
glfw.set_window_should_close(window, True)
if key == glfw.KEY_W and action == glfw.PRESS:
self.forward = True
elif key == glfw.KEY_W and action == glfw.RELEASE:
self.forward = False
if key == glfw.KEY_S and action == glfw.PRESS:
self.backward = True
elif key == glfw.KEY_S and action == glfw.RELEASE:
self.backward = False
if key == glfw.KEY_A and action == glfw.PRESS:
self.left = True
elif key == glfw.KEY_A and action == glfw.RELEASE:
self.left = False
if key == glfw.KEY_D and action == glfw.PRESS:
self.right = True
elif key == glfw.KEY_D and action == glfw.RELEASE:
self.right = False
if key == glfw.KEY_Q and action == glfw.PRESS:
self.up = True
elif key == glfw.KEY_Q and action == glfw.RELEASE:
self.up = False
if key == glfw.KEY_E and action == glfw.PRESS:
self.down = True
elif key == glfw.KEY_E and action == glfw.RELEASE:
self.down = False
def do_movement(self):
if self.forward:
self.cam.process_keyboard("FORWARD", 0.000008)
if self.backward:
self.cam.process_keyboard("BACKWARD", 0.000008)
if self.right:
self.cam.process_keyboard("RIGHT", 0.000008)
if self.left:
self.cam.process_keyboard("LEFT", 0.000008)
if self.up:
self.cam.process_keyboard("UP", 0.000008)
if self.down:
self.cam.process_keyboard("DOWN", 0.000008)
def mmouse_look_clb(self, window, xpos, ypos):
if self.first_mouse:
self.lastX = xpos
self.lastY = ypos
self.first_mouse = False
xoffset = xpos - self.lastX
yoffset = self.lastY - ypos
self.lastX = xpos
self.lastY = ypos
self.cam.process_mouse_movement(xoffset, yoffset)
def window_resize(self, window, width, height):
glViewport(0, 0, width, height)
projection = pyrr.matrix44.create_perspective_projection_matrix(45, width / height, 0.0001, 100)
proj_loc = glGetUniformLocation(self.shader_obj, "projection")
glUniformMatrix4fv(proj_loc, 1, GL_FALSE, projection)
def main(self):
# initializing glfw library
if not glfw.init():
raise Exception("glfw can not be initialized!")
# creating the window
window = glfw.create_window(self.WIDTH, self.HEIGHT, "My OpenGL window", None, None)
# check if window was created
if not window:
glfw.terminate()
raise Exception("glfw window can not be created!")
# set window's position
glfw.set_window_pos(window, 400, 200)
# set the callback function for window resize
glfw.set_window_size_callback(window, self.window_resize)
glfw.set_cursor_pos_callback(window, self.mmouse_look_clb)
glfw.set_input_mode(window, glfw.CURSOR, glfw.CURSOR_DISABLED)
glfw.set_key_callback(window, self.key_input_clb)
# make the context current
glfw.make_context_current(window)
self.shader_obj = compileProgram(compileShader(self.vertex_obj, GL_VERTEX_SHADER),
compileShader(self.fragment_obj, GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER))
obj_file = pywavefront.Wavefront('OBJ_PINS/Mcdonalds.obj', collect_faces=True)
obj_vertices = numpy.array(obj_file.vertices, dtype='f')
faces_list = []
for mesh in obj_file.mesh_list:
for face in mesh.faces:
faces_list.append(face)
obj_ind = numpy.array(faces_list, dtype=numpy.int32)
VAOs = glGenVertexArrays(1)
glBindVertexArray(VAOs)
# Vertex Buffer Object
VBO = glGenBuffers(1)
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, VBO)
glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, obj_vertices.nbytes, obj_vertices, GL_STATIC_DRAW)
# Element Buffer Object
EBO = glGenBuffers(1)
glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, EBO)
glBufferData(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, obj_ind.nbytes, obj_ind, GL_STATIC_DRAW)
# vertices
glEnableVertexAttribArray(0)
glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, obj_vertices.itemsize * 3, ctypes.c_void_p(0))
# instance locations
amount = len(self.vertices)
#List storing the same object in different places
modelMatrices = []
#Storring the objects in a list
for i in range(0, amount):
model_o = glm.mat4(1.0)
model_o = glm.translate(model_o, glm.vec3(self.vertices[i][0], self.vertices[i][1], self.vertices[i][2]))
model_o = glm.scale(model_o, glm.vec3(0.0001, 0.0001, 0.0001))
modelMatrices.append(model_o)
#Create VBO for instancing
instanceVBO = glGenBuffers(1)
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, instanceVBO)
glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, glm.sizeof(glm.mat4), glm.value_ptr(modelMatrices[0]), GL_STATIC_DRAW)
#Bind each vertex attrib array of matrices (4 vectors in Matrix)
glEnableVertexAttribArray(3)
glVertexAttribPointer(3, 4, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, glm.sizeof(glm.mat4), ctypes.c_void_p(0))
glEnableVertexAttribArray(4)
glVertexAttribPointer(4, 4, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, glm.sizeof(glm.mat4), ctypes.c_void_p(glm.sizeof(glm.vec4)))
glEnableVertexAttribArray(5)
glVertexAttribPointer(5, 4, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, glm.sizeof(glm.mat4), ctypes.c_void_p((2 * glm.sizeof(glm.vec4))))
glEnableVertexAttribArray(6)
glVertexAttribPointer(6, 4, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, glm.sizeof(glm.mat4), ctypes.c_void_p((3 * glm.sizeof(glm.vec4))))
#Set instancing
glVertexAttribDivisor(3, 1)
glVertexAttribDivisor(4, 1)
glVertexAttribDivisor(5, 1)
glVertexAttribDivisor(6, 1)
#End VAO
glBindVertexArray(0)
glClearColor(0, 0.1, 0.1, 1)
glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST)
glEnable(GL_BLEND)
glBlendFunc(GL_SRC_ALPHA, GL_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA)
#projection = pyrr.matrix44.create_perspective_projection_matrix(45, self.WIDTH / self.HEIGHT, 0.0001, 1000)
projection = glm.perspective(glm.radians(45.0), self.WIDTH / self.HEIGHT, 0.0001, 1000)
glUseProgram(self.shader_obj)
view_loc_obj = glGetUniformLocation(self.shader_obj, "view")
proj_loc_obj = glGetUniformLocation(self.shader_obj, "projection")
model_loc_obj = glGetUniformLocation(self.shader_obj, "model")
glUniformMatrix4fv(proj_loc_obj, 1, GL_FALSE, glm.value_ptr(projection))
glUseProgram(0)
# the main application loop
while not glfw.window_should_close(window):
glfw.poll_events()
self.do_movement()
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT)
glUseProgram(self.shader_obj)
view = self.cam.get_view_matrix()
glUniformMatrix4fv(proj_loc_obj, 1, GL_FALSE, glm.value_ptr(projection))
glUniformMatrix4fv(view_loc_obj, 1, GL_FALSE, view)
glBindVertexArray(VAOs)
glDrawElementsInstanced(GL_TRIANGLES, len(obj_ind)*3, GL_UNSIGNED_INT, None, amount)
glBindVertexArray(0)
glUseProgram(0)
glfw.swap_buffers(window)
# terminate glfw, free up allocated resources
glfw.terminate()
class Camera:
def __init__(self, xstart, ystart):
self.camera_pos = glm.vec3(xstart+0.005, 0, ystart+0.01)
#self.camera_pos = glm.vec3(0, 0, 0)
print(xstart+0.005)
print(ystart+0.01)
self.camera_front = glm.vec3(0.0, 0.0, -200.0)
self.camera_up = glm.vec3(0.0, 1.0, 0.0)
self.camera_right = glm.vec3(1.0, 0.0, 0.0)
self.mouse_sensitivity = 0.25
self.jaw = -90.0
self.pitch = 0.0
def get_view_matrix(self):
return matrix44.create_look_at(self.camera_pos, self.camera_pos + self.camera_front, self.camera_up)
def process_mouse_movement(self, xoffset, yoffset, constrain_pitch=True):
xoffset *= self.mouse_sensitivity
yoffset *= self.mouse_sensitivity
self.jaw += xoffset
self.pitch += yoffset
if constrain_pitch:
if self.pitch > 45:
self.pitch = 45
if self.pitch < -45:
self.pitch = -45
self.update_camera_vectors()
def update_camera_vectors(self):
front = glm.vec3(0.0, 0.0, 0.0)
front.x = cos(radians(self.jaw)) * cos(radians(self.pitch))
front.y = sin(radians(self.pitch))
front.z = sin(radians(self.jaw)) * cos(radians(self.pitch))
self.camera_front = glm.normalize(front)
self.camera_right = glm.normalize(glm.cross(self.camera_front, glm.vec3(0.0, 1.0, 0.0)))
#self.camera_up = glm.normalize(glm.cross(self.camera_right, self.camera_front))
# Camera method for the WASD movement
def process_keyboard(self, direction, velocity):
if direction == "FORWARD":
self.camera_pos += self.camera_front * velocity
if direction == "BACKWARD":
self.camera_pos -= self.camera_front * velocity
if direction == "LEFT":
self.camera_pos -= self.camera_right * velocity
if direction == "RIGHT":
self.camera_pos += self.camera_right * velocity
if direction == "UP":
self.camera_pos += self.camera_up * velocity
if direction == "DOWN":
self.camera_pos -= self.camera_up * velocity
threeD_viewer()
# instance locations
amount = len(self.vertices)
#List storing the same object in different places
modelMatrices = []
#Storring the objects in a list
for i in range(0, amount):
mod_list = []
model_o = glm.mat4(1.0)
model_o = glm.translate(model_o, glm.vec3(self.vertices[i][0], self.vertices[i][1], self.vertices[i][2]))
for i in range(4):
for j in range(4):
mod_list.append(model_o[i][j])
modelMatrices.append(mod_list)
modelMatrices = numpy.array(modelMatrices, dtype ="f")
print(modelMatrices.shape)
#Create VBO for instancing
instanceVBO = glGenBuffers(1)
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, instanceVBO)
glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, amount* glm.sizeof(glm.mat4), modelMatrices, GL_STATIC_DRAW)