Performance 如何确定二维点是否位于多边形内？
我正在尝试创建一个快速的二维多边形内点算法，用于命中测试（例如，Performance 如何确定二维点是否位于多边形内？,performance,graphics,collision-detection,polygon,point-in-polygon,qt,Performance,Graphics,Collision Detection,Polygon,Point In Polygon,Qt,我正在尝试创建一个快速的二维多边形内点算法，用于命中测试（例如，polygon.contains（p:point））。对于有效技术的建议，我们将不胜感激。简单的解决方案是将多边形划分为三角形，并按说明对三角形进行点击测试 如果多边形是凸的，那么可能有更好的方法。将多边形视为无限直线的集合。把空间分成两部分的每一条线。对于每一点，很容易判断它是在直线的一边还是另一边。如果一个点位于所有直线的同一侧，则该点位于多边形内 当我还是一名研究人员的时候，我在这方面做了一些工作，你知道，是那位教授提出的，等
polygon.contains（p:point）如果多边形是凸的，那么可能有更好的方法。将多边形视为无限直线的集合。把空间分成两部分的每一条线。对于每一点，很容易判断它是在直线的一边还是另一边。如果一个点位于所有直线的同一侧，则该点位于多边形内 当我还是一名研究人员的时候，我在这方面做了一些工作，你知道，是那位教授提出的，等等 我们意识到最快的方法是先做一个边界框，因为它非常快。如果它在边界框之外，则它在外部。否则，你会做更难的工作 如果你想要一个很棒的算法，请查看开源项目PostgreSQL源代码中的地理工作 我想指出的是，我们从来没有对右利手与左利手（也可以表示为“内部”与“外部”问题）有过任何洞察
更新 BKB的链接提供了许多合理的算法。我当时正在研究地球科学问题，因此需要一个在纬度/经度范围内工作的解决方案，它有一个特殊的利手问题——该区域是在较小的区域内还是在较大的区域内？答案是“方向”垂直方向很重要——它可以是左手的，也可以是右手的，通过这种方式，你们可以将任意一个区域表示为任何给定多边形的“内部”。同样地，我的工作使用了该页面上列举的解决方案三 此外，我的工作为“在线”测试使用了单独的函数 …因为有人问：我们发现，当垂直数超过某个数字时，边界框测试是最好的-如果必要，在进行更长的测试之前进行快速测试…边界框是通过简单地取最大的x、最小的x、最大的y和最小的y，并将它们放在一起形成一个框的四个点来创建的。。。
另一个建议是：我们在一个网格空间中，在一个平面上的正点上进行所有更复杂的“调光”计算，然后重新投影到“真实”中经度/纬度，从而避免了在一条经度180线交叉时以及在处理极地区域时可能出现的绕线错误。效果很好！计算点p和每个多边形顶点之间的角度方向和。如果总方向角度为360度，则该点在内侧。如果总方向角度为0，则该点在外侧一边 我更喜欢这种方法，因为它更稳健，对数值精度的依赖性更小 计算交点数均匀度的方法受到限制，因为在计算交点数的过程中，可以“击中”顶点 编辑：顺便说一下，此方法适用于凹多边形和凸多边形
number of edges per polygon
3 4 10 100 1000
MacMartin 2.9 3.2 5.9 50.6 485
Crossings 3.1 3.4 6.8 60.0 624
Triangle Fan+edge sort 1.1 1.8 6.5 77.6 787
Triangle Fan 1.2 2.1 7.3 85.4 865
Barycentric 2.1 3.8 13.8 160.7 1665
Angle Summation 56.2 70.4 153.6 1403.8 14693
Grid (100x100) 1.5 1.5 1.6 2.1 9.8
Grid (20x20) 1.7 1.7 1.9 5.7 42.2
Bins (100) 1.8 1.9 2.7 15.1 117
Bins (20) 2.1 2.2 3.7 26.3 278
编辑：我最近发现了一个完整的主题。David Segond的答案几乎是标准的一般答案，Richard T的是最常见的优化，尽管还有其他一些。其他强优化是基于不太一般的解决方案。例如，如果你要检查具有大量点的同一多边形，三角形计算多边形可以大大加快速度，因为有许多非常快速的三角网搜索算法。另一种是，如果多边形和点以低分辨率位于有限平面上，例如屏幕显示，则可以将多边形以给定颜色绘制到内存映射的显示缓冲区上，并检查给定像素的颜色，以查看其是否位于多边形
number of edges per polygon
3 4 10 100 1000
MacMartin 2.9 3.2 5.9 50.6 485
Crossings 3.1 3.4 6.8 60.0 624
Triangle Fan+edge sort 1.1 1.8 6.5 77.6 787
Triangle Fan 1.2 2.1 7.3 85.4 865
Barycentric 2.1 3.8 13.8 160.7 1665
Angle Summation 56.2 70.4 153.6 1403.8 14693
Grid (100x100) 1.5 1.5 1.6 2.1 9.8
Grid (20x20) 1.7 1.7 1.9 5.7 42.2
Bins (100) 1.8 1.9 2.7 15.1 117
Bins (20) 2.1 2.2 3.7 26.3 278
在这个领域工作时，我发现Joeseph O'Rourkes在C'ISBN 0-521-44034-3中的计算几何非常有帮助。对于图形，我不喜欢整数。许多系统使用整数进行UI绘制（像素毕竟是整数），但以macOS为例，它使用浮点运算。macOS只知道点，一个点可以转换为一个像素，但取决于显示器的分辨率，它可能会转换为其他像素。在视网膜屏幕上，有半个点（0.5/0.5）是像素。不过，我从未注意到macOS UI比其他UI慢得多。毕竟是3D API（OpenGL或Direct3D）也可以使用浮动，现代图形库通常利用GPU加速 现在你说速度是你的主要关注点，好吧，让我们来看看速度。在你运行任何复杂的算法之前，首先做一个简单的测试。在你的多边形周围创建一个轴对齐的边界框。这非常简单、快速，并且已经可以为你提供大量的计算。这是如何工作的？迭代多边形的所有点并找到最小/最大vX和Y的值 例如，你有点
（9/1），（4/3），（2/7），（8/2），（3/6）//p是你的观点，p.x是x坐标，p.y是y坐标
如果（p.xXmax | p.yYmax）{
//绝对不在多边形内！
}
- (BOOL)shape:(NSBezierPath *)path containsPoint:(NSPoint)point
{
NSBezierPath *currentPath = [path bezierPathByFlatteningPath];
BOOL result;
float aggregateX = 0; //I use these to calculate the centroid of the shape
float aggregateY = 0;
NSPoint firstPoint[1];
[currentPath elementAtIndex:0 associatedPoints:firstPoint];
float olderX = firstPoint[0].x;
float olderY = firstPoint[0].y;
NSPoint interPoint;
int noOfIntersections = 0;
for (int n = 0; n < [currentPath elementCount]; n++) {
NSPoint points[1];
[currentPath elementAtIndex:n associatedPoints:points];
aggregateX += points[0].x;
aggregateY += points[0].y;
}
for (int n = 0; n < [currentPath elementCount]; n++) {
NSPoint points[1];
[currentPath elementAtIndex:n associatedPoints:points];
//line equations in Ax + By = C form
float _A_FOO = (aggregateY/[currentPath elementCount]) - point.y;
float _B_FOO = point.x - (aggregateX/[currentPath elementCount]);
float _C_FOO = (_A_FOO * point.x) + (_B_FOO * point.y);
float _A_BAR = olderY - points[0].y;
float _B_BAR = points[0].x - olderX;
float _C_BAR = (_A_BAR * olderX) + (_B_BAR * olderY);
float det = (_A_FOO * _B_BAR) - (_A_BAR * _B_FOO);
if (det != 0) {
//intersection points with the edges
float xIntersectionPoint = ((_B_BAR * _C_FOO) - (_B_FOO * _C_BAR)) / det;
float yIntersectionPoint = ((_A_FOO * _C_BAR) - (_A_BAR * _C_FOO)) / det;
interPoint = NSMakePoint(xIntersectionPoint, yIntersectionPoint);
if (olderX <= points[0].x) {
//doesn't matter in which direction the ray goes, so I send it right-ward.
if ((interPoint.x >= olderX && interPoint.x <= points[0].x) && (interPoint.x > point.x)) {
noOfIntersections++;
}
} else {
if ((interPoint.x >= points[0].x && interPoint.x <= olderX) && (interPoint.x > point.x)) {
noOfIntersections++;
}
}
}
olderX = points[0].x;
olderY = points[0].y;
}
if (noOfIntersections % 2 == 0) {
result = FALSE;
} else {
result = TRUE;
}
return result;
}
static void Main(string[] args)
{
Console.Write("Hola");
List<double> vertx = new List<double>();
List<double> verty = new List<double>();
int i, j, c = 0;
vertx.Add(1);
vertx.Add(2);
vertx.Add(1);
vertx.Add(4);
vertx.Add(4);
vertx.Add(1);
verty.Add(1);
verty.Add(2);
verty.Add(4);
verty.Add(4);
verty.Add(1);
verty.Add(1);
int nvert = 6; //Vértices del poligono
double testx = 2;
double testy = 5;
for (i = 0, j = nvert - 1; i < nvert; j = i++)
{
if (((verty[i] > testy) != (verty[j] > testy)) &&
(testx < (vertx[j] - vertx[i]) * (testy - verty[i]) / (verty[j] - verty[i]) + vertx[i]))
c = 1;
}
}
public static bool IsPointInPolygon(IList<Point> polygon, Point testPoint) {
bool result = false;
int j = polygon.Count() - 1;
for (int i = 0; i < polygon.Count(); i++) {
if (polygon[i].Y < testPoint.Y && polygon[j].Y >= testPoint.Y || polygon[j].Y < testPoint.Y && polygon[i].Y >= testPoint.Y) {
if (polygon[i].X + (testPoint.Y - polygon[i].Y) / (polygon[j].Y - polygon[i].Y) * (polygon[j].X - polygon[i].X) < testPoint.X) {
result = !result;
}
}
j = i;
}
return result;
}
- (BOOL)isPointInPolygon:(NSArray *)vertices point:(CGPoint)test {
NSUInteger nvert = [vertices count];
NSInteger i, j, c = 0;
CGPoint verti, vertj;
for (i = 0, j = nvert-1; i < nvert; j = i++) {
verti = [(NSValue *)[vertices objectAtIndex:i] CGPointValue];
vertj = [(NSValue *)[vertices objectAtIndex:j] CGPointValue];
if (( (verti.y > test.y) != (vertj.y > test.y) ) &&
( test.x < ( vertj.x - verti.x ) * ( test.y - verti.y ) / ( vertj.y - verti.y ) + verti.x) )
c = !c;
}
return (c ? YES : NO);
}
- (void)testPoint {
NSArray *polygonVertices = [NSArray arrayWithObjects:
[NSValue valueWithCGPoint:CGPointMake(13.5, 41.5)],
[NSValue valueWithCGPoint:CGPointMake(42.5, 56.5)],
[NSValue valueWithCGPoint:CGPointMake(39.5, 69.5)],
[NSValue valueWithCGPoint:CGPointMake(42.5, 84.5)],
[NSValue valueWithCGPoint:CGPointMake(13.5, 100.0)],
[NSValue valueWithCGPoint:CGPointMake(6.0, 70.5)],
nil
];
CGPoint tappedPoint = CGPointMake(23.0, 70.0);
if ([self isPointInPolygon:polygonVertices point:tappedPoint]) {
NSLog(@"YES");
} else {
NSLog(@"NO");
}
}
exor(A,B):- \+A,B;A,\+B.
in_range(Coordinate,CA,CB) :- exor((CA>Coordinate),(CB>Coordinate)).
inside(false).
inside(_,[_|[]]).
inside(X:Y, [X1:Y1,X2:Y2|R]) :- in_range(Y,Y1,Y2), X > ( ((X2-X1)*(Y-Y1))/(Y2-Y1) + X1),toggle_ray, inside(X:Y, [X2:Y2|R]); inside(X:Y, [X2:Y2|R]).
get_line(_,_,[]).
get_line([XA:YA,XB:YB],[X1:Y1,X2:Y2|R]):- [XA:YA,XB:YB]=[X1:Y1,X2:Y2]; get_line([XA:YA,XB:YB],[X2:Y2|R]).
(YB-YA)
Y - YA = ------- * (X - XA)
(XB-YB)
(XB-XA)
X < ------- * (Y - YA) + XA
(YB-YA)
is_left_half_plane(_,[],[],_).
is_left_half_plane(X:Y,[XA:YA,XB:YB], [[X1:Y1,X2:Y2]|R], Test) :- [XA:YA, XB:YB] = [X1:Y1, X2:Y2], call(Test, X , (((XB - XA) * (Y - YA)) / (YB - YA) + XA));
is_left_half_plane(X:Y, [XA:YA, XB:YB], R, Test).
in_y_range_at_poly(Y,[XA:YA,XB:YB],Polygon) :- get_line([XA:YA,XB:YB],Polygon), in_range(Y,YA,YB).
all_in_range(Coordinate,Polygon,Lines) :- aggregate(bag(Line), in_y_range_at_poly(Coordinate,Line,Polygon), Lines).
traverses_ray(X:Y, Lines, Count) :- aggregate(bag(Line), is_left_half_plane(X:Y, Line, Lines, <), IntersectingLines), length(IntersectingLines, Count).
% This is the entry point predicate
inside_poly(X:Y,Polygon,Answer) :- all_in_range(Y,Polygon,Lines), traverses_ray(X:Y, Lines, Count), (1 is mod(Count,2)->Answer=inside;Answer=outside).
public class Geocode {
private float latitude;
private float longitude;
public Geocode() {
}
public Geocode(float latitude, float longitude) {
this.latitude = latitude;
this.longitude = longitude;
}
public float getLatitude() {
return latitude;
}
public void setLatitude(float latitude) {
this.latitude = latitude;
}
public float getLongitude() {
return longitude;
}
public void setLongitude(float longitude) {
this.longitude = longitude;
}
}
public class GeoPolygon {
private ArrayList<Geocode> points;
public GeoPolygon() {
this.points = new ArrayList<Geocode>();
}
public GeoPolygon(ArrayList<Geocode> points) {
this.points = points;
}
public GeoPolygon add(Geocode geo) {
points.add(geo);
return this;
}
public boolean inside(Geocode geo) {
int i, j;
boolean c = false;
for (i = 0, j = points.size() - 1; i < points.size(); j = i++) {
if (((points.get(i).getLongitude() > geo.getLongitude()) != (points.get(j).getLongitude() > geo.getLongitude())) &&
(geo.getLatitude() < (points.get(j).getLatitude() - points.get(i).getLatitude()) * (geo.getLongitude() - points.get(i).getLongitude()) / (points.get(j).getLongitude() - points.get(i).getLongitude()) + points.get(i).getLatitude()))
c = !c;
}
return c;
}
}
extension CGPoint {
func isInsidePolygon(vertices: [CGPoint]) -> Bool {
guard !vertices.isEmpty else { return false }
var j = vertices.last!, c = false
for i in vertices {
let a = (i.y > y) != (j.y > y)
let b = (x < (j.x - i.x) * (y - i.y) / (j.y - i.y) + i.x)
if a && b { c = !c }
j = i
}
return c
}
}
var polygon = new google.maps.Polygon([], "#000000", 1, 1, "#336699", 0.3);
var isWithinPolygon = polygon.containsLatLng(40, -90);
Private pXValue As Double
Private pYValue As Double
'''''X Value Property'''''
Public Property Get X() As Double
X = pXValue
End Property
Public Property Let X(Value As Double)
pXValue = Value
End Property
'''''Y Value Property'''''
Public Property Get Y() As Double
Y = pYValue
End Property
Public Property Let Y(Value As Double)
pYValue = Value
End Property
Public Function isPointInPolygon(p As CPoint, polygon() As CPoint) As Boolean
Dim i As Integer
Dim j As Integer
Dim q As Object
Dim minX As Double
Dim maxX As Double
Dim minY As Double
Dim maxY As Double
minX = polygon(0).X
maxX = polygon(0).X
minY = polygon(0).Y
maxY = polygon(0).Y
For i = 1 To UBound(polygon)
Set q = polygon(i)
minX = vbMin(q.X, minX)
maxX = vbMax(q.X, maxX)
minY = vbMin(q.Y, minY)
maxY = vbMax(q.Y, maxY)
Next i
If p.X < minX Or p.X > maxX Or p.Y < minY Or p.Y > maxY Then
isPointInPolygon = False
Exit Function
End If
' SOURCE: http://www.ecse.rpi.edu/Homepages/wrf/Research/Short_Notes/pnpoly.html
isPointInPolygon = False
i = 0
j = UBound(polygon)
Do While i < UBound(polygon) + 1
If (polygon(i).Y > p.Y) Then
If (polygon(j).Y < p.Y) Then
If p.X < (polygon(j).X - polygon(i).X) * (p.Y - polygon(i).Y) / (polygon(j).Y - polygon(i).Y) + polygon(i).X Then
isPointInPolygon = True
Exit Function
End If
End If
ElseIf (polygon(i).Y < p.Y) Then
If (polygon(j).Y > p.Y) Then
If p.X < (polygon(j).X - polygon(i).X) * (p.Y - polygon(i).Y) / (polygon(j).Y - polygon(i).Y) + polygon(i).X Then
isPointInPolygon = True
Exit Function
End If
End If
End If
j = i
i = i + 1
Loop
End Function
Function vbMax(n1, n2) As Double
vbMax = IIf(n1 > n2, n1, n2)
End Function
Function vbMin(n1, n2) As Double
vbMin = IIf(n1 > n2, n2, n1)
End Function
Sub TestPointInPolygon()
Dim i As Integer
Dim InPolygon As Boolean
' MARKER Object
Dim p As CPoint
Set p = New CPoint
p.X = <ENTER X VALUE HERE>
p.Y = <ENTER Y VALUE HERE>
' POLYGON OBJECT
Dim polygon() As CPoint
ReDim polygon(<ENTER VALUE HERE>) 'Amount of vertices in polygon - 1
For i = 0 To <ENTER VALUE HERE> 'Same value as above
Set polygon(i) = New CPoint
polygon(i).X = <ASSIGN X VALUE HERE> 'Source a list of values that can be looped through
polgyon(i).Y = <ASSIGN Y VALUE HERE> 'Source a list of values that can be looped through
Next i
InPolygon = isPointInPolygon(p, polygon)
MsgBox InPolygon
End Sub
[[-122.402015, 48.225216], [-117.032049, 48.999931], [-116.919132, 45.995175], [-124.079107, 46.267259], [-124.717175, 48.377557], [-122.92315, 47.047963], [-122.402015, 48.225216]]
def isInside(self, border, target):
degree = 0
for i in range(len(border) - 1):
a = border[i]
b = border[i + 1]
# calculate distance of vector
A = getDistance(a[0], a[1], b[0], b[1]);
B = getDistance(target[0], target[1], a[0], a[1])
C = getDistance(target[0], target[1], b[0], b[1])
# calculate direction of vector
ta_x = a[0] - target[0]
ta_y = a[1] - target[1]
tb_x = b[0] - target[0]
tb_y = b[1] - target[1]
cross = tb_y * ta_x - tb_x * ta_y
clockwise = cross < 0
# calculate sum of angles
if(clockwise):
degree = degree + math.degrees(math.acos((B * B + C * C - A * A) / (2.0 * B * C)))
else:
degree = degree - math.degrees(math.acos((B * B + C * C - A * A) / (2.0 * B * C)))
if(abs(round(degree) - 360) <= 3):
return True
return False